Circulation. 2001;104:2815-2819
doi: 10.1161/hc4601.099486
doi: 10.1161/hc4601.099486
(Circulation. 2001;104:2815.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickness Is Related to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Measured From Childhood Through Middle Age
The Muscatine Study
From the Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Department of Neurology (P.H.D.), the Department of Biostatistics (J.D.D.), the Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (R.M.L.), and the Department of Epidemiology (R.M.L.), University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and the Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC (W.A.R.).
Correspondence to Patricia H. Davis, MD, Department of Neurology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242. E-mail pat-davis{at}uiowa.edu
Background— Higher carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT) is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and is predictive of coronary artery disease and stroke in older adults. Carotid IMT was measured in young and middle-aged adults to determine its relationship with risk factors measured (1) in childhood, (2) currently, and (3) as a "load" from childhood to adulthood.
Methods and Results— Carotid ultrasound studies were performed in 346 men and 379 women aged 33 to 42 years who were representative of a cohort followed since childhood and who live in Muscatine, Iowa. The mean of the measurements of maximal carotid IMT at 12 locations was determined for each subject. A medical questionnaire was completed, and measurements of anthropometric characteristics and risk factors were obtained. The mean maximum carotid IMT was 0.79±0.12 mm for men and 0.72±0.10 mm for women. On the basis of multivariable analysis, the significant current predictors of IMT were age and LDL cholesterol in both sexes and diastolic blood pressure in women. Total cholesterol was a significant childhood predictor in both sexes, while childhood body mass index was significant only in women. For men, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and diastolic blood pressure were predictive of carotid IMT in a risk factor load model, whereas in women, LDL cholesterol, body mass index, and triglycerides were predictive.
Conclusions— Higher carotid IMT in young and middle-aged adults is associated with childhood and current cardiovascular risk factors, as well as risk factor load.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • epidemiology • carotid arteries
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A. Vryonidou, A. Papatheodorou, A. Tavridou, T. Terzi, V. Loi, I.-A. Vatalas, N. Batakis, C. Phenekos, and A. Dionyssiou-Asteriou Association of Hyperandrogenemic and Metabolic Phenotype with Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Young Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 2740 - 2746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. McMahan, S. S. Gidding, Z. A. Fayad, A. W. Zieske, G. T. Malcom, R. E. Tracy, J. P. Strong, H. C. McGill Jr, and for the Pathobiological Determinants of Atheroscle Risk Scores Predict Atherosclerotic Lesions in Young People Arch Intern Med, April 25, 2005; 165(8): 883 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Colao, C. Di Somma, F. Rota, R. Pivonello, M. C. Savanelli, S. Spiezia, and G. Lombardi Short-Term Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment or Deprivation on Cardiovascular Risk Parameters and Intima-Media Thickness at Carotid Arteries in Patients with Severe GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2005; 90(4): 2056 - 2062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. H. Jafar, M. Islam, N. Poulter, J. Hatcher, C. H. Schmid, A. S. Levey, and N. Chaturvedi Children in South Asia Have Higher Body Mass-Adjusted Blood Pressure Levels Than White Children in the United States: A Comparative Study Circulation, March 15, 2005; 111(10): 1291 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Juonala, J. S.A. Viikari, M. Kahonen, L. Taittonen, T. Ronnemaa, T. Laitinen, N. Maki-Torkko, V. Mikkila, L. Rasanen, H. K. Akerblom, et al. Geographic Origin as a Determinant of Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Brachial Artery Flow-Mediated Dilation: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2005; 25(2): 392 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Haller, M. Samyn, W. W. Nichols, T. Brusko, C. Wasserfall, R. F. Schwartz, M. Atkinson, J. J. Shuster, G. L. Pierce, and J. H. Silverstein Radial Artery Tonometry Demonstrates Arterial Stiffness in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2911 - 2917. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Li, S. Li, E. Ulusoy, W. Chen, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson Childhood Adiposity as a Predictor of Cardiac Mass in Adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study Circulation, November 30, 2004; 110(22): 3488 - 3492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. T. Hirsch and A. R. Folsom The Continuum of Risk: Vascular Pathophysiology, Function, and Structure Circulation, November 2, 2004; 110(18): 2774 - 2777. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Juonala, J. S.A. Viikari, T. Laitinen, J. Marniemi, H. Helenius, T. Ronnemaa, and O. T. Raitakari Interrelations Between Brachial Endothelial Function and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Young Adults: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study Circulation, November 2, 2004; 110(18): 2918 - 2923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A Kablak-Ziembicka, W Tracz, T Przewlocki, P Pieniazek, A Sokolowski, and M Konieczynska Association of increased carotid intima-media thickness with the extent of coronary artery disease Heart, November 1, 2004; 90(11): 1286 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Miller, A. Rosenbloom, and J. Silverstein Childhood Obesity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4211 - 4218. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. T. Magyar, G. Paragh, E. Katona, A. Valikovics, I. Seres, L. Csiba, and D. Bereczki Serum Cholesterols Have a More Important Role Than Triglycerides in Determining Intima-Media Thickness of the Common Carotid Artery in Subjects Younger Than 55 Years of Age J. Ultrasound Med., September 1, 2004; 23(9): 1161 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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National High Blood Pressure Education Program Wor The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents Pediatrics, August 1, 2004; 114(2/S2): 555 - 576. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J.-H. Bae, E. Bassenge, K.-Y. Kim, Y.-C. Synn, k.-R. Park, and M. Schwemmer Effects of Low-Dose Atorvastatin on Vascular Responses in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Stenting Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, July 1, 2004; 9(3): 185 - 192. [Abstract] [PDF]
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G. B. J. Mancini, B. Dahlof, and J. Diez Surrogate Markers for Cardiovascular Disease: Structural Markers Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25_suppl_1): IV-22 - IV-30. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ten and N. Maclaren Insulin Resistance Syndrome in Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 2526 - 2539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P.J. Halcox and J. E. Deanfield Beyond the Laboratory: Clinical Implications for Statin Pleiotropy Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21_suppl_1): II-42 - II-48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.A. Paramo, J. Orbe, O. Beloqui, A. Benito, I. Colina, E. Martinez-Vila, and J. Diez Prothrombin Fragment 1+2 Is Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Subjects Free of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease Stroke, May 1, 2004; 35(5): 1085 - 1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Li, W. Chen, S. R. Srinivasan, and G. S. Berenson Childhood Blood Pressure as a Predictor of Arterial Stiffness in Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study Hypertension, March 1, 2004; 43(3): 541 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. K. Olijhoek, Y. van der Graaf, J.-D. Banga, A. Algra, T. J. Rabelink, F. L. J. Visseren, and for the SMART Study Group The Metabolic Syndrome is associated with advanced vascular damage in patients with coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2004; 25(4): 342 - 348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. A. Korshunov and B. C. Berk Flow-Induced Vascular Remodeling in the Mouse: A Model for Carotid Intima-Media Thickening Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2003; 23(12): 2185 - 2191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. L. Bots, G. W. Evans, W. A. Riley, and D. E. Grobbee Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Measurements in Intervention Studies: Design Options, Progression Rates, and Sample Size Considerations: A Point of View Stroke, December 1, 2003; 34(12): 2985 - 2994. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Li, W. Chen, S. R. Srinivasan, M. G. Bond, R. Tang, E. M. Urbina, and G. S. Berenson Childhood Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Carotid Vascular Changes in Adulthood: The Bogalusa Heart Study JAMA, November 5, 2003; 290(17): 2271 - 2276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. T. Raitakari, M. Juonala, M. Kahonen, L. Taittonen, T. Laitinen, N. Maki-Torkko, M. J. Jarvisalo, M. Uhari, E. Jokinen, T. Ronnemaa, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood and Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Adulthood: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study JAMA, November 5, 2003; 290(17): 2277 - 2283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. C. McGill Jr and C. A. McMahan Starting Earlier to Prevent Heart Disease JAMA, November 5, 2003; 290(17): 2320 - 2322. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Arroyo-Espliguero, N. Mollichelli, P. Avanzas, E. Zouridakis, V. R Newey, D. K Nassiri, and J. C. Kaski Chronic inflammation and increased arterial stiffness in patients with cardiac syndrome X Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2003; 24(22): 2006 - 2011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. P. Singh, H. Groehn, and A. Kazmers Vascular function and carotid intimal-medial thickness in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4): 661 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Sorof, A. V. Alexandrov, G. Cardwell, and R. J. Portman Carotid Artery Intimal-Medial Thickness and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Children With Elevated Blood Pressure Pediatrics, January 1, 2003; 111(1): 61 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. Magyar, Z. Szikszai, J. Balla, A. Valikovics, J. Kappelmayer, S. Imre, G. Balla, V. Jeney, L. Csiba, and D. Bereczki Early-Onset Carotid Atherosclerosis Is Associated With Increased Intima-Media Thickness and Elevated Serum Levels of Inflammatory Markers Stroke, January 1, 2003; 34(1): 58 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. L. Miller, D. B. DiRienzo, and G. D. Miller New Frontiers in Weight Management J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2002; 21(2): 131S - 133. [Full Text] [PDF]
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