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Circulation. 2002;106:1777-1782
Published online before print September 16, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000031732.78052.81
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(Circulation. 2002;106:1777.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.


Clinical Investigation and Reports

Urinary Albumin Excretion Predicts Cardiovascular and Noncardiovascular Mortality in General Population

Hans L. Hillege, MD; Vaclav Fidler, PhD; Gilles F.H. Diercks, MD; Wiek H. van Gilst, PhD; Dick de Zeeuw, MD; Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, MD; Rijk O.B. Gans, MD; Wilbert M.T. Janssen, MD; Diederick E. Grobbee, MD; Paul E. de Jong, MD, for the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End Stage Disease (PREVEND) Study Group*

From the Trial Coordination Center (H.L.H., W.H.v.G., D.J.v.V.), Department of Cardiology, and the Department of Internal Medicine (R.O.B.G.), Division of Nephrology (P.E.d.J.), University Hospital of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; the Departments of Health Sciences (V.F.) and Clinical Pharmacology (G.F.H.D., W.H.v.G., D.d.Z.), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; the Department of Internal Medicine (W.M.T.J.), Martini Hospital of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (D.E.G.), University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Correspondence to Prof Dr P.E. de Jong, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands. E-mail p.e.de.jong{at}int.azg.nl

Background— For the general population, the clinical relevance of an increased urinary albumin excretion rate is still debated. Therefore, we examined the relationship between urinary albumin excretion and all-cause mortality and mortality caused by cardiovascular (CV) disease and non-CV disease in the general population.

Methods and Results— In the period 1997 to 1998, all inhabitants of the city of Groningen, the Netherlands, aged between 28 and 75 years (n=85 421) were sent a postal questionnaire collecting information about risk factors for CV disease and CV morbidity and a vial to collect an early morning urine sample for measurement of urinary albumin concentration (UAC). The vital status of the cohort was subsequently obtained from the municipal register, and the cause of death was obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics. Of these 85 421 subjects, 40 856 (47.8%) responded, and 40 548 could be included in the analysis. During a median follow-up period of 961 days (maximum 1139 days), 516 deaths with known cause were recorded. We found a positive dose-response relationship between increasing UAC and mortality. A higher UAC increased the risk of both CV and non-CV death after adjustment for other well-recognized CV risk factors, with the increase being significantly higher for CV mortality than for non-CV mortality (P=0.014). A 2-fold increase in UAC was associated with a relative risk of 1.29 for CV mortality (95% CI 1.18 to 1.40) and 1.12 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.21) for non-CV mortality.

Conclusions— Urinary albumin excretion is a predictor of all-cause mortality in the general population. The excess risk was more attributable to death from CV causes, independent of the effects of other CV risk factors, and the relationship was already apparent at levels of albuminuria currently considered to be normal.


