Circulation, Vol 82, 792-797, Copyright © 1990 by American Heart Association
AJ Sanfilippo, VM Abascal, M Sheehan, LB Oertel, P Harrigan, RA Hughes and AE Weyman
To test the hypothesis that atrial enlargement can develop as a consequence
of atrial fibrillation, left and right atrial dimensions were measured
echocardiographically at two different time points in patients with atrial
fibrillation. Patients were selected who initially had normal atrial sizes
and who had no evidence of significant structural or functional cardiac
abnormalities other than atrial fibrillation either by history or
two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Fifteen patients were studied
(12 men and three women; mean age, 67.3 years). Average time between
studies was 20.6 months. Three orthogonal left atrial dimensions and two
right atrial dimensions were measured, and all were found to increase
significantly between studies. Also, highly significant increases in
calculated left atrial volume (from 45.2 to 64.1 cm3, p less than 0.001)
and right atrial volume (from 49.2 to 66.2 cm3, p less than 0.001) were
observed. The relative extents of left and right atrial volume increase did
not differ, and left ventricular size did not change significantly between
studies. These results indicate that atrial enlargement can occur as a
consequence of atrial fibrillation. The maintenance of sinus rhythm,
therefore, may prevent atrial enlargement and its adverse clinical effects.
ARTICLES
Atrial enlargement as a consequence of atrial fibrillation. A prospective echocardiographic study
Cardiac Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  H. Muller, S. Noble, P.-F. Keller, P. Sigaud, P. Gentil, R. Lerch, D. Shah, and H. Burri Biatrial anatomical reverse remodelling after radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: evidence from real-time three-dimensional echocardiography Europace, July 14, 2008; (2008) eun187v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-F. Hu, C.-T. Tai, Y.-J. Lin, S.-L. Chang, L.-W. Lo, W. Wongcharoen, A. R. Udyavar, T.-C. Tuan, and S.-A. Chen The change in the fluoroscopy-guided transseptal puncture site and difficult punctures in catheter ablation of recurrent atrial fibrillation Europace, March 1, 2008; 10(3): 276 - 279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. H. Goldberg Relationship Between Atrial Fibrillation and Left Atrial Size. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2008; 51(7): 776 - 776. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bangalore and F. A. Chaudhry Reply. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2008; 51(7): 776 - 777. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Apostolakis and J. H. Shuhaiber The surgical management of giant left atrium Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., February 1, 2008; 33(2): 182 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. G. Cosio, E. Aliot, G. L. Botto, H. Heidbuchel, C. J. Geller, P. Kirchhof, J.-C. De Haro, R. Frank, J. P. Villacastin, J. Vijgen, et al. Delayed rhythm control of atrial fibrillation may be a cause of failure to prevent recurrences: reasons for change to active antiarrhythmic treatment at the time of the first detected episode Europace, January 1, 2008; 10(1): 21 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. F Tops, E. E van der Wall, M. J Schalij, and J. J Bax Multi-modality imaging to assess left atrial size, anatomy and function Heart, November 1, 2007; 93(11): 1461 - 1470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rossi, M. Cicoira, S. Bonapace, G. Golia, L. Zanolla, L. Franceschini, and C. Vassanelli Left atrial volume provides independent and incremental information compared with exercise tolerance parameters in patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction Heart, November 1, 2007; 93(11): 1420 - 1425. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Song, D.-H. Kang, J. H. Kim, K.-M. Park, J.-M. Song, K.-J. Choi, M.-K. Hong, C. H. Chung, J.-K. Song, J.-W. Lee, et al. Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty Versus Surgical Treatment in Mitral Stenosis With Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation Circulation, September 11, 2007; 116(11_suppl): I-246 - I-250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. H. Kim, S.-C. Lee, A. Y. Her, H. J. Kim, J. O. Choi, D. H. Shin, S. W. Cho, W. S. Lee, S. W. Park, and P. W. Park Preoperative left atrial volume index is a predictor of successful sinus rhythm restoration and maintenance after the maze operation J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2007; 134(2): 448 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Messika-Zeitoun, M. Bellamy, J.-F. Avierinos, J. Breen, C. Eusemann, A. Rossi, T. Behrenbeck, C. Scott, J. A. Tajik, and M. Enriquez-Sarano Left atrial remodelling in mitral regurgitation--methodologic approach, physiological determinants, and outcome implications: a prospective quantitative Doppler-echocardiographic and electron beam-computed tomographic study Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2007; 28(14): 1773 - 1781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing Committee Members, V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 651 - 745. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): 854 - 906. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): e149 - e246. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Circulation, August 15, 2006; 114(7): e257 - e354. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Circulation, August 15, 2006; 114(7): 700 - 752. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members, V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2006; 27(16): 1979 - 2030. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Yin, D. Dalal, Z. Liu, J. Wu, D. Liu, X. Lan, Y. Dai, L. Su, Z. Ling, Q. She, et al. Prospective randomized study comparing amiodarone vs. amiodarone plus losartan vs. amiodarone plus perindopril for the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients with lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2006; 27(15): 1841 - 1846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S.M. Tsang, W. P. Abhayaratna, M. E. Barnes, Y. Miyasaka, B. J. Gersh, K. R. Bailey, S. S. Cha, and J. B. Seward Prediction of Cardiovascular Outcomes With Left Atrial Size: Is Volume Superior to Area or Diameter? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 7, 2006; 47(5): 1018 - 1023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. H Rutten, K. G M Moons, M.-J. M Cramer, D. E Grobbee, N. P A Zuithoff, J.-W. J Lammers, and A. W Hoes Recognising heart failure in elderly patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care: cross sectional diagnostic study BMJ, December 10, 2005; 331(7529): 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Osranek, F. Bursi, K. R. Bailey, B. R. Grossardt, R. D. Brown Jr, S. L. Kopecky, T. S. Tsang, and J. B. Seward Left atrial volume predicts cardiovascular events in patients originally diagnosed with lone atrial fibrillation: three-decade follow-up Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2005; 26(23): 2556 - 2561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-K. Kim, Y.-J. Kim, K.-I. Kim, S.-H. Jo, K.-B. Kim, H. Ahn, D.-W. Sohn, B.-H. Oh, M.-M. Lee, Y.-B. Park, et al. Impact of the Maze Operation Combined With Left-Sided Valve Surgery on the Change in Tricuspid Regurgitation Over Time Circulation, August 30, 2005; 112(9_suppl): I-14 - I-19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Gaynor, R. B. Schuessler, M. S. Bailey, Y. Ishii, J. P. Boineau, M. J. Gleva, J. L. Cox, and R. J. Damiano Jr Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation: Predictors of late recurrence J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., January 1, 2005; 129(1): 104 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Schotten, S. de Haan, H.-R. Neuberger, S. Eijsbouts, Y. Blaauw, R. Tieleman, and M. Allessie Loss of atrial contractility is primary cause of atrial dilatation during first days of atrial fibrillation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): H2324 - H2331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Reisinger, E. Gatterer, W. Lang, T. Vanicek, G. Eisserer, T. Bachleitner, C. Niemeth, F. Aicher, W. Grander, G. Heinze, et al. Flecainide versus ibutilide for immediate cardioversion of atrial fibrillation of recent onset Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2004; 25(15): 1318 - 1324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Choo, N. H. Park, S. K. Lee, J. W. Kim, J. K. Song, H. Song, M. G. Song, and J. W. Lee Excellent results for atrial fibrillation surgery in the presence of giant left atrium and mitral valve disease Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2004; 26(2): 336 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Tejan-Sie, R. D. Murray, I. W. Black, S. E. Jasper, C. Apperson-Hansen, J. Li, E. A. Lieber, R. A. Grimm, A. L. Klein, and ACUTE Investigators Spontaneous conversion of patients with atrial fibrillation scheduled for electrical cardioversion: An ACUTE trial ancillary study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 5, 2003; 42(9): 1638 - 1643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Thomas, A. Boyd, S. P. Thomas, N. B. Schiller, and D. L. Ross Atrial structural remodelling and restoration of atrial contraction after linear ablation for atrial fibrillation Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2003; 24(21): 1942 - 1951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. R. Jessurun, N. M. van Hemel, J. C. Kelder, J. A.M.T. Defauw, A. Brutel de la Riviere, J. M.P.G. Ernst, and W. Jaarsma The effect of maze operations on atrial volume Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2003; 75(1): 51 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Langerveld, N. M. van Hemel, J. C. Kelder, J. M. P. G. Ernst, H. W. M. Plokker, and W. Jaarsma Long-term follow-up of cardiac rhythm after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy: Does atrial fibrillation persist? Europace, January 1, 2003; 5(1): 47 - 53. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rossi, M. Cicoira, L. Zanolla, R. Sandrini, G. Golia, P. Zardini, and M. Enriquez-Sarano Determinants and prognostic value of left atrial volume in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 16, 2002; 40(8): 1425 - 1430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Goette, M. Arndt, C. Rocken, T. Staack, R. Bechtloff, D. Reinhold, C. Huth, S. Ansorge, H. U. Klein, and U. Lendeckel Calpains and cytokines in fibrillating human atria Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): H264 - H272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Otsuji, T. Kumanohoso, S. Yoshifuku, K. Matsukida, C. Koriyama, A. Kisanuki, S. Minagoe, R. A. Levine, and C. Tei Isolated annular dilation does not usually cause important functional mitral regurgitation: Comparison between patients with lone atrial fibrillation and those with idiopathic or ischemic cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 15, 2002; 39(10): 1651 - 1656. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Allessie, J. Ausma, and U. Schotten Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2002; 54(2): 230 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Goette, U. Lendeckel, and H. U Klein Signal transduction systems and atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2002; 54(2): 247 - 258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Dobrev, E. Wettwer, A. Kortner, M. Knaut, S. Schuler, and U. Ravens Human inward rectifier potassium channels in chronic and postoperative atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2002; 54(2): 397 - 404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Shi, A. Ducharme, D. Li, R. Gaspo, S. Nattel, and J.-C. Tardif Remodeling of atrial dimensions and emptying function in canine models of atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2001; 52(2): 217 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2001; 22(20): 1852 - 1923. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 1266 - 1266. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. L.J.L. Thijssen, J. Ausma, and M. Borgers Structural remodelling during chronic atrial fibrillation: act of programmed cell survival Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2001; 52(1): 14 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N.M. Al-Saady and M. Sopher Prothrombotic markers in atrial fibrillation: what is new? Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2001; 22(18): 1635 - 1639. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. P. Schutte, M. R. Essop, N. M. Ammash, A. J. Tajik, J. B. Seward, W. D. Edwards, and K. R. Bailey Clinical Profile and Outcome of Idiopathic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Response Circulation, April 10, 2001; 103 (14): e83 - e83. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-L. Lin, L.-P. Lai, Y.-Z. Tseng, W.-P. Lien, and S. K. S. Huang Global distribution of atrial ectopic foci triggering recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia after electrical cardioversion of long-standing atrial fibrillation: a bi-atrial basket mapping study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 1, 2001; 37(3): 904 - 910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Kawahira, H. Uemura, T. Yagihara, Y. Yoshikawa, and S. Kitamura Renewal of the Fontan circulation with concomitant surgical intervention for atrial arrhythmia Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2001; 71(3): 919 - 921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Gaita, L. Calo, R. Riccardi, L. Garberoglio, M. Scaglione, G. Licciardello, L. Coda, P. Di Donna, M. Bocchiardo, D. Caponi, et al. Different patterns of atrial activation in idiopathic atrial fibrillation: simultaneous multisite atrial mapping in patients with paroxysmal and chronic atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2001; 37(2): 534 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ghai, L. Harris, D. A. Harrison, G. D. Webb, and S. C. Siu Outcomes of late atrial tachyarrhythmias in adults after the Fontan operation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2001; 37(2): 585 - 592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Stefanadis, J. Dernellis, and P. Toutouzas A clinical appraisal of left atrial function Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2001; 22(1): 22 - 36. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Zebe Atrial fibrillation in dialysis patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2000; 15(6): 765 - 768. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bode, A. Katchman, R. L. Woosley, and M. R. Franz Gadolinium Decreases Stretch-Induced Vulnerability to Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, May 9, 2000; 101(18): 2200 - 2205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Goette, T. Staack, C. Rocken, M. Arndt, J. C. Geller, C. Huth, S. Ansorge, H. U. Klein, and U. Lendeckel Increased expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and angiotensin-converting enzyme in human atria during atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2000; 35(6): 1669 - 1677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T Poutanen, A Ikonen, P Vainio, E Jokinen, and T Tikanoja Left atrial volume assessed by transthoracic three dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging: dynamic changes during the heart cycle in children Heart, May 1, 2000; 83(5): 537 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rossi, M. Enriquez-Sarano, J. C. Burnett Jr., A. Lerman, M. D. Abel, and J. B. Seward Natriuretic peptide levels in atrial fibrillation: A prospective hormonal and Doppler-echocardiographic study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2000; 35(5): 1256 - 1262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. H. Ling, J. K. Oh, J. F. Breen, H. V. Schaff, G. K. Danielson, D. W. Mahoney, J. B. Seward, and A. J. Tajik Calcific Constrictive Pericarditis: Is It Still with Us? Ann Intern Med, March 21, 2000; 132(6): 444 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H Nakazawa, D.A Lythall, J Noh, N Ishikawa, K Sugino, K Ito, and S.M.C Hardman Is there a place for the late cardioversion of atrial fibrillation?. A long-term follow-up study of patients with post-thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2000; 21(4): 327 - 333. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M J Weigner, S E Katz, P S Douglas, and W J Manning Left atrial appendage anatomy and function: short term response to sustained atrial fibrillation Heart, November 1, 1999; 82(5): 555 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B. Sparks, H. G. Mond, J. K. Vohra, A. G. Yapanis, L. E. Grigg, and J. M. Kalman Mechanical Remodeling of the Left Atrium After Loss of Atrioventricular Synchrony : A Long-Term Study in Humans Circulation, October 19, 1999; 100(16): 1714 - 1721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|