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Circulation, Vol 87, 755-763, Copyright © 1993 by American Heart Association
P Gaudron, C Eilles, I Kugler and G Ertl
BACKGROUND. Left ventricular enlargement and the development of chronic
heart failure are potent predictors of survival in patients after
myocardial infarction. Prospective studies relating progressive ventricular
enlargement in individual patients to global and regional cardiac
dysfunction and the onset of late chronic heart failure are not available.
It was the aim of this study to define the relation between left
ventricular dilatation and global and regional cardiac dysfunction and to
identify early predictors of enlargement and chronic heart failure in
patients after myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS. Left ventricular
volumes, regional area shrinkage fraction in 18 predefined sectors (gated
single photon emission computed tomography), global ejection fraction, and
hemodynamics at rest and during exercise (supine bicycle, 50 W, 4 minutes,
Swan-Ganz catheter) were assessed prospectively 4 days, 4 weeks, 6 months,
and 1.5 and 3 years after first myocardial infarction. Seventy patients
were assigned to groups with progressive, limited, or no dilatation.
Patients without dilatation (n = 38) maintained normal volumes and
hemodynamics until 3 years. With limited dilatation (n = 18), left
ventricular volume increased up to 4 weeks after infarction and stabilized
thereafter; depressed stroke volume was restored 4 weeks after infarction
and then remained stable at rest. Wedge pressure during exercise, however,
progressively increased. With progressive dilatation (n = 14), depressed
cardiac and stroke indexes were also restored by 4 weeks but progressively
deteriorated thereafter. Area shrinkage fraction as an estimate of regional
left ventricular function in normokinetic sectors at 4 days gradually
deteriorated during 3 years, but hypokinetic and dyskinetic sectors
remained unchanged. Global ejection fraction fell after 1.5 years, whereas
right atrial pressure, wedge pressure, and systemic vascular resistance
increased. By multivariate analysis, ejection fraction and stroke index at
4 days, ventriculographic infarct size, infarct location, and Thrombolysis
in Myocardial Infarction trial grade of infarct artery perfusion were
significant predictors of progressive ventricular enlargement and chronic
dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS. Almost 26% of patients may develop limited left
ventricular dilatation within 4 weeks after first infarction, which helps
to restore cardiac index and stroke index at rest and to preserve exercise
performance and therefore remains compensatory. A somewhat smaller group
(20%) develops progressive structural left ventricular dilatation, which is
compensatory at first, then progresses to noncompensatory dilatation, and
finally results in severe global left ventricular dysfunction. In these
patients, depression of global ejection fraction probably results from
impairment of function of initially normally contracting myocardium. Early
predictors from multivariate analysis allow identification of patients at
high risk for progressive left ventricular dilatation and chronic
ventricular dysfunction within 4 weeks after acute infarction.
ARTICLES
Progressive left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling after myocardial infarction. Potential mechanisms and early predictors
Department of Medicine, Julius-Maximilians-University, Wurzburg, FRG.
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