Circulation. 2001;104:2034-2038
doi: 10.1161/hc4201.097836
doi: 10.1161/hc4201.097836
(Circulation. 2001;104:2034.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Elevated Circulating Level of Ghrelin in Cachexia Associated With Chronic Heart Failure
Relationships Between Ghrelin and Anabolic/Catabolic Factors
From the Department of Internal Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center (N.N., H.O., W.S., M.Y., H.O., H.K.); Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Seamen’s Insurance Hospital (M.U.); Department of Biochemistry, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (M.K., H.H., K.K.); and Department of Pathology, National Cardiovascular Center (C.Y.), Osaka, Japan; and Third Department of Internal Medicine, Miyazaki Medical College (Y.D., M.N.), Miyazaki, Japan.
Correspondence to Noritoshi Nagaya, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan. E-mail nagayann{at}hsp.ncvc.go.jp
Background— Ghrelin is a novel growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide, isolated from the stomach, that may also cause a positive energy balance by stimulating food intake and inducing adiposity. We sought to investigate the pathophysiology of ghrelin in the cachexia associated with chronic heart failure (CHF).
Methods and Results— Plasma ghrelin was measured in 74 patients with CHF and 12 control subjects, together with potentially important anabolic and catabolic factors, such as GH and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-
). Patients with CHF were divided into two groups, those with cachexia (n=28) and those without cachexia (n=46). Plasma ghrelin did not significantly differ between all CHF patients and controls (181±10 versus 140±14 fmol/mL, P=NS). However, plasma ghrelin was significantly higher in CHF patients with cachexia than in those without cachexia (237±18 versus 147±10 fmol/mL, P<0.001). Circulating GH, TNF-, norepinephrine, and angiotensin II were also significantly higher in CHF patients with cachexia than in those without cachexia. Interestingly, plasma ghrelin correlated positively with GH (r=0.28, P<0.05) and TNF- (r=0.31, P<0.05) and negatively with body mass index (r=-0.35, P<0.01).
Conclusions— Plasma ghrelin was elevated in cachectic patients with CHF, associated with increases in GH and TNF- and a decrease in body mass index. Considering ghrelin-induced positive energy effects, increased ghrelin may represent a compensatory mechanism under catabolic-anabolic imbalance in cachectic patients with CHF.
Key Words: heart failure • hormones • growth substances • nutrition
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M. F. Afify, G. B. Mohamed, M. A. El-Maboud, and E. A. Abdel-Latif Serum Levels of Ghrelin, Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} and Interleukin-6 in Infants and Children with Congenital Heart Disease J Trop Pediatr, December 1, 2009; 55(6): 388 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Beiras-Fernandez, F. Weis, and B. Reichart Ghrelin resistance in heart failure or why failing cardiomyocytes do not produce ghrelin: the same problem? Eur J Heart Fail, November 1, 2009; 11(11): 1111 - 1111. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Kandil, A. Elwan, Y. Hussein, W. Kandeel, and M. Rasheed Ghrelin Levels in Children with Congenital Heart Disease J Trop Pediatr, October 1, 2009; 55(5): 307 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. H. Lund, J. J. Williams, P. Freda, J. J. LaManca, T. H. LeJemtel, and D. M. Mancini Ghrelin resistance occurs in severe heart failure and resolves after heart transplantation Eur J Heart Fail, August 1, 2009; 11(8): 789 - 794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Paulo Araujo, P. Lourenco, F. Rocha-Goncalves, A. Ferreira, and P. Bettencourt Adiponectin is increased in cardiac cachexia irrespective of body mass index Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2009; 11(6): 567 - 572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Balasubramaniam, R. Joshi, C. Su, L. A. Friend, S. Sheriff, R. J. Kagan, and J. H. James Ghrelin inhibits skeletal muscle protein breakdown in rats with thermal injury through normalizing elevated expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): R893 - R901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Yin, Y. Li, G. Xu, W. An, and W. Zhang Ghrelin fluctuation, what determines its production? Acta Biochim Biophys Sin, March 1, 2009; 41(3): 188 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Ashrafian, C. W. le Roux, A. Darzi, and T. Athanasiou Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Cardiovascular Function Circulation, November 11, 2008; 118(20): 2091 - 2102. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Arepally, B. P. Barnett, T. T. Patel, V. Howland, R. C. Boston, D. L. Kraitchman, and A. A. Malayeri Catheter-directed Gastric Artery Chemical Embolization Suppresses Systemic Ghrelin Levels in Porcine Model1 Radiology, October 1, 2008; 249(1): 127 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Strassburg, S. D. Anker, T. R. Castaneda, L. Burget, D. Perez-Tilve, P. T. Pfluger, R. Nogueiras, H. Halem, J. Z. Dong, M. D. Culler, et al. Long-term effects of ghrelin and ghrelin receptor agonists on energy balance in rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2008; 295(1): E78 - E84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Kumpers, R. Horn, G. Brabant, A. Woywodt, M. Schiffer, H. Haller, and M. Haubitz Serum leptin and ghrelin correlate with disease activity in ANCA-associated vasculitis Rheumatology, April 1, 2008; 47(4): 484 - 487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. O. Schwenke, T. Tokudome, M. Shirai, H. Hosoda, T. Horio, I. Kishimoto, and K. Kangawa Exogenous Ghrelin Attenuates the Progression of Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Conscious Rats Endocrinology, January 1, 2008; 149(1): 237 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. H St-Pierre, J.-P. Bastard, L. Coderre, M. Brochu, A. D Karelis, M.-E. Lavoie, F. Malita, J. Fontaine, D. Mignault, K. Cianflone, et al. Association of acylated ghrelin profiles with chronic inflammatory markers in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a MONET study Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2007; 157(4): 419 - 426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. McEntegart, B. Awede, M. C. Petrie, N. Sattar, F. G. Dunn, N. G. MacFarlane, and J. J.V. McMurray Increase in serum adiponectin concentration in patients with heart failure and cachexia: relationship with leptin, other cytokines, and B-type natriuretic peptide Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2007; (2007) ehm033v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. von Haehling, W. Doehner, and S. D Anker Nutrition, metabolism, and the complex pathophysiology of cachexia in chronic heart failure Cardiovasc Res, January 15, 2007; 73(2): 298 - 309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. A. Tritos and E. G. Kokkotou The Physiology and Potential Clinical Applications of Ghrelin, a Novel Peptide Hormone Mayo Clin. Proc., May 1, 2006; 81(5): 653 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M Peracchi, M T Bardella, F Caprioli, S Massironi, D Conte, L Valenti, C Ronchi, P Beck-Peccoz, M Arosio, and L Piodi Circulating ghrelin levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease Gut, March 1, 2006; 55(3): 432 - 433. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Siahanidou, H. Mandyla, M. Vounatsou, D. Anagnostakis, I. Papassotiriou, and G. P. Chrousos Circulating Peptide YY Concentrations Are Higher in Preterm than Full-Term Infants and Correlate Negatively with Body Weight and Positively with Serum Ghrelin Concentrations Clin. Chem., November 1, 2005; 51(11): 2131 - 2137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-C. Chang, C.-H. Hung, C.-S. Yen, K.-L. Hwang, and C.-Y. Lin The relationship of plasma ghrelin level to energy regulation, feeding and left ventricular function in non-diabetic haemodialysis patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., October 1, 2005; 20(10): 2172 - 2177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Nagaya, T. Itoh, S. Murakami, H. Oya, M. Uematsu, K. Miyatake, and K. Kangawa Treatment of Cachexia With Ghrelin in Patients With COPD Chest, September 1, 2005; 128(3): 1187 - 1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. F. Canosa, S. Unniappan, and R. E. Peter Periprandial changes in growth hormone release in goldfish: role of somatostatin, ghrelin, and gastrin-releasing peptide Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): R125 - R133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Garcia, M. Garcia-Touza, R. A. Hijazi, G. Taffet, D. Epner, D. Mann, R. G. Smith, G. R. Cunningham, and M. Marcelli Active Ghrelin Levels and Active to Total Ghrelin Ratio in Cancer-Induced Cachexia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 2920 - 2926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Erdmann, F. Lippl, S. Wagenpfeil, and V. Schusdziarra Differential Association of Basal and Postprandial Plasma Ghrelin With Leptin, Insulin, and Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, May 1, 2005; 54(5): 1371 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. L. Williams and D. E. Cummings Regulation of Ghrelin in Physiologic and Pathophysiologic States J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1320 - 1325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. G. Smith, L. Betancourt, and Y. Sun Molecular Endocrinology and Physiology of the Aging Central Nervous System Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2005; 26(2): 203 - 250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Granado, T. Priego, A. I. Martin, M. A. Villanua, and A. Lopez-Calderon Anti-inflammatory effect of the ghrelin agonist growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) in arthritic rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2005; 288(3): E486 - E492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. E. Foster-Schubert, A. McTiernan, R. S. Frayo, R. S. Schwartz, K. B. Rajan, Y. Yasui, S. S. Tworoger, and D. E. Cummings Human Plasma Ghrelin Levels Increase during a One-Year Exercise Program J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 820 - 825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C W le Roux, M A Ghatei, J S R Gibbs, and S R Bloom The putative satiety hormone PYY is raised in cardiac cachexia associated with primary pulmonary hypertension Heart, February 1, 2005; 91(2): 241 - 242. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Nagaya, J. Moriya, Y. Yasumura, M. Uematsu, F. Ono, W. Shimizu, K. Ueno, M. Kitakaze, K. Miyatake, and K. Kangawa Effects of Ghrelin Administration on Left Ventricular Function, Exercise Capacity, and Muscle Wasting in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure Circulation, December 14, 2004; 110(24): 3674 - 3679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Y. Jeon, S. Lee, H. H. Kim, Y. J. Kim, H. C. Son, D. H. Kim, and M. S. Sim Changes in Plasma Ghrelin Concentration Immediately after Gastrectomy in Patients with Early Gastric Cancer J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5392 - 5396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hotta, R. Ohwada, H. Katakami, T. Shibasaki, N. Hizuka, and K. Takano Plasma Levels of Intact and Degraded Ghrelin and Their Responses to Glucose Infusion in Anorexia Nervosa J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5707 - 5712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Pemberton, H. Tokola, Z. Bagi, A. Koller, J. Pontinen, A. Ola, O. Vuolteenaho, I. Szokodi, and H. Ruskoaho Ghrelin induces vasoconstriction in the rat coronary vasculature without altering cardiac peptide secretion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2004; 287(4): H1522 - H1529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. van der Lely, M. Tschop, M. L. Heiman, and E. Ghigo Biological, Physiological, Pathophysiological, and Pharmacological Aspects of Ghrelin Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2004; 25(3): 426 - 457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J Iglesias, R. Pineiro, M. Blanco, R. Gallego, C. Dieguez, O. Gualillo, J. R Gonzalez-Juanatey, and F. Lago Growth hormone releasing peptide (ghrelin) is synthesized and secreted by cardiomyocytes Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2004; 62(3): 481 - 488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Marchesini, G. Bianchi, P. Lucidi, N. Villanova, M. Zoli, and P. De Feo Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations, Food Intake, and Anorexia in Liver Failure J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2004; 89(5): 2136 - 2141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Lin, K. Matsumura, M. Fukuhara, S. Kagiyama, K. Fujii, and M. Iida Ghrelin Acts at the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract to Decrease Arterial Pressure in Rats Hypertension, May 1, 2004; 43(5): 977 - 982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Callahan, D. E. Cummings, M. S. Pepe, P. A. Breen, C. C. Matthys, and D. S. Weigle Postprandial Suppression of Plasma Ghrelin Level Is Proportional to Ingested Caloric Load but Does Not Predict Intermeal Interval in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2004; 89(3): 1319 - 1324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. INUI, A. ASAKAWA, C. Y. BOWERS, G. MANTOVANI, A. LAVIANO, M. M. MEGUID, and M. FUJIMIYA Ghrelin, appetite, and gastric motility: the emerging role of the stomach as an endocrine organ FASEB J, March 1, 2004; 18(3): 439 - 456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Rodriguez Ayala, R. Pecoits-Filho, O. Heimburger, B. Lindholm, L. Nordfors, and P. Stenvinkel Associations between plasma ghrelin levels and body composition in end-stage renal disease: a longitudinal study Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., February 1, 2004; 19(2): 421 - 426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H Suzuki, T Masaoka, H Hosoda, T Ota, Y Minegishi, S Nomura, K Kangawa, and H Ishii Helicobacter pylori infection modifies gastric and plasma ghrelin dynamics in Mongolian gerbils Gut, February 1, 2004; 53(2): 187 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Q. Purnell, D. S. Weigle, P. Breen, and D. E. Cummings Ghrelin Levels Correlate with Insulin Levels, Insulin Resistance, and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, But Not with Gender, Menopausal Status, or Cortisol Levels in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5747 - 5752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kitamura, I. Yokota, H. Hosoda, Y. Kotani, J. Matsuda, E. Naito, M. Ito, K. Kangawa, and Y. Kuroda Ghrelin Concentration in Cord and Neonatal Blood: Relation to Fetal Growth and Energy Balance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5473 - 5477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Caminos, R. Nogueiras, M. Blanco, L. M. Seoane, S. Bravo, C. V. Alvarez, T. Garcia-Caballero, F. F. Casanueva, and C. Dieguez Cellular Distribution and Regulation of Ghrelin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Rat Pituitary Gland Endocrinology, November 1, 2003; 144(11): 5089 - 5097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Zigman and J. K. Elmquist Minireview: From Anorexia to Obesity--The Yin and Yang of Body Weight Control Endocrinology, September 1, 2003; 144(9): 3749 - 3756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Cummings and M. H. Shannon Ghrelin and Gastric Bypass: Is There a Hormonal Contribution to Surgical Weight Loss? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2003; 88(7): 2999 - 3002. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Corbetta, M. Peracchi, V. Cappiello, A. Lania, E. Lauri, L. Vago, P. Beck-Peccoz, and A. Spada Circulating Ghrelin Levels in Patients with Pancreatic and Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Identification of One Pancreatic Ghrelinoma J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2003; 88(7): 3117 - 3120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Weigle Pharmacological Therapy of Obesity: Past, Present, and Future J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2462 - 2469. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Barkan, E. V. Dimaraki, S. K. Jessup, K. V. Symons, M. Ermolenko, and C. A. Jaffe Ghrelin Secretion in Humans Is Sexually Dimorphic, Suppressed by Somatostatin, and Not Affected by the Ambient Growth Hormone Levels J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2003; 88(5): 2180 - 2184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Weigle, D. E. Cummings, P. D. Newby, P. A. Breen, R. S. Frayo, C. C. Matthys, H. S. Callahan, and J. Q. Purnell Roles of Leptin and Ghrelin in the Loss of Body Weight Caused by a Low Fat, High Carbohydrate Diet J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2003; 88(4): 1577 - 1586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Toshinai, Y. Date, N. Murakami, M. Shimada, M. S. Mondal, T. Shimbara, J.-L. Guan, Q.-P. Wang, H. Funahashi, T. Sakurai, et al. Ghrelin-Induced Food Intake Is Mediated via the Orexin Pathway Endocrinology, April 1, 2003; 144(4): 1506 - 1512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Caminos, M. Tena-Sempere, F. Gaytan, J. E. Sanchez-Criado, M. L. Barreiro, R. Nogueiras, F. F. Casanueva, E. Aguilar, and C. Dieguez Expression of Ghrelin in the Cyclic and Pregnant Rat Ovary Endocrinology, April 1, 2003; 144(4): 1594 - 1602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. E. Cummings and M. H. Shannon Roles for Ghrelin in the Regulation of Appetite and Body Weight Arch Surg, April 1, 2003; 138(4): 389 - 396. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. D. Riis, T. K. Hansen, N. Moller, J. Weeke, and J. O. L. Jorgensen Hyperthyroidism Is Associated with Suppressed Circulating Ghrelin Levels J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 853 - 857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Seoane, M. Lopez, S. Tovar, F. F. Casanueva, R. Senaris, and C. Dieguez Agouti-Related Peptide, Neuropeptide Y, and Somatostatin-Producing Neurons Are Targets for Ghrelin Actions in the Rat Hypothalamus Endocrinology, February 1, 2003; 144(2): 544 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Schaller, A. Schmidt, J. Pleiner, W. Woloszczuk, M. Wolzt, and A. Luger Plasma Ghrelin Concentrations Are Not Regulated by Glucose or Insulin: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Clamp Study Diabetes, January 1, 2003; 52(1): 16 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Hosoda, M. Kojima, and K. Kangawa Ghrelin and the Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Balance Mol. Interv., December 1, 2002; 2(8): 494 - 503. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. DelParigi, M. Tschop, M. L. Heiman, A. D. Salbe, B. Vozarova, S. M. Sell, J. C. Bunt, and P. A. Tataranni High Circulating Ghrelin: A Potential Cause for Hyperphagia and Obesity in Prader-Willi Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2002; 87(12): 5461 - 5464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Matsumura, T. Tsuchihashi, K. Fujii, I. Abe, and M. Iida Central Ghrelin Modulates Sympathetic Activity in Conscious Rabbits Hypertension, November 1, 2002; 40(5): 694 - 699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Rubino, M. Gagner, M. Camilleri, F. Cremonini, A. Geliebter, D. E. Cummings, J. Q. Purnell, and D. S. Weigle Weight Loss and Plasma Ghrelin Levels N. Engl. J. Med., October 24, 2002; 347(17): 1379 - 1381. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.a. Pacher, L. Liaudet, J. G. Mabley, K. Komjati, and C. Szabo Pharmacologic inhibition of poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase may represent a novel therapeutic approach in chronic heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 4, 2002; 40(5): 1006 - 1016. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kaiya, S. van der Geyten, M. Kojima, H. Hosoda, Y. Kitajima, M. Matsumoto, S. Geelissen, V. M. Darras, and K. Kangawa Chicken Ghrelin: Purification, cDNA Cloning, and Biological Activity Endocrinology, September 1, 2002; 143(9): 3454 - 3463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|