Donate Help Contact The AHA Sign In Home
American Heart Association
Circulation
Search: search_blue_button Advanced Search
Circulation. 1993;87:1781-1791

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Brown, B. G.
Right arrow Articles by Albers, J. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Brown, B. G.
Right arrow Articles by Albers, J. J.

Circulation, Vol 87, 1781-1791, Copyright © 1993 by American Heart Association


ARTICLES

Lipid lowering and plaque regression. New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical events in coronary disease

BG Brown, XQ Zhao, DE Sacco and JJ Albers
Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.

The consensus of evidence from angiographic trials demonstrates both coronary artery and clinical benefits from lowering of lipids by a variety of regimens. The findings of reduced arterial disease progression and increased regression have been convincing but, at best, modest in their magnitude. For example, among those treated intensively in FATS, the mean improvement in proximal stenosis severity per patient was < 1% stenosis, and only 12% of all lesions showed convincing regression. In view of these modest arterial benefits, the associated reductions in cardiovascular events have been surprisingly great. For example, coronary events were reduced 75% in FATS; this was entirely a result of a 93% reduction in the likelihood that a mildly or moderately diseased arterial segment would experience substantial progression to a severe lesion at the time of a clinical event. We believe that the magnitude of the clinical benefit is best explained in terms of this observation, according to the following lines of reasoning. Clinical events most commonly spring from lesions that are initially of mild or moderate severity and then abruptly undergo a disruptive transformation to a severe culprit lesion. The process of plaque fissuring, leading to plaque disruption and thrombosis, triggers most clinical coronary events. Fissuring is predicted by a large accumulation of core lipid in the plaque and by a high density of lipid-laden macrophages in its thinned fibrous cap. Lesions with these characteristics constitute only 10-20% of the overall lesion population but account for 80-90% of the acute clinical events. In the experimental setting, normalization of an atherogenic lipid profile substantially decreases the number of lipid- laden intimal macrophages (foam cells) and depletes cholesterol from the core lipid pool. In the clinical setting, intensive lipid lowering virtually halts the progression of mild and moderate lesions to clinical events. Thus, the reduction in clinical events observed in these trials appears to be best explained by the relation of the lipid and foam cell content of the plaque to its likelihood of fissuring and by the effects of lipid-lowering therapy on these "high-risk" features of plaque morphology. The composite of data presented here supports the hypothesis that lipid-lowering therapy selectively depletes (regresses) that relatively small but dangerous subgroup of fatty lesions containing a large lipid core and dense clusters of intimal macrophages. By doing so, these lesions are effectively stabilized and clinical event rate is accordingly decreased.


