| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 From the Perinatal Research Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Within a prospective study of 56,109 total births, 457 youngsters have been found to have congenital heart disease. The overall incidence is 8.14/1000 total births, 8.0/1000 for the Negro and 8.3/1000 for the white. A specific lesion has been identified for each patient and lesion frequencies given for each class of patient, stillbirth, neonatal death, infant death, childhood death, and survivors. The percentage of autopsies was 93% in the stillbirths, 89% in the neonatal deaths, and 76% for those dying after 28 days of age. Of those classified as having definite congenital heart disease, 93% have been examined by a pediatric cardiologist. The average follow-up time for the 272 survivors is 3 years. Thirty-five per cent of patients with ventricular septal defect surviving more than 6 months had their lesion close spontaneously; one-half of the survivors with tetralogy of Fallot were "atypical," and essentially equal numbers of blacks and whites had all types of coarctation of the aorta in line with the study population, which is 47% black and 53% white.
Submitted on June 15, 1970
© 1971 American Heart Association, Inc.
Congenital Heart Disease in 56,109 Births Incidence and Natural History
Key Words: Prevalence Stillbirths • Ventricular septal defects • Spontaneous closure • Extracardiac malformations • Racial
Accepted on July 31, 1970
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  N. Oyen, G. Poulsen, H. A. Boyd, J. Wohlfahrt, P. K.A. Jensen, and M. Melbye Recurrence of Congenital Heart Defects in Families Circulation, July 28, 2009; 120(4): 295 - 301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Quansheng, P. Silin, Z. Zhongyun, R. Youbao, L. Shengde, C. Qian, D. Shuhua, H. Kefeng, J. Zhixian, and W. Qin Minimally invasive perventricular device closure of an isolated perimembranous ventricular septal defect with a newly designed delivery system: preliminary experience. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., March 1, 2009; 137(3): 556 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. E. Deanfield, R. Yates, F. J. Meijboom, and B. J.M. Mulder CHAPTER 10 Congenital Heart Disease in Children and Adults ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Sendelbach, G. L. Jackson, S. S. Lai, D. E. Fixler, E. K. Stehel, and W. D. Engle Pulse Oximetry Screening at 4 Hours of Age to Detect Critical Congenital Heart Defects Pediatrics, October 1, 2008; 122(4): e815 - e820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Gan, Q. An, K. Lin, H. Tang, R. C. Lui, K. Tao, W. Pan, and Y. Shi Perventricular Device Closure of Ventricular Septal Defects: Six Months Results in 30 Young Children Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2008; 86(1): 142 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Schneider and J. W. Moore Patent Ductus Arteriosus Circulation, October 24, 2006; 114(17): 1873 - 1882. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Schreckengost and R. A. Filly The New Obstetric Ultrasound Guidelines: Some Concerns J. Ultrasound Med., December 1, 2005; 24(12): 1752 - 1754. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Tanner, N. Sabrine, and C. Wren Cardiovascular Malformations Among Preterm Infants Pediatrics, December 1, 2005; 116(6): e833 - e838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Stefan, W. M. Hopman, and J. F. Smythe Effect of Activity Restriction Owing to Heart Disease on Obesity Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, May 1, 2005; 159(5): 477 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Mani, J. Radhakrishnan, A. Farhi, K. S. Carew, C. A. Warnes, C. Nelson-Williams, R. W. Day, B. Pober, M. W. State, and R. P. Lifton Syndromic patent ductus arteriosus: Evidence for haploinsufficient TFAP2B mutations and identification of a linked sleep disorder PNAS, February 22, 2005; 102(8): 2975 - 2979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. V. Jablensky, V. Morgan, S. R. Zubrick, C. Bower, and L.-A. Yellachich Pregnancy, Delivery, and Neonatal Complications in a Population Cohort of Women With Schizophrenia and Major Affective Disorders Am J Psychiatry, January 1, 2005; 162(1): 79 - 91. