Circulation, Vol 75, 1102-1109, Copyright © 1987 by American Heart Association
TL Bush, E Barrett-Connor, LD Cowan, MH Criqui, RB Wallace, CM Suchindran, HA Tyroler and BM Rifkind
A cohort of 2270 white women, aged 40-69 years at baseline, were followed
for an average of 8.5 years in the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up
Study. There were 44 deaths due to cardiovascular disease among the 1677
nonusers of estrogens and six cardiovascular disease deaths among the 593
estrogen users. The age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of cardiovascular
disease deaths in users compared with nonusers was 0.34 (95% confidence
limits 0.12 to 0.81). After multivariable adjustment for potential
confounding factors (age, blood pressure, and smoking), the estimated RR
for estrogen use was 0.37 (95% confidence limits 0.16 to 0.88). Analyses
were done to explore whether these results could be due to selection bias
for estrogen use. However, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease at
baseline was slightly higher in estrogen users (12%) than in nonusers
(10%); furthermore, the exclusion of all women with prevalent
cardiovascular disease at baseline did not alter the apparent protective
effect of estrogen use on cardiovascular disease mortality (RR = 0.42, 95%
confidence limits 0.13 to 1.10). Additional analyses examining the complex
association between estrogen use, lipoprotein levels, and cardiovascular
disease mortality suggest that the protective effect of estrogen is
substantially mediated through increased high-density lipoprotein levels.
ARTICLES
Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study
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P. Jousilahti, E. Vartiainen, J. Tuomilehto, and P. Puska Sex, Age, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease : A Prospective Follow-Up Study of 14 786 Middle-Aged Men and Women in Finland Circulation, March 9, 1999; 99(9): 1165 - 1172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Nestel, S. Pomeroy, S. Kay, P. Komesaroff, J. Behrsing, J. D. Cameron, and L. West Isoflavones from Red Clover Improve Systemic Arterial Compliance But Not Plasma Lipids in Menopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 1999; 84(3): 895 - 898. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. J. Knot, K. M. Lounsbury, J. E. Brayden, and M. T. Nelson Gender differences in coronary artery diameter reflect changes in both endothelial Ca2+ and ecNOS activity Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 1999; 276(3): H961 - H969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-G. Bousser Stroke in Women : The 1997 Paul Dudley White International Lecture Circulation, February 2, 1999; 99(4): 463 - 467. [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Fahy, M.I. Hopton, M. Hartog, C.H. Bolton, and M.G.R. Hull The lipoprotein profile of women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea Hum. Reprod., February 1, 1999; 14(2): 285 - 287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Nagai, C. J. Earley, M. K. Kemper, C. S. Bacal, and E.J. Metter Influence of age and postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy on carotid arterial stiffness in women Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 1999; 41(1): 307 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Holm, H. L. Andersen, G. Arroe, and S. Stender Gender Gap in Aortic Cholesterol Accumulation in Cholesterol-Clamped Rabbits : Role of the Endothelium and Mononuclear-Endothelial Cell Interaction Circulation, December 15, 1998; 98(24): 2731 - 2737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. S. Rosenson, C. C. Tangney, and L. J. Mosca Hormone Replacement Therapy Improves Cardiovascular Risk by Lowering Plasma Viscosity in Postmenopausal Women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1998; 18(12): 1902 - 1905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Sbarouni, Z. S. Kyriakides, and D. T. Kremastinos The effect of hormone replacement therapy alone and in combination with simvastatin on plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 1, 1998; 32(5): 1244 - 1250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Schillaci, P. Verdecchia, C. Borgioni, A. Ciucci, and C. Porcellati Early Cardiac Changes After Menopause Hypertension, October 1, 1998; 32(4): 764 - 769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gerhard, B. W. Walsh, A. Tawakol, E. A. Haley, S. J. Creager, E. W. Seely, P. Ganz, and M. A. Creager