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(Circulation. 2001;103:1245.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Does the Relation of Blood Pressure to Coronary Heart Disease Risk Change With Aging?
The Framingham Heart Study
From the Preventive Cardiology Program, University of California, Irvine (S.S.F., S.A.K., N.D.W.); National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Mass (M.G.L., E.P.L., D.L.); National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md (D.L.); and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (E.P.L).
Correspondence to Dr Stanley S. Franklin, UCI Heart Disease Prevention Program, C240 Medical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697. E-mail sfrankln{at}ucla.edu
Background—We examined the relative importance of diastolic (DBP), systolic (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP) as predictors of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in different age groups of Framingham Heart Study participants.
Methods and Results—We studied 3060 men and 3479 women between 20 and 79 years of age who were free of CHD and were not on antihypertensive drug therapy at baseline. Cox regression adjusted for age, sex, and other risk factors was used to assess the relations of BP indexes to CHD risk over a 20-year follow-up. In the group <50 years of age, DBP was the strongest predictor of CHD risk (hazard ratio [HR] per 10 mm Hg increment, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.51) rather than SBP (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.24) or PP (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.89 to 1.17). In the group 50 to 59 years of age, risks were comparable for all 3 BP indexes. In the older age group, the strongest predictor of CHD risk was PP (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.33). When both SBP and DBP were considered jointly, the former was directly and the latter was inversely related to CHD risk in the oldest age group
Conclusions—With increasing age, there was a gradual shift from DBP to SBP and then to PP as predictors of CHD risk. In patients <50 years of age, DBP was the strongest predictor. Age 50 to 59 years was a transition period when all 3 BP indexes were comparable predictors, and from 60 years of age on, DBP was negatively related to CHD risk so that PP became superior to SBP.
Key Words: blood pressure • hypertension • pulse pressure • coronary disease
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 O. O. Aalami, T. D. Fang, H. M. Song, and R. P. Nacamuli Physiological Features of Aging Persons Arch Surg, October 1, 2003; 138(10): 1068 - 1076. [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. B. Kannel, R. S. Vasan, and D. Levy Is the Relation of Systolic Blood Pressure to Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Continuous and Graded, or Are There Critical Values? Hypertension, October 1, 2003; 42(4): 453 - 456. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration Blood Pressure Indices and Cardiovascular Disease in the Asia Pacific Region: A Pooled Analysis Hypertension, July 1, 2003; 42(1): 69 - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Lenfant, A. V. Chobanian, D. W. Jones, and E. J. Roccella Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7): Resetting the Hypertension Sails Circulation, June 24, 2003; 107(24): 2993 - 2994. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Lenfant, A. V. Chobanian, D. W. Jones, and E. J. Roccella Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7): Resetting the Hypertension Sails Hypertension, June 1, 2003; 41(6): 1178 - 1179. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. Oliver and D. J. Webb Noninvasive Assessment of Arterial Stiffness and Risk of Atherosclerotic Events Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2003; 23(4): 554 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A Staessen, J.-G. Wang, and W. H Birkenhager Outcome beyond blood pressure control? Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2003; 24(6): 504 - 514. [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. G. Lakatta and D. Levy Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises: Part I: Aging Arteries: A "Set Up" for Vascular Disease Circulation, January 7, 2003; 107(1): 139 - 146. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C-K Wong and H D White Relation between blood pressure after an acute coronary event and subsequent cardiovascular risk Heart, December 1, 2002; 88(6): 555 - 558. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Young, M. J. Klag, P. Muntner, J. L. Whyte, M. Pahor, and J. Coresh Blood Pressure and Decline in Kidney Function: Findings from the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2002; 13(11): 2776 - 2782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. W. Hense, W. Maziak, and J. Heidrich Why is blood pressure control unsatisfactory--or is it? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2002; 17(9): 1547 - 1550. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Domanski, G. Mitchell, M. Pfeffer, J. D. Neaton, J. Norman, K. Svendsen, R. Grimm, J. Cohen, J. Stamler, and for the MRFIT Research Group Pulse Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease-Related Mortality: Follow-up Study of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) JAMA, May 22, 2002; 287(20): 2677 - 2683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Benetos, F. Thomas, K. Bean, S. Gautier, H. Smulyan, and L. Guize Prognostic Value of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure in Treated Hypertensive Men Arch Intern Med, March 11, 2002; 162(5): 577 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-H. Wu, J. Hagaman, S. Kim, R. L. Reddick, and N. Maeda Aortic Constriction Exacerbates Atherosclerosis and Induces Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice Lacking Apolipoprotein E Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2002; 22(3): 469 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Bobrie and J. F Potter The elderly hypertensive population: what lies ahead of us? Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2002; 3(1_suppl): S4 - S9. [PDF]
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J. Blacher and M. Safar Specific aspects of high blood pressure in the elderly Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2002; 3(1_suppl): S10 - S15. [PDF]
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J. L. Abramson, W. S. Weintraub, and V. Vaccarino Association Between Pulse Pressure and C-Reactive Protein Among Apparently Healthy US Adults Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39(2): 197 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Franklin, N. D. Wong, M. G. Larson, W. B. Kannel, D. Levy, P. Greenland, A. R. Dyer, J. Stamler, and K. Miura How Important Is Pulse Pressure as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Risk? * Response Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39 (2): e12 - e13. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Vasan, J. M. Massaro, P. W.F. Wilson, S. Seshadri, P. A. Wolf, D. Levy, and R. B. D'Agostino Antecedent Blood Pressure and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, January 1, 2002; 105(1): 48 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Meaume, A. Benetos, O.F. Henry, A. Rudnichi, and M.E. Safar Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in Subjects >70 Years of Age Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2001; 21(12): 2046 - 2050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. B. Wilkinson, S. S. Franklin, I. R. Hall, S. Tyrrell, and J. R. Cockcroft Pressure Amplification Explains Why Pulse Pressure Is Unrelated to Risk in Young Subjects Hypertension, December 1, 2001; 38(6): 1461 - 1466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. W. Davidson, T. G. Pickering, B. S. Jonas, S. S. Franklin, S. A. Khan, N. D. Wong, M. G. Larson, E. P. Leip, W. B. Kannel, and D. Levy Cautionary Note on the Use of Pulse Pressure as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease Response Circulation, November 27, 2001; 104 (22): e128 - e129. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Pauca, M. F. O'Rourke, and N. D. Kon Prospective Evaluation of a Method for Estimating Ascending Aortic Pressure From the Radial Artery Pressure Waveform Hypertension, October 1, 2001; 38(4): 932 - 937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. C. Cushman, B. J. Materson, D. W. Williams, and D. J. Reda Pulse Pressure Changes With Six Classes of Antihypertensive Agents in a Randomized, Controlled Trial Hypertension, October 1, 2001; 38(4): 953 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. O'Rourke Diastolic heart failure, diastolic left ventricular dysfunction and exercise intolerance J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2001; 38(3): 803 - 805. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. M. London, J. Blacher, B. Pannier, A. P. Guerin, S. J. Marchais, and M. E. Safar Arterial Wave Reflections and Survival in End-Stage Renal Failure Hypertension, September 1, 2001; 38(3): 434 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Age Affects How BP Indicators Relate to Heart Disease Risk Journal Watch Cardiology, May 4, 2001; 2001(504): 7 - 7. [Full Text]
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M. E. Safar Epidemiological Findings Imply That Goals for Drug Treatment of Hypertension Need to Be Revised Circulation, March 6, 2001; 103(9): 1188 - 1190. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Kass, E. P. Shapiro, M. Kawaguchi, A. R. Capriotti, A. Scuteri, R. C. deGroof, and E. G. Lakatta Improved Arterial Compliance by a Novel Advanced Glycation End-Product Crosslink Breaker Circulation, September 25, 2001; 104(13): 1464 - 1470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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