(Circulation. 1999;100:1056-1064.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Comparison of Candesartan, Enalapril, and Their Combination in Congestive Heart Failure
Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study: The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators
From Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation–General Division, and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y., D.P., J. Pogue); Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.); Toronto Hospital–Western Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.J.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Wash (J. Probstfield); University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.T.T.); Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.W., J.R.); Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milano, Italy (R.L., A.M.); and The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (J.Y.)
Correspondence to Dr R.S. McKelvie, Canadian Cardiovascular Collaboration Project Office, Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton St E, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada. E-mail mckelrob{at}hamcivhos.on.ca
Background—We investigated the effects of candesartan (an angiotensin II antagonist) alone, enalapril alone, and their combination on exercise tolerance, ventricular function, quality of life (QOL), neurohormone levels, and tolerability in congestive heart failure (CHF).
Methods and Results—Seven hundred sixty-eight patients in New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA-FC) II to IV with ejection fraction (EF) <0.40 and a 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) <500 m received either candesartan (4, 8, or 16 mg), candesartan (4 or 8 mg) plus 20 mg of enalapril, or 20 mg of enalapril for 43 weeks. There were no differences among groups with regard to 6MWD, NYHA-FC, or QOL. EF increased (P=NS) more with candesartan-plus-enalapril therapy (0.025±0.004) than with candesartan alone (0.015±0.004) or enalapril alone(0.015±0.005). End-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic (ESV) volumes increased less with combination therapy (EDV 8±4 mL; ESV 1±4 mL; P<0.01) than with candesartan alone (EDV 27±4 mL; ESV 18±3 mL) or enalapril alone (EDV 23±7 mL; ESV 14±6 mL). Blood pressure decreased with combination therapy (6±1/4±1 mm Hg) compared with candesartan or enalapril alone (P<0.05). Aldosterone decreased (P<0.05) with combination therapy (23.2±5.3 pg/mL) at 17 but not 43 weeks compared with candesartan (0.7±7.8 pg/mL) or enalapril (-0.8±11.3 pg/mL). Brain natriuretic peptide decreased with combination therapy (5.8±2.7 pmol/L; P<0.01) compared with candesartan (4.4±3.8 pmol/L) and enalapril alone (4.0±5.0 pmol/L).
Conclusions—Candesartan alone was as effective, safe, and tolerable as enalapril. The combination of candesartan and enalapril was more beneficial for preventing left ventricular remodeling than either candesartan or enalapril alone.
Key Words: cardiac volume • heart failure • natriuretic peptides
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  E. Ritz and A. Tomaschitz Aldosterone, a vasculotoxic agent--novel functions for an old hormone Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., May 27, 2009; (2009) gfp206v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, K. Michl, et al. 2009 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 14, 2009; 53(15): e1 - e90. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Jessup, W. T. Abraham, D. E. Casey, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, P. S. Rahko, M. A. Silver, et al. 2009 Focused Update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 14, 2009; 53(15): 1343 - 1382. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 2009 WRITING GROUP TO REVIEW NEW EVIDENCE AND UPDA, M. Jessup, W. T. Abraham, D. E. Casey, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, P. S. Rahko, et al. 2009 Focused Update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Circulation, April 14, 2009; 119(14): 1977 - 2016. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
2005 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, et al. 2009 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Circulation, April 14, 2009; 119(14): e391 - e479. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. White, J.-L. Rouleau, R. Afzal, J. Floras, S. Yusuf, and R. S. McKelvie Effects of enalapril, candesartan or both on neurohumoral activation and LV volumes and function in patients with heart failure not treated with a beta-blocker Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, April 1, 2009; 3(2): 113 - 121. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Luk, E Ahn, G S Soor, and J Butany Dilated cardiomyopathy: a review J. Clin. Pathol., March 1, 2009; 62(3): 219 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Frankenstein, C. Zugck, D. Schellberg, M. Nelles, H. Froehlich, H. Katus, and A. Remppis Prevalence and prognostic significance of adrenergic escape during chronic {beta}-blocker therapy in chronic heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, February 1, 2009; 11(2): 178 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Nieminen, J. G.F. Cleland, J. Eha, Y. Belenkov, M. Kivikko, P. Poder, and T. Sarapohja Oral levosimendan in patients with severe chronic heart failure--The PERSIST study Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2008; 10(12): 1246 - 1254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Werner and M. Bohm Review: The therapeutic role of RAS blockade in chronic heart failure Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 167 - 177. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J.V. McMurray, B. Pitt, R. Latini, A. P. Maggioni, S. D. Solomon, D. L. Keefe, J. Ford, A. Verma, J. Lewsey, and for the Aliskiren Observation of Heart Failure Tre Effects of the Oral Direct Renin Inhibitor Aliskiren in Patients With Symptomatic Heart Failure Circ Heart Fail, May 1, 2008; 1(1): 17 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 The ONTARGET Investigators Telmisartan, Ramipril, or Both in Patients at High Risk for Vascular Events N. Engl. J. Med., April 10, 2008; 358(15): 1547 - 1559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. C. Connell, S. M. MacKenzie, E. M. Freel, R. Fraser, and E. Davies A Lifetime of Aldosterone Excess: Long-Term Consequences of Altered Regulation of Aldosterone Production for Cardiovascular Function Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2008; 29(2): 133 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T. Yan, R. T. Yan, F. G. Spinale, R. Afzal, H. R. Gunasinghe, R. E. Stroud, R. S. McKelvie, and P. P. Liu Relationships between plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinases and neurohormonal profile in patients with heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, February 1, 2008; 10(2): 125 - 128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R.A.P. Weir, J. J.V. McMurray, M. Puu, S. D. Solomon, B. Olofsson, C. B. Granger, S. Yusuf, E. L. Michelson, K. Swedberg, M. A. Pfeffer, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of adding an angiotensin receptor blocker in patients with heart failure already receiving an angiotensin-converting inhibitor plus aldosterone antagonist, with or without a beta blocker. Findings from the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM)-Added trial Eur J Heart Fail, February 1, 2008; 10(2): 157 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. J. Brown Aldosterone and Vascular Inflammation Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 161 - 167. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Levy, K. A. Tanaka, and J. M. Bailey Cardiac Surgical Pharmacology Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 77 - 110. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. O. Phillips, A. Kashani, D. K. Ko, G. Francis, and H. M. Krumholz Adverse Effects of Combination Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Plus Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors for Left Ventricular Dysfunction: A Quantitative Review of Data From Randomized Clinical Trials Arch Intern Med, October 8, 2007; 167(18): 1930 - 1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Cortigiani, R. Sicari, A. Desideri, R. Bigi, F. Bovenzi, E. Picano, and on behalf of the VIDA (Viability Identification wi Dobutamine stress echocardiography and the effect of revascularization on outcome in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with chronic ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2007; 9(10): 1038 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. S Hall and M. H Strauss More about the "ARB MI paradox" Heart, September 1, 2007; 93(9): 1011 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hudson, E. Rahme, H. Behlouli, R. Sheppard, and L. Pilote Sex differences in the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure -- A population study Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2007; 9(6-7): 602 - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. I. Vinik and D. Ziegler Diabetic Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Circulation, January 23, 2007; 115(3): 387 - 397. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Strauss and A. S. Hall Angiotensin Receptor Blockers May Increase Risk of Myocardial Infarction: Unraveling the ARB-MI Paradox Circulation, August 22, 2006; 114(8): 838 - 854. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Rizzello, D. Poldermans, E. Biagini, A. F.L. Schinkel, E. Boersma, A. Elhendy, F. B. Sozzi, A. Maat, J. R.T.C. Roelandt, and J. J. Bax Benefits of coronary revascularisation in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: Role of myocardial viability Eur J Heart Fail, May 1, 2006; 8(3): 314 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Kasama, T Toyama, T Hatori, H Sumino, H Kumakura, Y Takayama, S Ichikawa, T Suzuki, and M Kurabayashi Comparative effects of valsartan and enalapril on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and plasma brain natriuretic peptide in patients with congestive heart failure Heart, May 1, 2006; 92(5): 625 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. G. Tsouli, E. N. Liberopoulos, D. N. Kiortsis, D. P. Mikhailidis, and M. S. Elisaf Combined Treatment With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers: A Review of the Current Evidence Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, March 1, 2006; 11(1): 1 - 15. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. C Shah, S. Pringle, and A. Struthers Aldosterone Blockade Over and Above ACE-Inhibitors in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease but without Heart Failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2006; 7(1): 20 - 30. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Akbulut, H. Akgoz, S. U. Dayi, S. E. Celik, U. Gurkan, and G. Tayyareci Evaluation of Enalapril+Losartan Treatment with Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction Angiology, March 1, 2006; 57(2): 181 - 186. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. F. Mitchell, J. M. O. Arnold, M. E. Dunlap, T. X. O'Brien, G. Marchiori, E. Warner, C. B. Granger, S. S. Desai, and M. A. Pfeffer Pulsatile hemodynamic effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure: The CHARM Program Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2006; 8(2): 191 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. R. Marcy and T. L. Ripley Aldosterone antagonists in the treatment of heart failure Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., January 1, 2006; 63(1): 49 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Berl and W. Henrich Kidney-Heart Interactions: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2006; 1(1): 8 - 18. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. H. W. Tang, A. C. Parameswaran, A. P. Maroo, and G. S. Francis Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists in the Medical Management of Chronic Heart Failure Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2005; 80(12): 1623 - 1630. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A McDonald, S. H Simpson, J. A Ezekowitz, G. Gyenes, and R. T Tsuyuki Angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of myocardial infarction: systematic review BMJ, October 15, 2005; 331(7521): 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Demers, J. J. V. McMurray, K. Swedberg, M. A. Pfeffer, C. B. Granger, B. Olofsson, R. S. McKelvie, J. Ostergren, E. L. Michelson, P. A. Johansson, et al. Impact of Candesartan on Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction and Cardiovascular Death in Patients With Heart Failure JAMA, October 12, 2005; 294(14): 1794 - 1798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J.V. McMurray The role of angiotensin II receptor blockers in the management of heart failure Eur. Heart J. Suppl., October 1, 2005; 7(suppl_J): J10 - J14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Developed in Collaboration With the American Colle, Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society, S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 20, 2005; 46(6): 1116 - 1143. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, K. Michl, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society Circulation, September 20, 2005; 112(12): 1825 - 1852. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. G Burniston, A. Saini, L.-B. Tan, and D. F Goldspink Angiotensin II induces apoptosis in vivo in skeletal, as well as cardiac, muscle of the rat Exp Physiol, September 1, 2005; 90(5): 755 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Fraccarollo, P. Galuppo, I. Schmidt, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Additive amelioration of left ventricular remodeling and molecular alterations by combined aldosterone and angiotensin receptor blockade after myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2005; 67(1): 97 - 105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Solomon, H. Skali, N. S. Anavekar, M. Bourgoun, S. Barvik, J. K. Ghali, J. W. Warnica, M. Khrakovskaya, J. M. O. Arnold, Y. Schwartz, et al. Changes in Ventricular Size and Function in Patients Treated With Valsartan, Captopril, or Both After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, June 28, 2005; 111(25): 3411 - 3419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. K. Jacobsen Review: Preventing End-Stage Renal Disease in Diabetic Patients -- Dual Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System (Part II) Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2005; 6(2): 55 - 68. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. E. Habash-Bseiso, R. Rokey, C. J. Berger, A. W. Weier, and P.