Estradiol Therapy Combined With Progesterone and Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Postmenopausal Women Circulation, September 22, 1998; 98(12): 1158 - 1163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Sukovich, K. Kauser, F. D. Shirley, V. DelVecchio, M. Halks-Miller, and G. M. Rubanyi Expression of Interleukin-6 in Atherosclerotic Lesions of Male ApoE-Knockout Mice : Inhibition by 17ß-Estradiol Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 1998; 18(9): 1498 - 1505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Hulley, D. Grady, T. Bush, C. Furberg, D. Herrington, B. Riggs, E. Vittinghoff, and for the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement S Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women JAMA, August 19, 1998; 280(7): 605 - 613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. M. Rifkind and J. E. Rossouw Of Designer Drugs, Magic Bullets, and Gold Standards JAMA, May 13, 1998; 279(18): 1483 - 1485. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. De Meersman, A. S. Zion, E. G. V. Giardina, J. P. Weir, J. S. Lieberman, and J. A. Downey Estrogen replacement, vascular distensibility, and blood pressures in postmenopausal women Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 1998; 274(5): H1539 - H1544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. Hernandez, J. L. Delgado, L. F. Carbonell, M. C. Perez, and T. Quesada Hemodynamic effect of 17beta -estradiol in absence of NO in ovariectomized rats: role of angiotensin II Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 1998; 274(4): R970 - R978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. H. Selzman, T. A. Whitehill, B. D. Shames, E. J. Pulido, B. C. Cain, and A. H. Harken The Biology of Estrogen-Mediated Repair of Cardiovascular Injury Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 1998; 65(3): 868 - 874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Patterson, L. Ma, B. Szabo, C. P. Robinson, and U. Thadani Ovariectomy and Estrogen-Induced Alterations in Myocardial Contractility in Female Rabbits: Role of the L-Type Calcium Channel J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 1998; 284(2): 586 - 591. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. B. Petitti, S. Sidney, C. P. Quesenberry Jr, and A. Bernstein Ischemic Stroke and Use of Estrogen and Estrogen/Progestogen as Hormone Replacement Therapy Stroke, January 1, 1998; 29(1): 23 - 28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Nestel, T. Yamashita, T. Sasahara, S. Pomeroy, A. Dart, P. Komesaroff, A. Owen, and M. Abbey Soy Isoflavones Improve Systemic Arterial Compliance but Not Plasma Lipids in Menopausal and Perimenopausal Women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1997; 17(12): 3392 - 3398. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. Caulin-Glaser, G. Garcia-Cardena, P. Sarrel, W. C. Sessa, and J. R. Bender 17ß-Estradiol Regulation of Human Endothelial Cell Basal Nitric Oxide Release, Independent of Cytosolic Ca2+ Mobilization Circ. Res., November 19, 1997; 81(5): 885 - 892. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Sudhir, E. Ko, C. Zellner, H. E. Wong, S. J. Hutchison, T. M. Chou, and K. Chatterjee Physiological Concentrations of Estradiol Attenuate Endothelin 1–Induced Coronary Vasoconstriction In Vivo Circulation, November 18, 1997; 96(10): 3626 - 3632. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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V. Guetta, A. A. Quyyumi, A. Prasad, J. A. Panza, M. Waclawiw, and R. O. Cannon III The Role of Nitric Oxide in Coronary Vascular Effects of Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women Circulation, November 4, 1997; 96(9): 2795 - 2801. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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G. M.C. Rosano, A. M. Caixeta, S. Chierchia, S. Arie, M. Lopez-Hidalgo, W. I. Pereira, F. Leonardo, C. M. Webb, F. Pileggi, and P. Collins Short-term Anti-Ischemic Effect of 17ß-Estradiol in Postmenopausal Women With Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, November 4, 1997; 96(9): 2837 - 2841. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. Elhage, J.-F. Arnal, M.-T. Pieraggi, N. Duverger, C. Fievet, J.-C. Faye, and F. Bayard 17ß-Estradiol Prevents Fatty Streak Formation in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1997; 17(11): 2679 - 2684. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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