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Duppenthaler, R A Ammann, M Gorgievski-Hrisoho, J-P Pfammatter, and C Aebi Low incidence of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisations in haemodynamically significant congenital heart disease Arch. Dis. Child., October 1, 2004; 89(10): 961 - 965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Bhat, V. Corbett, N. Carpenter, N. Liu, R. Liu, A. Wu, G. Hopkins, R. Sohaey, C. Winkler, C. S. Sahn, et al. Fetal Ventricular Mass Determination on Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Studies in Normal Fetuses and Validation Experiments Circulation, August 31, 2004; 110(9): 1054 - 1060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Amin, D. A. Danford, J. Lof, K. F. Duncan, and S. Froemming Intraoperative device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects without cardiopulmonary bypass: Preliminary results with the perventricular technique J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., January 1, 2004; 127(1): 234 - 241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. L. Levy, S. E. Waisbren, F. Guttler, W. B. Hanley, R. Matalon, B. Rouse, F. K. Trefz, F. de la Cruz, C. G. Azen, and R. Koch Pregnancy Experiences in the Woman With Mild Hyperphenylalaninemia Pediatrics, December 1, 2003; 112(6): 1548 - 1552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C Wren, G Birrell, and G Hawthorne Cardiovascular malformations in infants of diabetic mothers Heart, October 1, 2003; 89(10): 1217 - 1220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. P Bolger, A. J.S Coats, and M. A Gatzoulis Congenital heart disease: the original heart failure syndrome Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2003; 24(10): 970 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Mani, S.-M. Meraji, R. Houshyar, J. Radhakrishnan, A. Mani, M. Ahangar, T. M. Rezaie, M.-A. Taghavinejad, B. Broumand, H. Zhao, et al. Finding genetic contributions to sporadic disease: A recessive locus at 12q24 commonly contributes to patent ductus arteriosus PNAS, November 12, 2002; 99(23): 15054 - 15059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J S Carvalho, E Mavrides, E A Shinebourne, S Campbell, and B Thilaganathan Improving the effectiveness of routine prenatal screening for major congenital heart defects Heart, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 387 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. I. E. Hoffman and S. Kaplan The incidence of congenital heart disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 19, 2002; 39(12): 1890 - 1900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H Leonard, A M Barrett, J E S Scott, and C Wren The influence of congenital heart disease on survival of infants with oesophageal atresia Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., November 1, 2001; 85(3): F204 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. B. Hammer Pediatric Thoracic Anesthesia Anesth. Analg., June 1, 2001; 92(6): 1449 - 1464. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Perloff and C. A. Warnes Challenges Posed by Adults With Repaired Congenital Heart Disease Circulation, May 29, 2001; 103(21): 2637 - 2643. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. J. Sissman, J. T. Willerson, and R. J. Lefkowitz Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease JAMA, May 23, 2001; 285(20): 2579 - 2580. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Wren and J J O'Sullivan Survival with congenital heart disease and need for follow up in adult life Heart, April 1, 2001; 85(4): 438 - 443. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Previte and P. Haran Eisenmenger Syndrome Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, March 1, 2001; 5(1): 67 - 78. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Jacobs, R. P. Burke, J. A. Quintessenza, and C. Mavroudis Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: ventricular septal defect Ann. Thorac. Surg., April 1, 2000; 69(4): S25 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Wren, S Richmond, and L Donaldson Temporal variability in birth prevalence of cardiovascular malformations Heart, April 1, 2000; 83(4): 414 - 419. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Grech Patent Ductus Arteriosus in a Population-Based Study Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, December 1, 1999; 7(4): 301 - 304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Amin, X. Gu, J. M. Berry, J. L. Titus, S. S. Gidding, and A. P. Rocchini Periventricular closure of ventricular septal defects without cardiopulmonary bypass Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 1999; 68(1): 149 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Tennstedt, R Chaoui, H Korner, and M Dietel Spectrum of congenital heart defects and extracardiac malformations associated with chromosomal abnormalities: results of a seven year necropsy study Heart, July 1, 1999; 82(1): 34 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Hyett, M. Perdu, G. Sharland, R. Snijders, and K. H Nicolaides Using fetal nuchal