This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Münch, G. Articles by Schwaiger, M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Münch, G. Articles by Schwaiger, M. Related Collections Cardiovascular Pharmacology Cardiovascular imaging agents/Techniques Nuclear cardiology and PET CV surgery: transplantation, ventricular assistance, cardiomyopathy Coagulation and fibronolysis

(Circulation. 2000;101:516.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.

Clinical Investigation and Reports

Evaluation of Sympathetic Nerve Terminals With [¹¹C]Epinephrine and [¹¹C]Hydroxyephedrine and Positron Emission Tomography

Götz Münch, MD; Ngoc T. B. Nguyen, BS; Stephan Nekolla, PhD; Sibylle Ziegler, PhD; Otto Muzik, PhD; Pulak Chakraborty, PhD; Donald M. Wieland, PhD; Markus Schwaiger, MD

From the Division of Nuclear Medicine (O.M., P.C., D.M.W., M.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (G.M., N.T.B.N., S.N., S.Z., M.S.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Correspondence to Markus Schwaiger, MD, Nuklearmedizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr 22, Munich, Germany 81675.

Background—The goal of the present study was to directly compare the new radiopharmaceutical agent [¹¹C]epinephrine (EPI) with [¹¹C]hydroxyephedrine (HED) through the use of PET.

Methods and Results—Seven healthy volunteers and 10 patients were investigated after heart transplantation. PET images of both tracers were of excellent quality in the volunteers. Values for radiolabeled metabolites (measured in percent of blood activity) at 5, 20, and 60 minutes after injection were 35%, 82%, and 86% for EPI and 13%, 47%, and 78% for HED, respectively. At 35 minutes, metabolite-corrected mean myocardial retention fraction of EPI (0.235±0.022 min^-1) was significantly greater (P<0.01) than that of HED (0.142±0.012 min^-1). Corrected tracer retention fractions of both EPI and HED were significantly reduced in transplant recipients (0.055±0.004 min^-1, P<0.0001; and 0.050±0.006 min^-1, P<0.0001, respectively) compared with volunteers. Normalization of retention fractions of patients with transplantation within 1 year to volunteers resulted in a value (ratio expressed in percent) of 20.6±1.8% for EPI, significantly (P<0.03) smaller than 27.8±0.8% for HED. In patients with transplantation later than 1 year, the values were 26.0±2.9% for EPI compared with 44.2±5.6% for HED (P<0.014).

Conclusions—Both tracers showed high selectivity for neuronal uptake in the heart, with a significant reduction in tracer retention in transplant recipients compared with volunteers. Compared with HED, EPI showed greater retention in volunteers and a lower retention ratio in transplant recipients, suggesting that EPI may be the superior tracer with higher sensitivity to neuronal abnormalities. Because EPI reflects neuronal uptake, metabolism, and storage, it may be more suitable for the study of neuronal integrity than HED, which primarily traces uptake-1 capacity.

Key Words: tomography, emission-computed • heart transplantation • epinephrine • hydroxyephedrine

This article has been cited by other articles:

				E. Fricke, S. Eckert, A. Dongas, H. Fricke, R. Preuss, O. Lindner, D. Horstkotte, and W. Burchert Myocardial Sympathetic Innervation in Patients with Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease: Follow-up After 1 Year with Neurostimulation J. Nucl. Med., September 1, 2008; 49(9): 1458 - 1464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. N. Tipre, J. J. Fox, D. P. Holt, G. Green, J. Yu, M. Pomper, R. F. Dannals, and F. M. Bengel In Vivo PET Imaging of Cardiac Presynaptic Sympathoneuronal Mechanisms in the Rat J. Nucl. Med., July 1, 2008; 49(7): 1189 - 1195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Sasano, M. R. Abraham, K.-C. Chang, H. Ashikaga, K. J. Mills, D. P. Holt, J. Hilton, S. G. Nekolla, J. Dong, A. C. Lardo, et al. Abnormal sympathetic innervation of viable myocardium and the substrate of ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 10, 2008; 51(23): 2266 - 2275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Moroz, I. Serganova, P. Zanzonico, L. Ageyeva, T. Beresten, E. Dyomina, E. Burnazi, R. D. Finn, M. Doubrovin, and R. G. Blasberg Imaging hNET Reporter Gene Expression with 124I-MIBG J. Nucl. Med., May 1, 2007; 48(5): 827 - 836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. M. Bengel, P. Ueberfuhr, D. Schafer, S. G. Nekolla, B. Reichart, and M. Schwaiger Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Sympathetic Neuronal Regeneration Studied in the Model of Transplant Reinnervation J. Nucl. Med., September 1, 2006; 47(9): 1413 - 1419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Buursma, A. M.J. Beerens, E. F.J. de Vries, A. van Waarde, M. G. Rots, G. A.P. Hospers, W. Vaalburg, and H. J. Haisma The Human Norepinephrine Transporter in Combination with 11C-m-Hydroxyephedrine as a Reporter Gene/Reporter Probe for PET of Gene Therapy J. Nucl. Med., December 1, 2005; 46(12): 2068 - 2075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. M. Bengel, P. Ueberfuhr, J. Karja, K. Schreiber, S. G. Nekolla, B. Reichart, and M. Schwaiger Sympathetic reinnervation, exercise performance and effects of {beta}-adrenergic blockade in cardiac transplant recipients Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2004; 25(19): 1726 - 1733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.R. Underwood, J. J Bax, J. v. Dahl, M. Y Henein, A. C van Rossum, E. R Schwarz, J.-L. Vanoverschelde, E. E.v. d. Wall, and W. Wijns Imaging techniques for the assessment of myocardial hibernation: Report of a Study Group of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2004; 25(10): 815 - 836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Carrio Cardiac Neurotransmission Imaging J. Nucl. Med., July 1, 2001; 42(7): 1062 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]