Key Words: follow-up studies • mortality • risk factors




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Ann Intern Med, July 18, 2006; 145(2): 117 - 124.
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CJASNHome page
E. S. Ommen, J. A. Winston, and B. Murphy
Medical Risks in Living Kidney Donors: Absence of Proof Is Not Proof of Absence
Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2006; 1(4): 885 - 895.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BMJHome page
M. Tonelli, P. Jose, G. Curhan, F. Sacks, E. Braunwald, M. Pfeffer, and Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial Inve
Proteinuria, impaired kidney function, and adverse outcomes in people with coronary disease: analysis of a previously conducted randomised trial
BMJ, June 17, 2006; 332(7555): 1426.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur J EndocrinolHome page
I Rietveld, A Hofman, H A P Pols, C M van Duijn, S W J Lamberts, and J A M J L Janssen
An insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism modifies the risk of microalbuminuria in subjects with an abnormal glucose tolerance.
Eur. J. Endocrinol., May 1, 2006; 154(5): 715 - 721.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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ANGIOLOGYHome page
A. Tsakiris, M. Doumas, D. Lagatouras, G. Vyssoulis, E. Karpanou, N. Nearchou, C. Kouremenou, and P. Skoufas
Microalbuminuria Is Determined by Systolic and Pulse Pressure Over a 12-Year Period and Related to Peripheral Artery Disease in Normotensive and Hypertensive Subjects: The Three Areas Study in Greece (TAS-GR)
Angiology, May 1, 2006; 57(3): 313 - 320.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
R. T. Gansevoort, S. J.L. Bakker, and P. E. de Jong
Early Detection of Progressive Chronic Kidney Disease: Is It Feasible?
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2006; 17(5): 1218 - 1220.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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HypertensionHome page
J. E. Lee, Y.-G. Kim, Y.-H. Choi, W. Huh, D. J. Kim, and H. Y. Oh
Serum Uric Acid Is Associated With Microalbuminuria in Prehypertension
Hypertension, May 1, 2006; 47(5): 962 - 967.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
K. Iseki
Screening for renal disease--what can be learned from the Okinawa experience
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., April 1, 2006; 21(4): 839 - 843.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
P. Ochodnicky, D. de Zeeuw, R. H. Henning, C. A. Kluppel, and R. P.E. van Dokkum
Endothelial Function Predicts the Development of Renal Damage after Combined Nephrectomy and Myocardial Infarction
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S49 - S52.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
J. Segura, J. A. Garcia-Donaire, M. Praga, and L. M. Ruilope
Chronic Kidney Disease as a Situation of High Added Risk in Hypertensive Patients
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S136 - S140.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
A. Morganti
Randomized Clinical Trials on Surrogate End Points: Are They Useful for Evaluating Cardiovascular and Renal Disease Protection in Hypertension? The Case for Yes
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S141 - S144.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
R. Trevisan, A. R. Dodesini, and G. Lepore
Lipids and Renal Disease
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S145 - S147.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Diabetes CareHome page
H. Ibsen, M. H. Olsen, K. Wachtell, K. Borch-Johnsen, L. H. Lindholm, C. E. Mogensen, B. Dahlof, S. M. Snapinn, Y. Wan, and P. A. Lyle
Does Albuminuria Predict Cardiovascular Outcomes on Treatment With Losartan Versus Atenolol in Patients With Diabetes, Hypertension, and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy?: The LIFE study.
Diabetes Care, March 1, 2006; 29(3): 595 - 600.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Diabetes CareHome page
E. Cosson, I. Pham, P. Valensi, J. Paries, J.-R. Attali, and A. Nitenberg
Impaired Coronary Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation Is Associated With Microalbuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Angiographically Normal Coronary Arteries
Diabetes Care, January 1, 2006; 29(1): 107 - 112.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Chem.Home page
J. W. Brinkman, D. de Zeeuw, J. J. Duker, R. T. Gansevoort, I. P. Kema, H. L. Hillege, P. E. de Jong, and S. J.L. Bakker
Falsely Low Urinary Albumin Concentrations after Prolonged Frozen Storage of Urine Samples
Clin. Chem., November 1, 2005; 51(11): 2181 - 2183.
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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
R. E. Schmieder, A. U. Klingbeil, E. H. Fleischmann, R. Veelken, and C. Delles
Additional Antiproteinuric Effect of Ultrahigh Dose Candesartan: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Prospective Study
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2005; 16(10): 3038 - 3045.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
J. Arnlov, J. C. Evans, J. B. Meigs, T. J. Wang, C. S. Fox, D. Levy, E. J. Benjamin, R. B. D'Agostino, and R. S. Vasan
Low-Grade Albuminuria and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease Events in Nonhypertensive and Nondiabetic Individuals: The Framingham Heart Study
Circulation, August 16, 2005; 112(7): 969 - 975.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
C. W, Y. PX, L. BM, C. RD, M. DL, M. RH, I. H, O. MH, W. K, B.-J. K, et al.
Anorexia and Cachexia in Renal Failure--Is Leptin the Culprit?: Role of Leptin and Melanocortin Signaling in Uremia-Associated Cachexia. J Clin Invest 115: 1659-1665, 2005
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2005; 16(8): 2245 - 2250.
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HypertensionHome page
P. A. Swift, N. D. Markandu, G. A. Sagnella, F. J. He, and G. A. MacGregor
Modest Salt Reduction Reduces Blood Pressure and Urine Protein Excretion in Black Hypertensives: A Randomized Control Trial
Hypertension, August 1, 2005; 46(2): 308 - 312.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur Heart JHome page
C. A. Geluk, F. W. Asselbergs, H. L. Hillege, S. J.L. Bakker, P. E. de Jong, F. Zijlstra, and W. H. van Gilst
Impact of statins in microalbuminuric subjects with the metabolic syndrome: a substudy of the PREVEND Intervention Trial
Eur. Heart J., July 1, 2005; 26(13): 1314 - 1320.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
D. de Zeeuw
Albuminuria, Just a Marker for Cardiovascular Disease, Or Is It More?
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2005; 16(7): 1883 - 1885.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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HypertensionHome page
K. P. Klausen, H. Scharling, G. Jensen, and J. S. Jensen
New Definition of Microalbuminuria in Hypertensive Subjects: Association With Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Death
Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 33 - 37.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
K. R. Tuttle
Renal manifestations of the metabolic syndrome
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., May 1, 2005; 20(5): 861 - 864.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
F. Togel, Z. Hu, K. Weiss, J. Isaac, C. Lange, C. Westenfelder, T. Stasko, M.D. Brown, J.A. Carucci, S. Euvrard, et al.
Amelioration of Acute Renal Failure by Stem Cell Therapy--Paracrine Secretion Versus Transdifferentiation into Resident Cells: Administered Mesenchymal Stem Cells Protect against Ischemic Acute Renal Failure through Differentiation-Independent Mechanisms. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol E-pub February 15, 2005
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2005; 16(5): 1153 - 1163.
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Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
E. M. Stuveling, S. J. L. Bakker, H. L. Hillege, P. E. de Jong, R. O. B. Gans, and D. de Zeeuw
Biochemical risk markers: a novel area for better prediction of renal risk?
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2005; 20(3): 497 - 508.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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StrokeHome page
F. W. Asselbergs, A. M. van Roon, H. L. Hillege, P. E. de Jong, R. O.B. Gans, A. J. Smit, W. H. van Gilst, and on behalf of the PREVEND IT Investigators
Effects of Fosinopril and Pravastatin on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Subjects With Increased Albuminuria
Stroke, March 1, 2005; 36(3): 649 - 653.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
A. H. Brantsma, D. de Zeeuw, H. L. Hillege, K. Klausen, K. Borch-Johnsen, B. Feldt-Rasmussen, G. Jensen, P. Clausen, H. Scharling, M. Appleyard, et al.
Letter Regarding Article by Klausen et al, "Very Low Levels of Microalbuminuria Are Associated With Increased Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Death Independently of Renal Function, Hypertension, and Diabetes" * Response
Circulation, March 1, 2005; 111(8): e110 - e111.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
M. J. Krimholtz, J. Karalliedde, S. Thomas, R. Bilous, and G. Viberti
Targeting Albumin Excretion Rate in the Treatment of the Hypertensive Diabetic Patient with Renal Disease
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2005; 16(3_suppl_1): S42 - S47.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]