(Circulation. 1999;100:717-722.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Effect of Postmenopausal Hormones on Inflammation-Sensitive Proteins
The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study
From the Departments of Medicine (M.C.), Pathology (M.C., P.A.S., R.P.T.) and Biochemistry (R.P.T.), University of Vermont, Burlington; Department of Public Health Sciences (C.L.), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine (E.B.-C.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif; Stanford Center for Research in Disease Prevention (M.L.S.), Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology (C.K.), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (H.L.J.), University of California, Los Angeles.
Correspondence and reprint requests to Mary Cushman, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, 55A South Park Drive, Colchester, VT 05446. E-mail mcushman{at}salus.uvm.edu
Background—Observational studies in healthy women suggest postmenopausal hormone therapy reduces risk of coronary events. In contrast, in a recent clinical trial of women with coronary disease, a subgroup analysis demonstrated increased risk during the early months of therapy. Because higher levels of inflammation factors predict vascular disease outcomes, the effect of hormones on these factors is of interest.
Methods and Results—Four inflammation-sensitive factors, C-reactive protein, soluble E-selectin, von Willebrand factor antigen, and coagulation factor VIIIc were measured at baseline, 12, and 36 months in 365 participants of the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of 4 hormone preparations on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Compared with placebo, all 4 active preparations resulted in a large sustained increase in the concentration of C-reactive protein and a decrease in soluble E-selectin (P=0.0001). There were no effects of treatment on concentrations of von Willebrand factor or factor VIIIc. There were no differences in effects among treatment arms. Relative to placebo, when combining active treatment arms, final concentrations of C-reactive protein were 85% higher whereas E-selectin was 18% lower compared with baseline.
Conclusions—Postmenopausal hormones rapidly increased the concentration of the inflammation factor C-reactive protein. Such an effect may be related to adverse early effects of estrogen therapy. In contrast, hormones reduced the concentration of soluble E-selectin, and this might be considered an anti-inflammatory effect. Because PEPI was not designed to assess clinical endpoints, studies of the impact of hormone-mediated changes in inflammation on risk of subsequent coronary events are needed.
Key Words: risk factors • hormones • inflammation • coagulation • women
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M. Danner, S. V. Kasl, J. L. Abramson, and V. Vaccarino Association Between Depression and Elevated C-Reactive Protein Psychosom Med, May 1, 2003; 65(3): 347 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. Vongpatanasin, M. Tuncel, Z. Wang, D. Arbique, B. Mehrad, and I. Jialal Differential effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 16, 2003; 41(8): 1358 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Fenkci, V. Fenkci, M. Yilmazer, M. Serteser, and T. Koken Effects of short-term transdermal hormone replacement therapy on glycaemic control, lipid metabolism, C-reactive protein and proteinuria in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes or hypertension Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2003; 18(4): 866 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Rifai and P. M. Ridker Population Distributions of C-reactive Protein in Apparently Healthy Men and Women in the United States: Implication for Clinical Interpretation Clin. Chem., April 1, 2003; 49(4): 666 - 669. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Imhof, M. Frohlich, H. Loewel, N. Helbecque, M. Woodward, P. Amouyel, G. D.O. Lowe, and W. Koenig Distributions of C-reactive Protein Measured by High-Sensitivity Assays in Apparently Healthy Men and Women from Different Populations in Europe Clin. Chem., April 1, 2003; 49(4): 669 - 672. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Okada, S. Nomura, Y. Ikoma, E. Yamamoto, T. Ito, T. Mitsui, K. Tamakoshi, and S. Mizutani Effects of Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy on HbA1c Levels Diabetes Care, April 1, 2003; 26(4): 1088 - 1092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Grodstein, T. B. Clarkson, and J. E. Manson Understanding the Divergent Data on Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy N. Engl. J. Med., February 13, 2003; 348(7): 645 - 650. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. R. Isasi, R. J. Deckelbaum, R. P. Tracy, T. J. Starc, L. Berglund, and S. Shea Physical Fitness and C-Reactive Protein Level in Children and Young Adults: The Columbia University BioMarkers Study Pediatrics, February 1, 2003; 111(2): 332 - 338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M Ridker Clinical Application of C-Reactive Protein for Cardiovascular Disease Detection and Prevention Circulation, January 28, 2003; 107(3): 363 - 369. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. A. Pearson, G. A. Mensah, R. W. Alexander, J. L. Anderson, R. O. Cannon III, M. Criqui, Y. Y. Fadl, S. P. Fortmann, Y. Hong, G. L. Myers, et al. Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association Circulation, January 28, 2003; 107(3): 499 - 511. [Full Text] [PDF]
