Circulation. 2004;109:1250-1258
Published online before print March 1, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000118493.13323.81
Published online before print March 1, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000118493.13323.81
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(Circulation. 2004;109:1250-1258.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Human Myocarditis
A Comparison to Histology and Molecular Pathology
From the Division of Cardiology (H.M., C.G., A.W., G.M., A.A., H.V., U.S.) and Department of Pathology (P.F.), Robert Bosch Medical Center, Stuttgart, Germany; the Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Tuebingen, Germany (K.K., R.K.); and Duke Cardiovascular MR Center, Durham, NC (A.W.).
Correspondence to Heiko Mahrholdt, MD, Robert Bosch Medical Center, Auerbachstrasse 110, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany. E-mail heiko.mahrholdt{at}rbk.de
Received June 27, 2003; de novo received September 21, 2003; revision received December 3, 2003; accepted December 5, 2003.
Background— Myocarditis can occasionally lead to sudden death and may progress to dilated cardiomyopathy in up to 10% of patients. Because the initial onset is difficult to recognize clinically and the diagnostic tools available are unsatisfactory, new strategies to diagnose myocarditis are needed.
Methods and Results— Cardiovascular MR imaging (CMR) was performed in 32 patients who were diagnosed with myocarditis by clinical criteria. To determine whether CMR visualizes areas of active myocarditis, endomyocardial biopsy was taken from the region of contrast enhancement and submitted to histopathologic analysis. Follow-up was performed 3 month later. Contrast enhancement was present in 28 patients (88%) and was usually seen with one or several foci in the myocardium. Foci were most frequently located in the lateral free wall. In the 21 patients in whom biopsy was obtained from the region of contrast enhancement, histopathologic analysis revealed active myocarditis in 19 patients (parvovirus B19, n=12; human herpes virus type 6 [HHV 6], n=5). Conversely, in the remaining 11 patients, in whom biopsy could not be taken from the region of contrast enhancement, active myocarditis was found in one case only (HHV6). At follow-up, the area of contrast enhancement decreased from 9±11% to 3±4% of left ventricular mass as the left ventricular ejection fraction improved from 47±19% to 60±10%.
Conclusions— Contrast enhancement is a frequent finding in the clinical setting of suspected myocarditis and is associated with active inflammation defined by histopathology. Myocarditis occurs predominantly in the lateral free wall. Contrast CMR is a valuable tool for the evaluation and monitoring of inflammatory heart disease.
Key Words: myocarditis • biopsy • magnetic resonance imaging
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L. T. Cooper, R. Virmani, N. M. Chapman, A. Frustaci, R. J. Rodeheffer, M. W. Cunningham, and D. M. McNamara National Institutes of Health-Sponsored Workshop on Inflammation and Immunity in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2006; 81(2): 199 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Baughman Diagnosis of Myocarditis: Death of Dallas Criteria Circulation, January 31, 2006; 113(4): 593 - 595. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Mahrholdt, A. Zhydkov, S. Hager, G. Meinhardt, H. Vogelsberg, A. Wagner, and U. Sechtem Left ventricular wall motion abnormalities as well as reduced wall thickness can cause false positive results of routine SPECT perfusion imaging for detection of myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2005; 26(20): 2127 - 2135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-P. Laissy, F. Hyafil, L. J. Feldman, J.-M. Juliard, E. Schouman-Claeys, P. G. Steg, and M. Faraggi Differentiating Acute Myocardial Infarction from Myocarditis: Diagnostic Value of Early- and Delayed-Perfusion Cardiac MR Imaging Radiology, October 1, 2005; 237(1): 75 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Mahrholdt, A. Wagner, R. M. Judd, U. Sechtem, and R. J. Kim Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2005; 26(15): 1461 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Abdel-Aty, R. Dietz, J. Schulz-Menger, S. W. Sharkey, J. R. Lesser, A. G. Zenovich, T. F. Longe, B. J. Maron, and M. S. Maron Letter Regarding Article by Sharkey et al, "Acute and Reversible Cardiomyopathy Provoked by Stress in Women From the United States" * Response Circulation, July 19, 2005; 112(3): e51 - e51. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Abdel-Aty, P. Boye, A. Zagrosek, R. Wassmuth, A. Kumar, D. Messroghli, P. Bock, R. Dietz, M. G. Friedrich, and J. Schulz-Menger Diagnostic Performance of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Patients With Suspected Acute Myocarditis: Comparison of Different Approaches J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 7, 2005; 45(11): 1815 - 1822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. P. Liu and A. T. Yan Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for the Diagnosis of Acute Myocarditis: Prospects for Detecting Myocardial Inflammation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 7, 2005; 45(11): 1823 - 1825. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E. Tsirka, K. Trinkaus, S.-C. Chen, S. E. Lipshultz, J. A. Towbin, S. D. Colan, V. Exil, A. W. Strauss, and C. E. Canter Reply J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 17, 2005; 45(10): 1734 - 1734. [Full Text]
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C. J. Soriano, F. Ridocci, J. Estornell, J. Jimenez, V. Martinez, and J. A. De Velasco Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of uncertain etiology, using late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 1, 2005; 45(5): 743 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. W. Dec Recognition of the Apical Ballooning Syndrome in the United States Circulation, February 1, 2005; 111(4): 388 - 390. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. W. Sharkey, J. R. Lesser, A. G. Zenovich, M. S. Maron, J. Lindberg, T. F. Longe, and B. J. Maron Acute and Reversible Cardiomyopathy Provoked by Stress in Women From the United States Circulation, February 1, 2005; 111(4): 472 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Pennell, U. P. Sechtem, C. B. Higgins, W. J. Manning, G. M. Pohost, F. E. Rademakers, A. C. van Rossum, L. J. Shaw, and E. K. Yucel Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2004; 25(21): 1940 - 1965. [Full Text] [PDF]
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