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
NEJMHome page
B. G. Brown and A. J. Taylor
Does ENHANCE Diminish Confidence in Lowering LDL or in Ezetimibe?
N. Engl. J. Med., April 3, 2008; 358(14): 1504 - 1507.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
N. Haramaki, H. Ikeda, K. Takenaka, A. Katoh, R. Sugano, S.-i. Yamagishi, H. Matsuoka, and T. Imaizumi
Fluvastatin Alters Platelet Aggregability in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia: Possible Improvement of Intraplatelet Redox Imbalance via HMG-CoA Reductase
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1471 - 1477.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
B. G. Brown
A Direct Comparison of Intravascular Ultrasound and Quantitative Coronary Arteriography: Implications for Measures of Atherosclerosis as Clinical Surrogates
Circulation, April 10, 2007; 115(14): 1824 - 1826.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Circ. Res.Home page
N. Morikage, H. Kishi, M. Sato, F. Guo, S. Shirao, T. Yano, M. Soma, K. Hamano, K. Esato, and S. Kobayashi
Cholesterol Primes Vascular Smooth Muscle to Induce Ca2 Sensitization Mediated by a Sphingosylphosphorylcholine-Rho-Kinase Pathway: Possible Role for Membrane Raft
Circ. Res., August 4, 2006; 99(3): 299 - 306.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Lipid Res.Home page
J. R. Crouse III
Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Imaging atherosclerosis: state of the art
J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 1677 - 1699.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
G. Sangiorgi, A. Mauriello, E. Bonanno, C. Oxvig, C. A. Conover, M. Christiansen, S. Trimarchi, V. Rampoldi, D. R. Holmes Jr, R. S. Schwartz, et al.
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A Is Markedly Expressed by Monocyte-Macrophage Cells in Vulnerable and Ruptured Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques: A Link Between Inflammation and Cerebrovascular Events
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 6, 2006; 47(11): 2201 - 2211.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. E. Clouse, J. Chen, H. M. Krumholz, M. E. Clouse, J. Chen, and H. M. Krumholz
Noninvasive Screening for Coronary Artery Disease With Computed Tomography Is Useful
Circulation, January 3, 2006; 113(1): 125 - 146.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ANGIOLOGYHome page
M. E. Alnaeb, F. Youssef, D. P. Mikhailidis, and G. Hamilton
Short-term Lipid-Lowering Treatment with Atorvastatin Improves Renal Function But Not Renal Blood Flow Indices in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Angiology, January 1, 2006; 57(1): 65 - 71.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
JNMHome page
S. Sdringola, C. Loghin, F. Boccalandro, and K. L. Gould
Mechanisms of Progression and Regression of Coronary Artery Disease by PET Related to Treatment Intensity and Clinical Events at Long-Term Follow-up
J. Nucl. Med., January 1, 2006; 47(1): 59 - 67.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Postgrad. Med. J.Home page
S Talwar, M Karpha, R Thomas, C Vurwerk, I C Cox, C J Burrell, J G Motwani, T J Gilbert, and G A Haywood
Disease progression and adverse events in patients listed for elective percutaneous coronary intervention
Postgrad. Med. J., July 1, 2005; 81(957): 459 - 462.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
M. Kawasaki, K. Sano, M. Okubo, H. Yokoyama, Y. Ito, I. Murata, K. Tsuchiya, S. Minatoguchi, X. Zhou, H. Fujita, et al.
Volumetric Quantitative Analysis of Tissue Characteristics of Coronary Plaques After Statin Therapy Using Three-Dimensional Integrated Backscatter Intravascular Ultrasound
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 21, 2005; 45(12): 1946 - 1953.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JAMAHome page
B. G. Brown and J. Crowley
Is There Any Hope for Vitamin E?
JAMA, March 16, 2005; 293(11): 1387 - 1390.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
G. K. Hansson
Glimpse of the Secret Life of the Plaque
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 2004; 24(12): 2203 - 2204.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
J. P.J. Halcox and J. E. Deanfield
Beyond the Laboratory: Clinical Implications for Statin Pleiotropy
Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21_suppl_1): II-42 - II-48.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
E. R. Mohler III, W. R. Hiatt, M. A. Creager, and for the Study Investigators
Cholesterol Reduction With Atorvastatin Improves Walking Distance in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Circulation, September 23, 2003; 108(12): 1481 - 1486.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
VASC ENDOVASCULAR SURGHome page
D. Pierre-Paul and V. Gahtan
Noncholesterol-Lowering Effects of Statins
Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, September 1, 2003; 37(5): 301 - 313.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. Tawakol and J. Muller
Through the looking glass: An angioscopic view of the effect of statin therapyon coronary artery plaques
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 20, 2003; 42(4): 687 - 689.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cardiovasc ResHome page
G. Siegel, C. Abletshauser, M. Malmsten, A. Schmidt, and K. Winkler
Reduction of arteriosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by fluvastatin in a receptor-based biosensor model
Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2003; 58(3): 696 - 705.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Diabetes CareHome page
Z. T. Bloomgarden
Inflammation and Insulin Resistance
Diabetes Care, May 1, 2003; 26(5): 1619 - 1623.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
The Annals of PharmacotherapyHome page
G. Kadikoylu, V. Yukselen, I. Yavasoglu, and Z. Bolaman
Hemostatic Effects of Atorvastatin Versus Simvastatin
Ann. Pharmacother., April 1, 2003; 37(4): 478 - 484.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. G. McKay
"Ischemia-guided" versus "early invasive" strategies in the management of acute coronary syndrome/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: The interventionalist's perspective
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 96S - 102S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
S. E. Nissen
Pathobiology, not angiography, should guide managementin acute coronary syndrome/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: The non-interventionist's perspective
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 103S - 112S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
References
Circulation, December 17, 2002; 106(25): 3373 - 3421.
[Full Text]