translucency to screen for major congenital cardiac defects at 10-14 weeks of gestation: population based cohort study BMJ, January 9, 1999; 318(7176): 81 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B Ainsworth, J. P Wyllie, and C. Wren Prevalence and clinical significance of cardiac murmurs in neonates Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., January 1, 1999; 80(1): 43F - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Gregory, A. Emslie, J. Wyllie, and C. Wren Examination for cardiac malformations at six weeks of age Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., January 1, 1999; 80(1): 46F - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Wren, S. Richmond, and L. Donaldson Presentation of congenital heart disease in infancy: implications for routine examination Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., January 1, 1999; 80(1): 49F - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. W. Lai, S. E. Lipshultz, K. A. Easley, T. J. Starc, S. E. Drant, J. T. Bricker, S. D. Colan, D. S. Moodie, G. Sopko, S. Kaplan, et al. Prevalence of congenital cardiovascular malformations in children of human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: The prospective P2C2 HIV multicenter study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 15, 1998; 32(6): 1749 - 1755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Lutterman, M. Scott, R. Nass, and T. Geva Moyamoya Syndrome Associated With Congenital Heart Disease Pediatrics, January 1, 1998; 101(1): 57 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-J. Chu, C.-H. Chang, P. J. Lin, H.-P. Liu, F.-C. Tsai, D. Wu, C.-W. Chiang, F.-C. Lin, and P. P.C. Tan Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Operation for Interruption of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Adults Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 1997; 63(1): 175 - 179. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. V. Felice and E. Mavrogeorgis Uhl's Anomaly A Case Report Angiology, April 1, 1996; 47(4): 389 - 392. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Sissman Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Prematurity, and Respiratory Distress Syndrome JAMA, June 16, 1989; 261(23): 3410 - 3410. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. John, D. S. Bachman, R. F. Cooper, J. Craenen, and M. E. Drake Jr Electroencephalographic Abnormalities in Children With Congenital Heart Disease Arch Neurol, August 1, 1985; 42(8): 794 - 796. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Naylor, T. J. Coates, and J. Kan Reducing Distress in Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 1984; 138(8): 726 - 729. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. DiChiara, D. R. Pieroni, R. L. Gingell, R. M. Bannerman, and P. Vlad Familial Pulmonary Atresia: Its Occurrence With a Ventricular Septal Defect Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, May 1, 1980; 134(5): 506 - 508. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Silvestre, A. Benchimol, K. B. Desser, and C. Sheasby Septal Aneurysm and Right Ventricular Obstruction: A Case Report Angiology, January 1, 1979; 30(1): 56 - 61. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Annegers, L. R. Elveback, W. A. Hauser, and L. T. Kurland Do Anticonvulsants Have a Teratogenic Effect? Arch Neurol, December 1, 1974; 31(6): 364 - 373. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Z. Friedberg Tetralogy of Fallot With Right Aortic Arch in Three Successive Generations Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 1974; 127(6): 877 - 878. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.F. Nicodemus Respiratory Failure and Airway Management in Congenital Cardiovascular Diseases: Some Practical Observations Clinical Pediatrics, June 1, 1973; 12(6): 259 - 264. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.F. Nicodemus Respiratory Failure and Airway Management in Congenital Cardiovascular Diseases: Some Practical Observations Clinical Pediatrics, May 1, 1973; 12(5): 259 - 264. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. S. Alpert, E. D. Mellits, and R. D. Rowe Spontaneous Closure of Small Ventricular Septal Defects: Probability Rates in the First Five Years of Life Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, February 1, 1973; 125(2): 194 - 196. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Nikaidoh, W. L. Riker, and F. S. Idriss Surgical Management of "Vascular Rings" Arch Surg, August 1, 1972; 105(2): 327 - 333. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Mulvihill Congenital and Genetic Disease in Domestic Animals Science, April 14, 1972; 176(4031): 132 - 137. [PDF]
|
|