Circulation. 2002;106:1199-1204
Published online before print August 19, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000031525.61826.A8
Published online before print August 19, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000031525.61826.A8
(Circulation. 2002;106:1199.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells in Human Blood
From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
Correspondence to Noel M. Caplice, MD, PhD, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail caplice.noel{at}mayo.edu
Background— Recent animal data suggest that vascular smooth muscle cells within the neointima of the vessel wall may originate from bone marrow, providing indirect evidence for circulating smooth muscle progenitor cells (SPCs). Evidence for circulating SPCs in human subjects does not exist, and the mechanism whereby such putative SPCs may home to sites of plaque formation is presently not understood but is likely to involve expression of specific surface adhesion molecules, such as integrins. In this study, we aimed to culture smooth muscle outgrowth cells (SOCs) from SPCs in human peripheral blood and characterize surface integrin expression on these cells.
Methods and Results— Human mononuclear cells isolated from buffy coat were seeded on collagen type 1 matrix and outgrowth cells selected in endothelial growth medium (EGM-2) or EGM-2 and platelet-derived growth factor BB. Selection in platelet-derived growth factor BB–enriched medium caused rapid outgrowth and expansion of SOC to >40 population doublings in a 4-month period. These SOCs were positive for smooth muscle cell–specific 
actin (SMA), myosin heavy chain, and calponin on immunofluorescence and Western blotting and were also positive for CD34, Flt1, and Flk1 receptor but negative for Tie-2 receptor expression, suggesting a potential bone marrow angioblastic origin. In contrast, endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) grown in EGM-2 alone and the initial MNC population were negative for these smooth muscle–specific markers. Integrin 5ß1 expression by FACS and Western blotting was significantly increased in SOCs compared with EOCs, and this was confirmed by 8-fold greater adhesion of SOC to fibronectin (P<0.001), an effect that could be decreased using an 5ß1 antibody. Finally, SOC showed a significantly greater in vitro proliferative potential compared with EOCs of similar passage (P<0.001).
Conclusions— This study demonstrates for the first time outgrowth of smooth muscle cells with a specific growth, adhesion, and integrin profile from putative SPC in human blood. These data have implications for our understanding of adult vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation, proliferation, and homing. (Circulation. 2002;106:1199–1204.)
Key Words: muscle, smooth • progenitor • blood cells
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 T. He, L. A. Smith, S. Harrington, K. A. Nath, N. M. Caplice, and Z. S. Katusic Transplantation of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Restores Endothelial Function of Denuded Rabbit Carotid Arteries Stroke, October 1, 2004; 35(10): 2378 - 2384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Tagliafico, S. Brunelli, A. Bergamaschi, L. De Angelis, R. Scardigli, D. Galli, R. Battini, P. Bianco, S. Ferrari, G. Cossu, et al. TGF{beta}/BMP activate the smooth muscle/bone differentiation programs in mesoangioblasts J. Cell Sci., September 1, 2004; 117(19): 4377 - 4388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Fukuda, K. Shimada, A. Tanaka, T. Kawarabayashi, M. Yoshiyama, and J. Yoshikawa Circulating monocytes and late in-stent restenosis: Reply J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 18, 2004; 44(4): 936 - 937. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Hibbert, Y.-X. Chen, and E. R. O'Brien c-kit-Immunopositive vascular progenitor cells populate human coronary in-stent restenosis but not primary atherosclerotic lesions Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): H518 - H524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. K. Owens, M. S. Kumar, and B. R. Wamhoff Molecular Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation in Development and Disease Physiol Rev, July 1, 2004; 84(3): 767 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. J. Davie, J. T. Crossno Jr., M. G. Frid, S. E. Hofmeister, J. T. Reeves, D. M. Hyde, T. C. Carpenter, J. A. Brunetti, I. K. McNiece, and K. R. Stenmark Hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery adventitial remodeling and neovascularization: contribution of progenitor cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): L668 - L678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Le Ricousse-Roussanne, V. Barateau, J.-o. Contreres, B. Boval, L. Kraus-Berthier, and G. Tobelem Ex vivo differentiated endothelial and smooth muscle cells from human cord blood progenitors home to the angiogenic tumor vasculature Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2004; 62(1): 176 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Fukuda, K. Shimada, A. Tanaka, T. Kawarabayashi, M. Yoshiyama, and J. Yoshikawa Circulating monocytes and in-stent neointima after coronary stent implantation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 7, 2004; 43(1): 18 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-B. Michel Anoikis in the Cardiovascular System: Known and Unknown Extracellular Mediators Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2003; 23(12): 2146 - 2154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Skowasch, A. Jabs, R. Andrie, S. Dinkelbach, B. Luderitz, and G. Bauriedel Presence of bone-marrow- and neural-crest-derived cells in intimal hyperplasia at the time of clinical in-stent restenosis Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2003; 60(3): 684 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Schober, S. Knarren, M. Lietz, E. A. Lin, and C. Weber Crucial Role of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1{alpha} in Neointima Formation After Vascular Injury in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Circulation, November 18, 2003; 108(20): 2491 - 2497. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Kuwana, Y. Okazaki, H. Kodama, K. Izumi, H. Yasuoka, Y. Ogawa, Y. Kawakami, and Y. Ikeda Human circulating CD14+ monocytes as a source of progenitors that exhibit mesenchymal cell differentiation J. Leukoc. Biol., November 1, 2003; 74(5): 833 - 845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. T.H. Yeh, S. Zhang, H. D. Wu, M. Korbling, J. T. Willerson, and Z. Estrov Transdifferentiation of Human Peripheral Blood CD34+-Enriched Cell Population Into Cardiomyocytes, Endothelial Cells, and Smooth Muscle Cells In Vivo Circulation, October 28, 2003; 108(17): 2070 - 2073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Xu, Z. Zhang, F. Davison, and Y. Hu Circulating Progenitor Cells Regenerate Endothelium of Vein Graft Atherosclerosis, Which Is Diminished in ApoE-Deficient Mice Circ. Res., October 17, 2003; 93 (8): e76 - e86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Gulati, D. Jevremovic, T. E. Peterson, T. A. Witt, L. S. Kleppe, C. S. Mueske, A. Lerman, R. G. Vile, and R. D. Simari Autologous Culture-Modified Mononuclear Cells Confer Vascular Protection After Arterial Injury Circulation, September 23, 2003; 108(12): 1520 - 1526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pesce, A. Orlandi, M. G. Iachininoto, S. Straino, A. R. Torella, V. Rizzuti, G. Pompilio, G. Bonanno, G. Scambia, and M. C. Capogrossi Myoendothelial Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Stem Cells in Ischemic Limb Tissues Circ. Res., September 5, 2003; 93 (5): e51 - e62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Bauriedel, A. Jabs, D. Skowasch, R. Hutter, J. J. Badimon, V. Fuster, U. Welsch, and B. Luderitz Dendritic cells in neointima formation after rat carotid balloon injury: coordinated expression withanti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and HSP47 in arterial repair J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 3, 2003; 42(5): 930 - 938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Takahashi and R. T. Lee Dendritic cells in neointima formation: from where did you come, and what are you doing here? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 3, 2003; 42(5): 939 - 941. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Korbling and Z. Estrov Adult Stem Cells for Tissue Repair -- A New Therapeutic Concept? N. Engl. J. Med., August 7, 2003; 349(6): 570 - 582. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Simper, S. Wang, A. Deb, D. Holmes, C. McGregor, R. Frantz, S. S. Kushwaha, and N. M. Caplice Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Decreased in Blood of Cardiac Allograft Patients With Vasculopathy and Endothelial Cells of Noncardiac Origin Are Enriched in Transplant Atherosclerosis Circulation, July 15, 2003; 108(2): 143 - 149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K.-i. Hirose, H. Tomiyama, R. Okazaki, T. Arai, Y. Koji, G. Zaydun, S. Hori, and A. Yamashina Increased Pulse Wave Velocity Associated with Reduced Calcaneal Quantitative Osteo-sono Index: Possible Relationship Between Atherosclerosis and Osteopenia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2573 - 2578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Luttun and P. Carmeliet De novo vasculogenesis in the heart Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2003; 58(2): 378 - 389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Sata, K. Tanaka, R. Nagai, Y. Hu, H. Dietrich, F. Davison, M. Mayr, Q. Xu, B. Ludewig, M. Erdel, et al. Origin of Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells: Different Conclusions From Different Models * Response Circulation, April 29, 2003; 107 (16): e106 - e107. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Kashiwakura, Y. Katoh, K. Tamayose, H. Konishi, N. Takaya, S. Yuhara, M. Yamada, K. Sugimoto, and H. Daida Isolation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell-Derived Smooth Muscle Cells by a Human SM22{alpha} Promoter: In Vitro Differentiation of Putative Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells of Bone Marrow Circulation, April 29, 2003; 107(16): 2078 - 2081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. M. Caplice, T. J. Bunch, P. G. Stalboerger, S. Wang, D. Simper, D. V. Miller, S. J. Russell, M. R. Litzow, and W. D. Edwards Smooth muscle cells in human coronary atherosclerosis can originate from cells administered at marrow transplantation PNAS, April 15, 2003; 100(8): 4754 - 4759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-L. Hillebrands, F. A. Klatter, and J. Rozing Origin of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and the Role of Circulating Stem Cells in Transplant Arteriosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2003; 23(3): 380 - 387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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