Home page
CirculationHome page
L. G. Bucciarelli, T. Wendt, W. Qu, Y. Lu, E. Lalla, L. L. Rong, M. T. Goova, B. Moser, T. Kislinger, D. C. Lee, et al.
RAGE Blockade Stabilizes Established Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice
Circulation, November 26, 2002; 106(22): 2827 - 2835.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Circ. Res.Home page
J. C. Mason, Z. Ahmed, R. Mankoff, E. A. Lidington, S. Ahmad, V. Bhatia, A. Kinderlerer, A. M. Randi, and D. O. Haskard
Statin-Induced Expression of Decay-Accelerating Factor Protects Vascular Endothelium Against Complement-Mediated Injury
Circ. Res., October 18, 2002; 91(8): 696 - 703.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
B. G. Brown, M. C. Cheung, A. C. Lee, X.-Q. Zhao, and A. Chait
Antioxidant Vitamins and Lipid Therapy: End of a Long Romance?
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1535 - 1546.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Cardiovasc ResHome page
P. Verhamme, R. Quarck, H. Hao, M. Knaapen, S. Dymarkowski, H. Bernar, J. Van Cleemput, S. Janssens, J. Vermylen, G. Gabbiani, et al.
Dietary cholesterol withdrawal reduces vascular inflammation and induces coronary plaque stabilization in miniature pigs
Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2002; 56(1): 135 - 144.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
T. J. Ryan
The Coronary Angiogram and Its Seminal Contributions to Cardiovascular Medicine Over Five Decades
Circulation, August 6, 2002; 106(6): 752 - 756.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. Kawasaki, H. Takatsu, T. Noda, K. Sano, Y. Ito, K. Hayakawa, K. Tsuchiya, M. Arai, K. Nishigaki, G. Takemura, et al.
In Vivo Quantitative Tissue Characterization of Human Coronary Arterial Plaques by Use of Integrated Backscatter Intravascular Ultrasound and Comparison With Angioscopic Findings
Circulation, May 28, 2002; 105(21): 2487 - 2492.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
J. A. Ambrose and E. E. Martinez
A New Paradigm for Plaque Stabilization
Circulation, April 23, 2002; 105(16): 2000 - 2004.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
R. Baetta, M. Camera, C. Comparato, C. Altana, M. D. Ezekowitz, and E. Tremoli
Fluvastatin Reduces Tissue Factor Expression and Macrophage Accumulation in Carotid Lesions of Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits in the Absence of Lipid Lowering
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 2002; 22(4): 692 - 698.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
Y. Sawayama, C. Shimizu, N. Maeda, M. Tatsukawa, N. Kinukawa, S. Koyanagi, S. Kashiwagi, and J. Hayashi
Effects of probucol and pravastatin on common carotid atherosclerosis in patients with asymptomatic hypercholesterolemia: Fukuoka atherosclerosis trial (FAST)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 20, 2002; 39(4): 610 - 616.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JAMAHome page
W. E. Feeman Jr, L. R. Caldwell, D. Iliff, P. J. Rosch, B. L. Ring, S. M. Grundy, and J. I. Cleeman
Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of High Cholesterol
JAMA, November 21, 2001; 286(19): 2400 - 2402.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
M. Takemoto and J. K. Liao
Pleiotropic Effects of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2001; 21(11): 1712 - 1719.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
X.-Q. Zhao, C. Yuan, T. S. Hatsukami, E. H. Frechette, X.-J. Kang, K. R. Maravilla, and B. G. Brown
Effects of Prolonged Intensive Lipid-Lowering Therapy on the Characteristics of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques In Vivo by MRI: A Case-Control Study
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2001; 21(10): 1623 - 1629.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. Schartl, W. Bocksch, D. H. Koschyk, W. Voelker, K. R. Karsch, J. Kreuzer, D. Hausmann, S. Beckmann, and M. Gross
Use of Intravascular Ultrasound to Compare Effects of Different Strategies of Lipid-Lowering Therapy on Plaque Volume and Composition in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Circulation, July 24, 2001; 104(4): 387 - 392.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
R. Corti, Z. A. Fayad, V. Fuster, S. G. Worthley, G. Helft, J. Chesebro, M. Mercuri, and J. J. Badimon
Effects of Lipid-Lowering by Simvastatin on Human Atherosclerotic Lesions: A Longitudinal Study by High-Resolution, Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Circulation, July 17, 2001; 104(3): 249 - 252.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
N. K. Thakur, T. Hayashi, D. Sumi, H. Kano, T. Tsunekawa, and A. Iguchi
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor stabilizes rabbit atheroma by increasing basal NO and decreasing superoxide
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2001; 281(1): H75 - H83.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J CARDIOVASC PHARMACOL THERHome page
M. K. Ito, G. M. Delucca, and M. A. Aldridge
The Relationship Between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Goal Attainment and Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease-Related Events
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, June 1, 2001; 6(2): 129 - 135.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Eur Heart J SupplHome page
M. Aikawa and P. Libby
Vascular inflammation and activation: new targets for lipid lowering
Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2001; 3(suppl_B): B3 - B11.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
S. Bellosta, M. Canavesi, E. Favari, L. Cominacini, G. Gaviraghi, R. Fumagalli, R. Paoletti, and F. Bernini
Lalsoacidipine Modulates the Secretion of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 by Human Macrophages
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 2001; 296(3): 736 - 743.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