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References Circulation, December 17, 2002; 106(25): 3373 - 3421. [Full Text]
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A. Wakatsuki, Y. Okatani, T. Fukaya, K. K. Koh, W. H. Schenke, R. O. Cannon III, M. A. Waclawiw, and G. Csako Statin Attenuates Increase in C-Reactive Protein During Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women * Response Circulation, December 10, 2002; 106 (24): e198 - e199. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. E. Rabbani, N. A. Seminario, R. R. Sciacca, H. J. Chen, and E.-G. V. Giardina Oral conjugated equine estrogen increases plasma von Willebrand factor in postmenopausal women J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 4, 2002; 40(11): 1991 - 1999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Simon, P. Boutouyrie, J.M. Simon, B. Laloux, C. Tournigand, A.I. Tropeano, S. Laurent, and P. Jaillon Influence of Tamoxifen on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Postmenopausal Women Circulation, December 3, 2002; 106(23): 2925 - 2929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Ridker, N. Rifai, L. Rose, J. E. Buring, and N. R. Cook Comparison of C-Reactive Protein and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in the Prediction of First Cardiovascular Events N. Engl. J. Med., November 14, 2002; 347(20): 1557 - 1565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. S. Han, N. Sattar, K. Williams, C. Gonzalez-Villalpando, M. E.J. Lean, and S. M. Haffner Prospective Study of C-Reactive Protein in Relation to the Development of Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome in the Mexico City Diabetes Study Diabetes Care, November 1, 2002; 25(11): 2016 - 2021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Garnero, C. Jamin, C.-L. Benhamou, C. Pelissier, and C. Roux Effects of tibolone and combined 17{beta}-estradiol and norethisterone acetate on serum C-reactive protein in healthy post-menopausal women: a randomized trial Hum. Reprod., October 1, 2002; 17(10): 2748 - 2753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Decensi, U. Omodei, C. Robertson, B. Bonanni, A. Guerrieri-Gonzaga, F. Ramazzotto, H. Johansson, S. Mora, M. T. Sandri, M. Cazzaniga, et al. Effect of Transdermal Estradiol and Oral Conjugated Estrogen on C-Reactive Protein in Retinoid-Placebo Trial in Healthy Women Circulation, September 3, 2002; 106(10): 1224 - 1228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Bonello and R. J. Norman Soluble adhesion molecules in serum throughout the menstrual cycle Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2002; 17(9): 2272 - 2278. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. K. Koh Effects of estrogen on the vascular wall: vasomotor function and inflammation Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2002; 55(4): 714 - 726. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. D. Pradhan, J. E. Manson, J. E. Rossouw, D. S. Siscovick, C. P. Mouton, N. Rifai, R. B. Wallace, R. D. Jackson, M. B. Pettinger, and P. M Ridker Inflammatory Biomarkers, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: Prospective Analysis From the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study JAMA, August 28, 2002; 288(8): 980 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. L. Humphrey, B. K.S. Chan, and H. C. Sox Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Ann Intern Med, August 20, 2002; 137(4): 273 - 284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. L. Bhatt and E. J. Topol Need to Test the Arterial Inflammation Hypothesis Circulation, July 2, 2002; 106(1): 136 - 140. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Sesmilo, K. K. Miller, and A. Klibanski Cardiovascular Risk in Women with Hypopituritarism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3509 - 3510. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. K.C. Ng, P. Y. Liu, A. J. Williams, S. Nakhla, L. P. Ly, D. J. Handelsman, and D. S. Celermajer Prospective Study of Effect of Androgens on Serum Inflammatory Markers in Men Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2002; 22(7): 1136 - 1141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Herrington, E. Vittinghoff, F. Lin, J. Fong, F. Harris, D. Hunninghake, V. Bittner, H. G. Schrott, R. S. Blumenthal, R. Levy, et al. Statin Therapy, Cardiovascular Events, and Total Mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Circulation, June 25, 2002; 105(25): 2962 - 2967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Eidelman, G. A. Lamas, C. H. Hennekens, and P. M. Ridker Aspirin, Postmenopausal Hormones, and C-Reactive Protein Arch Intern Med, February 25, 2002; 162(4): 480 - 481. [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Barrett-Connor, D. Grady, A. Sashegyi, P. W. Anderson, D. A. Cox, K. Hoszowski, P. Rautaharju, K. D. Harper, and for the MORE Investigators Raloxifene and Cardiovascular Events in Osteoporotic Postmenopausal Women: Four-Year Results From the MORE (Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation) Randomized Trial JAMA, February 20, 2002; 287(7): 847 - 857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E Rossouw Hormones, genetic factors, and gender differences in cardiovascular disease Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2002; 53(3): 550 - 557. [Full Text] [PDF]
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