Circulation, Vol 83, 974-982, Copyright © 1991 by American Heart Association
P Kowallik, R Schulz, BD Guth, A Schade, W Paffhausen, R Gross and G Heusch
BACKGROUND. The use of radioactive microspheres (RM) for the measurement of
regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF) is limited and inaccessible to many
investigators due to radiation safety concerns and radioactive waste
disposal problems. Therefore, a new method for the measurement of RMBF
using colored microspheres (CM) was developed. METHODS AND RESULTS.
Polystyrene spheres (diameter, 15 +/- 0.1 [SD] micron; density, 1.09 g/ml)
were dyed with one of five colors. With the injection of CM into the left
atrium or into a coronary perfusion line, RMBF and its distribution can be
determined. CM are extracted from the myocardium and blood by digestion
with potassium hydroxide and subsequent microfiltration. The dyes are then
recovered from the CM within a defined volume of a solvent, and their
concentrations are determined by spectrophotometry. The separation of
composite absorbance spectra by spectrophotometry with the CM technique was
as good as the separation of energy spectra by a gamma-counter using the RM
technique. Leaching of dye from the CM was less than 0.1% during a 2-month
period in vitro. Significant leaching of dye from the microspheres also did
not occur during 8 hours in the blood and myocardium of four anesthetized
dogs in vivo. For further validation of this method, pairs of CM and RM
(15.5 +/- 0.1 [SD] microns) were simultaneously injected under five
different RMBF conditions (range, 0-10 ml/[min.g]) into the left anterior
descending coronary artery of four anesthetized pigs, with coronary inflow
as a flow reference, or into the left atrium of four anesthetized dogs
using aortic blood withdrawal as a reference. The relation between RMBF
determined by CM and RM was CM = 0.01 + 1.00.RM (r = 0.98, n = 1,080 data
points) in the pigs, and CM = -0.19 + 0.92.RM (r = 0.97, n = 1,813 data
points) in the dogs. CONCLUSIONS. Measurement of RMBF with CM yields values
very similar to those of RM. Their use is less expensive and avoids all the
disadvantages related to radioactivity, thus offering an alternative method
for as many as five RMBF measurements in a single experiment.
ARTICLES
Measurement of regional myocardial blood flow with multiple colored microspheres
Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, FRG.
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K. Todaka, K. Ogino, A. Gu, and D. Burkhoff Effect of ventricular stretch on contractile strength, calcium transient, and cAMP in intact canine hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 1998; 274(3): H990 - H1000. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. X. Mazoit, R. Le Guen, A. Decaux, P. Albaladejo, and K. Samii Application of HPLC to counting of colored microspheres in determination of regional blood flow Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 1998; 274(3): H1041 - H1047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Van Belle, B. Witzenbichler, D. Chen, M. Silver, L. Chang, R. Schwall, and J. M. Isner Potentiated Angiogenic Effect of Scatter Factor/Hepatocyte Growth Factor via Induction of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor : The Case for Paracrine Amplification of Angiogenesis Circulation, February 3, 1998; 97(4): 381 - 390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Neumann and G. Heusch Myocardial, skeletal muscle, and renal blood flow during exercise in conscious dogs with heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 1997; 273(5): H2452 - H2457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Van Belle, A. Rivard, D. Chen, M. Silver, S. Bunting, N. Ferrara, J. F. Symes, C. Bauters, and J. M. Isner Hypercholesterolemia Attenuates Angiogenesis but Does Not Preclude Augmentation by Angiogenic Cytokines Circulation, October 21, 1997; 96(8): 2667 - 2674. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. Tabata, M. Silver, and J. M Isner Arterial gene transfer of acidic fibroblast growth factor for therapeutic angiogenesis in vivo: critical role of secretion signal in use of naked DNA Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 1997; 35(3): 470 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Meyns, Y. Nishimura, R. Racz, R. Jashari, and W. Flameng ORGAN PERFUSION WITH HEMOPUMP DEVICE ASSISTANCE WITH AND WITHOUT INTRAAORTIC BALLOON PUMPING J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 1997; 114(2): 243 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Higuchi, K. Miyagi, S. Kayo, and M. Sakanashi Acceleration of stiffness in underperfused diabetic rat hearts by glyburide, a KATP channel blocker, and its prevention by levcromakalim and insulin Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 1997; 35(2): 303 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. Lopez, E. R. Edelman, A. Stamler, M. G. Hibberd, P. Prasad, R. P. Caputo, J. P. Carrozza, P. S. Douglas, F. W. Sellke, and M. Simons Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in a Porcine Model of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia: A Comparison of Angiographic, Echocardiographic and Coronary Flow Parameters J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 1997; 282(1): 385 - 390. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. Garcia-Dorado, M. A Gonzalez, J. A Barrabes, M. Ruiz-Meana, J. Solares, R.-M. Lidon, J. Blanco, Y. Puigfel, H.M. Piper, and J Soler-Soler Prevention of ischemic rigor contracture during coronary occlusion by inhibition of Na+-H+ exchange Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1997; 35(1): 80 - 89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kohmoto, P. E. Fisher, A. Gu, S.-M. Zhu, C. M. DeRosa, C. R. Smith, and D. Burkhoff Physiology, Histology, and 2-Week Morphology of Acute Transmyocardial Channels Made With a CO2 Laser Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 1997; 63(5): 1275 - 1283. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. Kohmoto, M. Argenziano, N. Yamamoto, K. A. Vliet, A. Gu, C. M. DeRosa, P. E. Fisher, H. M. Spotnitz, D. Burkhoff, and C. R. Smith Assessment of Transmyocardial Perfusion in Alligator Hearts Circulation, March 18, 1997; 95(6): 1585 - 1591. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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Y. Tsurumi, S. Takeshita, D. Chen, M. Kearney, S. T. Rossow, J. Passeri, J. R. Horowitz, J. F. Symes, and J. M. Isner Direct Intramuscular Gene Transfer of Naked DNA Encoding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Augments Collateral Development and Tissue Perfusion Circulation, December 15, 1996; 94(12): 3281 - 3290. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Toda, E. Tatsumi, Y. Taenaka, T. Masuzawa, and H. Takano Impact of Systemic Depulsation on Tissue Perfusion and Sympathetic Nerve Activity Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 1996; 62(6): 1737 - 1742. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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Y. D. Kim, B. Chen, J. Beauregard, P. Kouretas, G. Thomas, M. Y. Farhat, A. K. Myers, and D. E. Lees 17ß-Estradiol Prevents Dysfunction of Canine Coronary Endothelium and Myocardium and Reperfusion Arrhythmias After Brief Ischemia/Reperfusion Circulation, December 1, 1996; 94(11): 2901 - 2908. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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U. Schwanke, H. Strauss, G. Arnold, and J. D. Schipke Analysis of respiratory water---a new method for evaluation of myocardial energy metabolism J Appl Physiol, November 1, 1996; 81(5): 2115 - 2122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Vahlhaus, R. Schulz, H. Post, R. Onallah, and G. Heusch No Prevention of Ischemic Preconditioning by the Protein Kinase C Inhibitor Staurosporine in Swine Circ. Res., September 1, 1996; 79(3): 407 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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T. Kohmoto, P. E. Fisher, A. Gu, S.-M. Zhu, O. J. Yano, H. M. Spotnitz, C. R. Smith, and D. Burkhoff Does Blood Flow Through Holmium:YAG Transmyocardial Laser Channels? Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 1996; 61(3): 861 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 D. Hasdai, L. Fuchs, D. Ohad, and A. Battler The Applicability of Color-Labeled Microspheres in a Rabbit Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Angiology, June 1, 1994; 45(6): 461 - 467. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. Skyschally, R. Schulz, R. Erbel, and G. Heusch Reduced coronary and inotropic reserves with coronary microembolization Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2002; 282(2): H611 - H614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Thielmann, H. Dorge, C. Martin, S. Belosjorow, U. Schwanke, A. van de Sand, I. Konietzka, A. Buchert, A. Kruger, R. Schulz, et al. Myocardial Dysfunction With Coronary Microembolization: Signal Transduction Through a Sequence of Nitric Oxide, Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}, and Sphingosine Circ. Res., April 19, 2002; 90(7): 807 - 813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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