Home page
CirculationHome page
Y. Fukumoto, P. Libby, E. Rabkin, C. C. Hill, M. Enomoto, Y. Hirouchi, M. Shiomi, and M. Aikawa
Statins Alter Smooth Muscle Cell Accumulation and Collagen Content in Established Atheroma of Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbits
Circulation, February 20, 2001; 103(7): 993 - 999.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
F. B. Hu, J. E. Manson, and W. C. Willett
Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2001; 20(1): 5 - 19.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
S. Sdringola, D. Patel, and K. L. Gould
High Prevalence of Myocardial Perfusion Abnormalities on Positron Emission Tomography in Asymptomatic Persons With a Parent or Sibling With Coronary Artery Disease
Circulation, January 30, 2001; 103(4): 496 - 501.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. Aikawa, E. Rabkin, S. Sugiyama, S. J. Voglic, Y. Fukumoto, Y. Furukawa, M. Shiomi, F. J. Schoen, and P. Libby
An HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, Cerivastatin, Suppresses Growth of Macrophages Expressing Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Factor In Vivo and In Vitro
Circulation, January 16, 2001; 103(2): 276 - 283.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NEJMHome page
J. C. Stevenson, M. Flather, P. Collins, N. P. Assefi, C. S. Rhoads, M. Bassan, P. W. Anderson, E. Moscarelli, D. M. Herrington, D. Waters, et al.
Coronary Heart Disease in Women
N. Engl. J. Med., December 21, 2000; 343(25): 1891 - 1894.
[Full Text]


Home page
CirculationHome page
K. K. Teo, J. R. Burton, C. E. Buller, S. Plante, D. Catellier, W. Tymchak, V. Dzavik, D. Taylor, S. Yokoyama, and T. J. Montague
Long-Term Effects of Cholesterol Lowering and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Coronary Atherosclerosis : The Simvastatin/Enalapril Coronary Atherosclerosis Trial (SCAT)
Circulation, October 10, 2000; 102(15): 1748 - 1754.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ChestHome page
J. L. Houghton, T. A. Pearson, R. G. Reed, M. T. Torosoff, N. L. Henches, P. A. Kuhner, and E. F. Philbin
Cholesterol Lowering With Pravastatin Improves Resistance Artery Endothelial Function : Report of Six Subjects With Normal Coronary Arteriograms
Chest, September 1, 2000; 118(3): 756 - 760.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NEJMHome page
E. G. Nabel
Coronary Heart Disease in Women -- An Ounce of Prevention
N. Engl. J. Med., August 24, 2000; 343(8): 572 - 574.
[Full Text]


Home page
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. M. Grundy
Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy in Secondary Prevention: Remaining Issues
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2000; 85(6): 2092 - 2098.
[Full Text]


Home page
CirculationHome page
C. P. M. Leeson, P. H. Whincup, D. G. Cook, M. J. Mullen, A. E. Donald, C. A. Seymour, and J. E. Deanfield
Cholesterol and Arterial Distensibility in the First Decade of Life : A Population-Based Study
Circulation, April 4, 2000; 101(13): 1533 - 1538.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
J. A. Suwaidi, S. Hamasaki, S. T. Higano, R. A. Nishimura, D. R. Holmes Jr, and A. Lerman
Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Mild Coronary Artery Disease and Endothelial Dysfunction
Circulation, March 7, 2000; 101(9): 948 - 954.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
S. Hamasaki, S. T. Higano, J. A. Suwaidi, R. A. Nishimura, K. Miyauchi, D. R. Holmes Jr, and A. Lerman
Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment Is Associated With Improvement in Coronary Vascular Remodeling and Endothelial Function in Patients With Normal or Mildly Diseased Coronary Arteries
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2000; 20(3): 737 - 743.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
R A Coulden, H Moss, M J Graves, D J Lomas, D S Appleton, and P L Weissberg
High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerosis and the response to balloon angioplasty
Heart, February 1, 2000; 83(2): 188 - 191.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
C. J. Vaughan, A. M. Gotto Jr., and C. T. Basson
The evolving role of statins in the management of atherosclerosis
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2000; 35(1): 1 - 10.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
O. Joakimsen, K. H. Bonaa, E. Stensland-Bugge, and B. K. Jacobsen
Age and Sex Differences in the Distribution and Ultrasound Morphology of Carotid Atherosclerosis : The Tromso Study
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 1999; 19(12): 3007 - 3013.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. Aikawa, S. J. Voglic, S. Sugiyama, E. Rabkin, M. B. Taubman, J. T. Fallon, and P. Libby
Dietary Lipid Lowering Reduces Tissue Factor Expression in Rabbit Atheroma
Circulation, September 14, 1999; 100(11): 1215 - 1222.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
K. Tsukamoto, R. Tangirala, S. H. Chun, E. Pure, and D. J. Rader
Rapid Regression of Atherosclerosis Induced by Liver-Directed Gene Transfer of ApoE in ApoE-Deficient Mice
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 1999; 19(9): 2162 - 2170.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]