| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Circulation, Vol 82, 1925-1931, Copyright © 1990 by American Heart Association
GD Smith, MJ Shipley and G Rose
In the Whitehall study, 18,388 subjects aged 40-64 years completed a
questionnaire on intermittent claudication. Of these subjects, 0.8% (147)
and 1% (175) were deemed to have probable intermittent claudication and
possible intermittent claudication, respectively. Within the 17-year
follow-up period, 38% and 40% of the probable and possible cases,
respectively, died. Compared with subjects without claudication, the
probable cases suffered increased mortality rates due to coronary heart
disease and cerebrovascular disease, but the mortality rate due to
noncardiovascular causes was not increased. Possible cases demonstrated
increased mortality rates due to cardiovascular and noncardiovascular
causes. This difference in mortality pattern may be due to chance. Possible
and probable cases still showed increased cardiovascular and all-cause
mortality rates after adjusting for coronary risk factors (cardiac ischemia
at baseline, systolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol concentration,
smoking behavior, employment grade, and degree of glucose intolerance).
Intermittent claudication is independently related to increased mortality
rates. It is not a rare condition, and simple questionnaires exist for its
detection. The latter can be usefully incorporated in cardiovascular risk
assessment and screening programs.
ARTICLES
Intermittent claudication, heart disease risk factors, and mortality. The Whitehall Study
Department of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, England.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  D. Chu, F. G. Bakaeen, X. L. Wang, T. K. Dao, S. A. LeMaire, J. S. Coselli, and J. Huh The Impact of Peripheral Vascular Disease on Long-Term Survival After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2008; 86(4): 1175 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. D. Batty, M. Kivimaki, L. Gray, G. Davey Smith, M. G. Marmot, and M. J. Shipley Cigarette smoking and site-specific cancer mortality: testing uncertain associations using extended follow-up of the original Whitehall study Ann. Onc., May 1, 2008; 19(5): 996 - 1002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Sritara, C. Sritara, M. Woodward, S. Wangsuphachart, F. Barzi, B. Hengprasith, and T. Yipintsoi Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peripheral Arterial Disease in a Selected Thai Population Angiology, November 1, 2007; 58(5): 572 - 578. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Afaq, P. S Montgomery, K. J Scott, S. M Blevins, T. L Whitsett, and A. W Gardner The effect of current cigarette smoking on calf muscle hemoglobin oxygen saturation in patients with intermittent claudication Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2007; 12(3): 167 - 173. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Murabito, J. C. Evans, R. B. D'Agostino Sr., P. W. F. Wilson, and W. B. Kannel Temporal Trends in the Incidence of Intermittent Claudication from 1950 to 1999 Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2005; 162(5): 430 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D Tsetis and A-M Belli The role of infrapopliteal angioplasty Br. J. Radiol., December 1, 2004; 77(924): 1007 - 1015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. G Missouris, R. G Kalaitzidis, S. M Kerry, and F. P Cappuccio Predictors of mortality in patients with peripheral vascular disease. A prospective follow-up study The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, May 1, 2004; 4(3): 196 - 200. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T. Hirsch, P. Gloviczki, A. Drooz, M. Lovell, M. A. Creager, and The Board of Directors of the Vascular Disease Fou Mandate for Creation of a National Peripheral Arterial Disease Public Awareness Program: An Opportunity to Improve Cardiovascular Health Angiology, May 1, 2004; 55(3): 233 - 242. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Benchimol, V. Bernard, X. Pillois, N. T. Hong, D. Benchimol, and J. Bonnet Validation of a New Method of Detecting Peripheral Artery Disease by Determination of Ankle-Brachial Index Using an Automatic Blood Pressure Device Angiology, March 1, 2004; 55(2): 127 - 134. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. T. Hirsch, P. Gloviczki, A. Drooz, M. Lovell, and M. A. Creager Mandate for Creation of a National Peripheral Arterial Disease Public Awareness Program: An Opportunity to Improve Cardiovascular Health Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, March 1, 2004; 38(2): 121 - 130. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T Hirsch, P. Gloviczki, A. Drooz, M. Lovell, M. A Creager, and on behalf of The Board of Directors of the Vascula The mandate for creation of a national peripheral arterial disease public awareness program: an opportunity to improve cardiovascular health Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2004; 9(1): 78 - 86. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. S. Aronow Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease of the Lower Extremities in Elderly Patients J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2004; 59(2): M172 - 177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Murabito, J. C. Evans, M. G. Larson, K. Nieto, D. Levy, and P. W. F. Wilson The Ankle-Brachial Index in the Elderly and Risk of Stroke, Coronary Disease, and Death: The Framingham Study Arch Intern Med, September 8, 2003; 163(16): 1939 - 1942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. D. Batty, M. J. Shipley, M. G. Marmot, and G. Davey Smith Leisure Time Physical Activity and Disease-Specific Mortality Among Men With Chronic Bronchitis: Evidence From the Whitehall Study Am J Public Health, May 1, 2003; 93(5): 817 - 821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.L. Komarov, E.P. Panchenko, A.B. Dobrovolsky, Yu.A. Karpov, A.D. Deev, E.V. Titaeva, K.K. Davletov, A.R. Eshkeeva, and L.A. Markova D-dimer and platelet aggregability are related to thrombotic events in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2002; 23(16): 1309 - 1316. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Hooi, H. E.J.H. Stoffers, A. D. M. Kester, J. W. van Ree, and J. A. Knottnerus Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease: Prognostic Value of Signs, Symptoms, and the Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index Med Decis Making, April 1, 2002; 22(2): 99 - 107. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Cosson, F. Paycha, P. Tellier, R. N. Sachs, A. Ramadan, J. Paries, J.-R. Attali, and P. Valensi Lower-Limb Vascularization in Diabetic Patients: Assessment by thallium-201 scanning coupled with exercise myocardial scintigraphy Diabetes Care, May 1, 2001; 24(5): 870 - 874. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. S. Aronow Treatment of Older Persons With Hypercholesterolemia With and Without Cardiovascular Disease J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., March 1, 2001; 56(3): 138M - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T Hirsch, W. R Hiatt, and PARTNERS Steering Committee PAD awareness, risk, and treatment: new resources for survival - the USA PARTNERS program Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2001; 6(1_suppl): 9 - 12. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Djousse, D. Levy, J. M. Murabito, L. A. Cupples, and R. C. Ellison Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Intermittent Claudication in the Framingham Heart Study Circulation, December 19, 2000; 102(25): 3092 - 3097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Kramer, P. Harcos, Z. Prohaszka, L. Horvath, I. Karadi, M. Singh, A. Csaszar, L. Romics, and G. Fust Frequencies of Certain Complement Protein Alleles and Serum Levels of Anti-Heat-Shock Protein Antibodies in Cerebrovascular Diseases Stroke, November 1, 2000; 31(11): 2648 - 2652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Hsia, J. A. Simon, F. Lin, W. B. Applegate, M. T. Vogt, D. Hunninghake, and M. Carr Peripheral Arterial Disease in Randomized Trial of Estrogen With Progestin in Women With Coronary Heart Disease : The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study Circulation, October 31, 2000; 102(18): 2228 - 2232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. T. Meijer, D. E. Grobbee, M. G. M. Hunink, A. Hofman, and A. W. Hoes Determinants of Peripheral Arterial Disease in the Elderly: The Rotterdam Study Arch Intern Med, October 23, 2000; 160(19): 2934 - 2938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Davies The practical management of claudication BMJ, October 14, 2000; 321(7266): 911 - 912. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-H. Labs, J. A. Dormandy, K. A. Jaeger, C.-S. Stuerzebecher, and W. R. Hiatt Transatlantic Conference on Clinical Trial Guidelines in Peripheral Arterial Disease : Clinical Trial Methodology Circulation, October 26, 1999; 100 (17): e75 - e81. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.M. Elneihoum, F. Lindgarde, K.F. Eriksson, P. Falke, and A. M. Elneihoum Calf Pain in Middle-Aged Individuals as a Predictor of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease Angiology, April 1, 1999; 50(4): 319 - 324. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E Bird, M. H Criqui, A. Fronek, J. O Denenberg, M. R Klauber, and R. D Langer Quantitative and qualitative progression of peripheral arterial disease by non-invasive testing Vascular Medicine, February 1, 1999; 4(1): 15 - 21. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Elam, J. Heckman, J. R. Crouse, D. B. Hunninghake, J. A. Herd, M. Davidson, I. L. Gordon, E. B. Bortey, and W. P. Forbes Effect of the Novel Antiplatelet Agent Cilostazol on Plasma Lipoproteins in Patients With Intermittent Claudication Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 1998; 18(12): 1942 - 1947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. V Tisi and C. P Shearman Biochemical and inflammatory changes in the exercising claudicant Vascular Medicine, August 1, 1998; 3(3): 189 - 198. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Dormandy Rationale for antiplatelet therapy in patients with atherothrombotic disease Vascular Medicine, August 1, 1998; 3(3): 253 - 255. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D. McDaniel A 52-Year-Old Woman With Diabetes and Claudication JAMA, February 25, 1998; 279(8): 615 - 621. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. T. Meijer, A. W. Hoes, D. Rutgers, M. L. Bots, A. Hofman, and D. E. Grobbee Peripheral Arterial Disease in the Elderly : The Rotterdam Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 1998; 18(2): 185 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Murabito, R. B. D'Agostino, H. Silbershatz, and P. W. F. Wilson Intermittent Claudication : A Risk Profile From The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, July 1, 1997; 96(1): 44 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Wilt, H. B. Rubins, D. Collins, T. Z. O'Connor, G. H. Rutan, S. J. Robins, and the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Inte Correlates and Consequences of Diffuse Atherosclerosis in Men With Coronary Heart Disease Arch Intern Med, June 10, 1996; 156(11): 1181 - 1188. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. D. Birkmeyer, H. B. Quinton, N. J. O'Connor, M. D. McDaniel, B. J. Leavitt, D. C. Charlesworth, F. Hernandez, M. A. Ricci, and G. T. O'Connor The Effect of Peripheral Vascular Disease on Long-term Mortality After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Arch Surg, March 1, 1996; 131(3): 316 - 321. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. van den Berg, C. D.A. Stehouwer, E. Bierdrager, and J. A. Rauwerda Plasma Homocysteine and Severity of Atherosclerosis in Young Patients With Lower-Limb Atherosclerotic Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 1996; 16(1): 165 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. B. Kannel Clinical Misconceptions Dispelled by Epidemiological Research Circulation, December 1, 1995; 92(11): 3350 - 3360. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S. Rihal, K. A. Eagle, M. C. Mickel, E. D. Foster, G. Sopko, and B. J. Gersh Surgical Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease Among Patients With Combined Coronary Artery and Peripheral Vascular Disease Circulation, January 1, 1995; 91(1): 46 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Tellier Whole-Body Thallium Imaging in Coronary Artery Disease Angiology, October 1, 1994; 45(10): 867 - 875. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Neirotti, M. Molaschi, M. Ponzetto, C. Macchione, L. Poli, F. Bonino, and F. Fabris Hemodynamic, Hemorheologic, and Hemocoagulative Changes After Treatment With Picotamide in Patients Affected by Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) of the Lower Limbs Angiology, February 1, 1994; 45(2): 137 - 141. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|