-H. Chyou Accuracy of Noninvasive Ejection Fraction Measurement in a Large Community-Based Clinic Clin. Med. Res., May 1, 2005; 3(2): 75 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Katovich, J. L. Grobe, M. Huentelman, and M. K. Raizada Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as a novel target for gene therapy for hypertension Exp Physiol, May 1, 2005; 90(3): 299 - 305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. G. Olsson, K. Swedberg, A. L. Clark, K. K. Witte, and J. G.F. Cleland Six minute corridor walk test as an outcome measure for the assessment of treatment in randomized, blinded intervention trials of chronic heart failure: a systematic review Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2005; 26(8): 778 - 793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Yamada, A. Kuno, K. Ogawa, M. Tang, K. Masuda, S. Nakamura, T. Ando, T. Okamoto, H. Ohara, T. Nomura, et al. Combination Therapy with an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Synergistically Suppresses Chronic Pancreatitis in Rats J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2005; 313(1): 36 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S Anavekar and S. D Solomon Angiotensin II receptor blockade and ventricular remodelling Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2005; 6(1): 43 - 48. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. L Ripley Valsartan in Chronic Heart Failure Ann. Pharmacother., March 1, 2005; 39(3): 460 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. T. Yan, R. T. Yan, and P. P. Liu Narrative Review: Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Heart Failure: Evidence from Recent Clinical Trials Ann Intern Med, January 18, 2005; 142(2): 132 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J Barnes and P. A Howard Eplerenone: A Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist for Patients with Heart Failure Ann. Pharmacother., January 1, 2005; 39(1): 68 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Funabiki, K. Onishi, K. Dohi, T. Koji, K. Imanaka-Yoshida, M. Ito, H. Wada, N. Isaka, T. Nobori, and T. Nakano Combined angiotensin receptor blocker and ACE inhibitor on myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular stiffness in dogs with heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): H2487 - H2492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ohta, N. Hasebe, S. Tsuji, K. Izawa, Y.-T. Jin, S. Kido, S. Natori, M. Sato, and K. Kikuchi Unequal effects of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors in acute cardiac dysfunction induced by isoproterenol Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): H2914 - H2921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J.V. McMurray, M. A. Pfeffer, K. Swedberg, and V. J. Dzau Which Inhibitor of the Renin-Angiotensin System Should Be Used in Chronic Heart Failure and Acute Myocardial Infarction? Circulation, November 16, 2004; 110(20): 3281 - 3288. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. C. Lee, D. C. Rhew, M. Dylan, E. Badamgarav, G. D. Braunstein, and S. R. Weingarten Meta-Analysis: Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers in Chronic Heart Failure and High-Risk Acute Myocardial Infarction Ann Intern Med, November 2, 2004; 141(9): 693 - 704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Connell Review: Aldosterone -- the future challenge in cardiovascular disease? The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, November 1, 2004; 4(6): 370 - 376. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Struthers The clinical implications of aldosterone escape in congestive heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, August 1, 2004; 6(5): 539 - 545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Schenk, P. M. McCarthy, R. C. Starling, K. J. Hoercher, M. D. Hail, Y. Ootaki, G. S. Francis, K. Doi, J. B. Young, and K. Fukamachi Neurohormonal response to left ventricular reconstruction surgery in ischemic cardiomyopathy J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2004; 128(1): 38 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Azizi and J. Menard Combined Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonists Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2492 - 2499. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. K Shieh, E. Kotlyar, and F. Sam Aldosterone and cardiovascular remodelling: focus on myocardial failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2004; 5(1): 3 - 13. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. McMurray Angiotensin inhibition in heart failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2004; 5(1_suppl): S17 - S22. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D Struthers Aldosterone blockade in heart failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2004; 5(1_suppl): S23 - S27. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Imig ACE Inhibition and Bradykinin-Mediated Renal Vascular Responses: EDHF Involvement Hypertension, March 1, 2004; 43(3): 533 - 535. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. de Denus, C. Pharand, and D. R. Williamson Brain Natriuretic Peptide in the Management of Heart Failure: The Versatile Neurohormone Chest, February 1, 2004; 125(2): 652 - 668. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Berl Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors versus AT1 Receptor Antagonist in Cardiovascular and Renal Protection: The case for AT1 Receptor Antagonist J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2004; 15(90010): S71 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Prisant, H. Krum, B. Roniker, S. L. Krause, K. Fakouhi, and W. He Can Renin Status Predict the Antihypertensive Efficacy of Eplerenone Add-On Therapy? J. Clin. Pharmacol., November 1, 2003; 43(11): 1203 - 1210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. McKelvie, J.-L. Rouleau, M. White, R. Afzal, J. B. Young, A. P. Maggioni, P. Held, and S. Yusuf Comparative impact of enalapril, candesartan or metoprolol alone or in combination on ventricular remodelling in patients with congestive heart failure Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2003; 24(19): 1727 - 1734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Matsumori and on behalf of the assessment of response to candesa Efficacy and safety of oral candesartan cilexetil in patients with congestive heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2003; 5(5): 669 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P. Coletta, J. G.F. Cleland, N. Freemantle, H. Loh, A. Memon, and A. L. Clark Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology: CHARM, BASEL, EUROPA and ESTEEM Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2003; 5(5): 697 - 704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. N. Cohn, I. S. Anand, R. Latini, S. Masson, Y.-T. Chiang, and R. Glazer Sustained Reduction of Aldosterone in Response to the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Valsartan in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Results From the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Circulation, September 16, 2003; 108(11): 1306 - 1309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. I. Jugdutt and V. Menon Upregulation of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor and Limitation of Myocardial Stunning by Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers during Reperfused Myocardial Infarction in the Rat Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2003; 8(3): 217 - 226. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Pitt, C. T Stier Jr, and S. Rajagopalan Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade: new insights into the mechanism of action in patients with cardiovascular disease Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2003; 4(3): 164 - 168. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ostergren and J. J. McMurray Angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2003; 4(3): 171 - 175. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Sato, H. Yaoita, K. Maehara, and Y. Maruyama Attenuation of heart failure due to coronary stenosis by ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H359 - H368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A Weber Review: Angiotensin II receptor blockers and cardiovascular outcomes: what does the future hold? Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2003; 4(2): 62 - 73. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Schafer, D. Fraccarollo, S. K Hildemann, P. Tas, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Addition of the selective aldosterone receptor antagonist eplerenone to ACE inhibition in heart failure: effect on endothelial dysfunction Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2003; 58(3): 655 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Brown Eplerenone: Cardiovascular Protection Circulation, May 20, 2003; 107(19): 2512 - 2518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Bozkurt and D. L. Mann Use of Biomarkers in the Management of Heart Failure: Are We There Yet? Circulation, March 11, 2003; 107(9): 1231 - 1233. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. V. Linseman and M. R. Bristow Drug Therapy and Heart Failure Prevention Circulation, March 11, 2003; 107(9): 1234 - 1236. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Manohar and I. L. Pina Therapeutic Role of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in the Treatment of Heart Failure Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2003; 78(3): 334 - 338. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Bailey, K. A. Tanaka, and J. H. Levy Cardiac Surgical Pharmacology Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 85 - 118. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bartnik, K. Malmberg, and L. Ryden Diabetes and the heart: compromised myocardial function -- a common challenge Eur. Heart J. Suppl., January 1, 2003; 5(suppl_B): B33 - B41. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Latini, S. Masson, I. Anand, D. Judd, A. P. Maggioni, Y.