Published online before print January 26, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000109691.16944.DA
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(Circulation. 2004;109:494-499.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Determinants and Prognostic Impact of Heart Failure Complicating Acute Coronary Syndromes
Observations From the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE)
From Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bichat-Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France (P.G.S., L.J.F., A.C.-S., M.-C.A.); the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass (O.H.D., R.J.G., F.A.A.); Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain (J.L.-S.); Grochowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland (A.B.); and Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Klinische Abteilung fur Kardiologie, Graz, Austria (W.K.).
Correspondence to Philippe Gabriel Steg, MD, Cardiology, Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue Henri Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France. E-mail gabriel.steg{at}bch.ap-hop-paris.fr
Received March 25, 2003; de novo received July 16, 2003; revision received October 23, 2003; accepted October 24, 2003.
Background— Few data are available on the impact of heart failure (HF) across all types of acute coronary syndromes (ACS).
Methods and Results— The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) is a prospective study of patients hospitalized with ACS. Data from 16 166 patients were analyzed: 13 707 patients without prior HF or cardiogenic shock at presentation were identified. Of these, 1778 (13%) had an admission diagnosis of HF (Killip class II or III). HF on admission was associated with a marked increase in mortality rates during hospitalization (12.0% versus 2.9% [with versus without HF], P<0.0001) and at 6 months after discharge (8.5% versus 2.8%, P<0.0001). Of note, HF increased mortality rates in patients with unstable angina (defined as ACS with normal biochemical markers of necrosis; mortality rates: 6.7% with versus 1.6% without HF at admission, P<0.0001). By logistic regression analysis, admission HF was an independent predictor of hospital death (odds ratio, 2.2; P<0.0001). Admission HF was associated with longer hospital stay and higher readmission rates. Patients with HF had lower rates of catheterization and percutaneous cardiac intervention, and fewer received ß-blockers and statins. Hospital development of HF (versus HF on presentation) was associated with an even higher in-hospital mortality rate (17.8% versus 12.0%, P<0.0001). In patients with HF, in-hospital revascularization was associated with lower 6-month death rates (14.0% versus 23.7%, P<0.0001; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.37 to 0.68, P<0.0001).
Conclusions— In this observational registry, heart failure was associated with reduced hospital and 6-month survival across all ACS subsets, including patients with normal markers of necrosis. More aggressive treatment of these patients may be warranted to improve prognosis.
Key Words: heart failure • prognosis • myocardial infarction • angina
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