-T. Chiang, M. Bevilacqua, M. Salio, P. Cardano, P. H.J.M. Dunselman, et al. Effects of Valsartan on Circulating Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Norepinephrine in Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure: The Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT) Circulation, November 5, 2002; 106(19): 2454 - 2458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. R. Heyen, E. R. Blasi, K. Nikula, R. Rocha, H. A. Daust, G. Frierdich, J. F. Van Vleet, P. De Ciechi, E. G. McMahon, and A. E. Rudolph Structural, functional, and molecular characterization of the SHHF model of heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): H1775 - H1784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Fink The Use of Angiotensin-II Receptor Blockers in Heart Failure Journal of Pharmacy Practice, August 1, 2002; 15(4): 318 - 325. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Kim, Y. Izumi, Y. Izumiya, Y. Zhan, M. Taniguchi, and H. Iwao Beneficial Effects of Combined Blockade of ACE and AT1 Receptor on Intimal Hyperplasia in Balloon-Injured Rat Artery Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 2002; 22(8): 1299 - 1304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Krum, H. Nolly, D. Workman, W. He, B. Roniker, S. Krause, and K. Fakouhi Efficacy of Eplerenone Added to Renin-Angiotensin Blockade in Hypertensive Patients Hypertension, August 1, 2002; 40(2): 117 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Mihailidou, M. Mardini, J. W. Funder, and M. Raison Mineralocorticoid and Angiotensin Receptor Antagonism During Hyperaldosteronemia Hypertension, August 1, 2002; 40(2): 124 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Naruse, A. Tanabe, A. Sato, S. Takagi, K. Tsuchiya, T. Imaki, and K. Takano Aldosterone Breakthrough During Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist Therapy in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, July 1, 2002; 40(1): 28 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Nikolaidis, A. Doverspike, R. Huerbin, T. Hentosz, and R. P. Shannon Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Improve Coronary Flow Reserve in Dilated Cardiomyopathy by a Bradykinin-Mediated, Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanism Circulation, June 11, 2002; 105(23): 2785 - 2790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A Sica Review: The practical aspects of combination therapy with angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2002; 3(2): 66 - 71. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Johnson, T. Omland, C. Hall, C. Lucas, O. L. Myking, C. Collins, M. Pfeffer, J.-L. Rouleau, and L. W. Stevenson Neurohormonal activation rapidly decreases after intravenous therapy withdiuretics and vasodilators for class IV heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 15, 2002; 39(10): 1623 - 1629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Lapointe and J.-L. Rouleau Activation of vascular tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in heart failure: Effects of ACE inhibitors J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 6, 2002; 39(5): 776 - 779. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. R. Ellis, A. K. Nightingale, D. J. Blackman, R. A. Anderson, C. Mumford, G. Timmins, D. Lang, S. K. Jackson, M. D. Penney, M. J. Lewis, et al. Addition of candesartan to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with chronic heart failure does not reduce levels of oxidative stress Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2002; 4(2): 193 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Jong, C. Demers, R. S. McKelvie, and P. P. Liu Angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 6, 2002; 39(3): 463 - 470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Sleight The renin-angiotensin system: a review of trials with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blocking agents Eur. Heart J. Suppl., February 1, 2002; 4(suppl_A): A53 - A57. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-H. Liu, J. Xu, X.-P. Yang, F. Yang, E. Shesely, and O. A. Carretero Effect of ACE Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antagonists on Endothelial NO Synthase Knockout Mice With Heart Failure Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39(2): 375 - 381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. H. Wilson Tang, R. H. Vagelos, Y.-G. Yee, C. R. Benedict, K. Willson, C. L. Liss, P. LaBelle, and M. B. Fowler Neurohormonal and clinical responses to high- versus low-dose enalapril therapy in chronic heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 2, 2002; 39(1): 70 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. N. Cohn, G. Tognoni, and the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators A Randomized Trial of the Angiotensin-Receptor Blocker Valsartan in Chronic Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., December 6, 2001; 345(23): 1667 - 1675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|