Circulation, Vol 88, 1456-1462, Copyright © 1993 by American Heart Association
PV Vaitkevicius, JL Fleg, JH Engel, FC O'Connor, JG Wright, LE Lakatta, FC Yin and EG Lakatta
BACKGROUND. It has been well established that arterial stiffness, manifest
as an increase in arterial pulse wave velocity or late systolic
amplification of the carotid artery pressure pulse, increases with age.
However, the populations studied in prior investigations were not
rigorously screened to exclude clinical hypertension, occult coronary
disease, or diabetes. Furthermore, it is unknown whether exercise capacity
or chronic physical endurance training affects the age-associated increase
in arterial stiffness. METHODS AND RESULTS. Carotid arterial pressure pulse
augmentation index (AGI), using applanation tonometry, and aortic pulse
wave velocity (APWV) were measured in 146 male and female volunteers 21 to
96 years old from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, who were
rigorously screened to exclude clinical and occult cardiovascular disease.
Aerobic capacity was determined in all individuals by measurement of
maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) during treadmill exercise. In this
healthy, largely sedentary cohort, the arterial stiffness indexes AGI and
APWV increased approximately fivefold and twofold, respectively, across the
age span in both men and women, despite only a 14% increase in systolic
blood pressure (SBP). These age-associated increases in AGI and APWV were
of a similar magnitude to those in prior studies of less rigorously
screened populations. Both AGI and APWV varied inversely with VO2max, and
this relationship, at least for AGI, was independent of age. In endurance
trained male athletes, 54 to 75 years old (VO2max = 44 +/- 3
mL.kg-1.min-1), the arterial stiffness indexes were significantly reduced
relative to their sedentary age peers (AGI, 36% lower; APWV, 26% lower)
despite similar blood pressures. CONCLUSIONS. Even in normotensive,
rigorously screened volunteers in whom SBP increased an average of only 14%
between ages 20 and 90 years, major age-associated increases of arterial
stiffness occur. Higher physical conditioning status, indexed by VO2max,
was associated with reduced arterial stiffness, both within this
predominantly sedentary population and in endurance trained older men
relative to their less active age peers. These findings suggest that
interventions to improve aerobic capacity may mitigate the stiffening of
the arterial tree that accompanies normative aging.
ARTICLES
Effects of age and aerobic capacity on arterial stiffness in healthy adults
Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine.
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K. Sutton-Tyrrell, A. Newman, E. M. Simonsick, R. Havlik, M. Pahor, E. Lakatta, H. Spurgeon, and P. Vaitkevicius Aortic Stiffness Is Associated With Visceral Adiposity in Older Adults Enrolled in the Study of Health, Aging, and Body Composition Hypertension, September 1, 2001; 38(3): 429 - 433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. R. Seals, H. Tanaka, C. M. Clevenger, K. D. Monahan, M. J. Reiling, W. R. Hiatt, K. P. Davy, and C. A. DeSouza Blood pressure reductions with exercise and sodium restriction in postmenopausal women with elevated systolic pressure: role of arterial stiffness J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2001; 38(2): 506 - 513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. E. Ferrier, T. K. Waddell, C. D. Gatzka, J. D. Cameron, A. M. Dart, and B. A. Kingwell Aerobic Exercise Training Does Not Modify Large-Artery Compliance in Isolated Systolic Hypertension Hypertension, August 1, 2001; 38(2): 222 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. E. Hunt, W. B. Farquhar, and J. A. Taylor Does Reduced Vascular Stiffening Fully Explain Preserved Cardiovagal Baroreflex Function in Older, Physically Active Men? Circulation, May 22, 2001; 103(20): 2424 - 2427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Selzer, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, S. Fitzgerald, R. Tracy, L. Kuller, and S. Manzi Vascular Stiffness in Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Hypertension, April 1, 2001; 37(4): 1075 - 1082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. V. Vaitkevicius, M. Lane, H. Spurgeon, D. K. Ingram, G. S. Roth, J. J. Egan, S. Vasan, D. R. Wagle, P. Ulrich, M. Brines, et al. A cross-link breaker has sustained effects on arterial and ventricular properties in older rhesus monkeys PNAS, January 30, 2001; 98(3): 1171 - 1175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Tanaka, F. A. Dinenno, K. D. Monahan, C. M. Clevenger, C. A. DeSouza, and D. R. Seals Aging, Habitual Exercise, and Dynamic Arterial Compliance Circulation, September 12, 2000; 102(11): 1270 - 1275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Niederhoffer, P. Kieffer, D. Desplanches, I. Lartaud-Idjouadiene, M.-H. Sornay, and J. Atkinson Physical Exercise, Aortic Blood Pressure, and Aortic Wall Elasticity and Composition in Rats Hypertension, April 1, 2000; 35(4): 919 - 924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Snieder, C. S. Hayward, U. Perks, R. P. Kelly, P. J. Kelly, and T. D. Spector Heritability of Central Systolic Pressure Augmentation : A Twin Study Hypertension, February 1, 2000; 35(2): 574 - 579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Rywik, M. R. Blackman, A. R. Yataco, P. V. Vaitkevicius, R. C. Zink, E. H. Cottrell, J. G. Wright, L. I. Katzel, and J. L. Fleg Enhanced endothelial vasoreactivity in endurance-trained older men J Appl Physiol, December 1, 1999; 87(6): 2136 - 2142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Nussbacher, G. Gerstenblith, F. C. O'connor, L. C. Becker, D. A. Kass, S. P. Schulman, J. L. Fleg, and E. G. Lakatta Hemodynamic effects of unloading the old heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 1999; 277(5): H1863 - H1871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. R. Seals, E. T. Stevenson, P. P. Jones, C. A. DeSouza, and H. Tanaka Lack of age-associated elevations in 24-h systolic and pulse pressures in women who exercise regularly Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 1999; 277(3): H947 - H955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Domanski, B. R. Davis, M. A. Pfeffer, M. Kastantin, and G. F. Mitchell Isolated Systolic Hypertension : Prognostic Information Provided by Pulse Pressure Hypertension, September 1, 1999; 34(3): 375 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. E. McVeigh, C. W. Bratteli, D. J. Morgan, C. M. Alinder, S. P. Glasser, S. M. Finkelstein, and J. N. Cohn Age-Related Abnormalities in Arterial Compliance Identified by Pressure Pulse Contour Analysis : Aging and Arterial Compliance Hypertension, June 1, 1999; 33(6): 1392 - 1398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Schmidt-Trucksass, D. Grathwohl, A. Schmid, R. Boragk, C. Upmeier, J. Keul, and M. Huonker Structural, Functional, and Hemodynamic Changes of the Common Carotid Artery With Age in Male Subjects Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 1999; 19(4): 1091 - 1097. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. C. D. Westendorp, M. L. Bots, D. E. Grobbee, R. S. Reneman, A. P. G. Hoeks, N. M. Van Popele, A. Hofman, and J. C. M. Witteman Menopausal Status and Distensibility of the Common Carotid Artery Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 1999; 19(3): 713 - 717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. T. Minson, S. L. Wladkowski, J. A. Pawelczyk, and W. L. Kenney Age, splanchnic vasoconstriction, and heat stress during tilting Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 1999; 276(1): R203 - R212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Cameron, B. P. McGrath, and A. M. Dart Use of radial artery applanation tonometry and a generalized transfer function to determine aortic pressure augmentation in subjects with treated hypertension J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 1, 1998; 32(5): 1214 - 1220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kakiyama, M. Matsuda, and S. Koseki Effect of Physical Activity on the Distensibility of the Aortic Wall in Healthy Males Angiology, October 1, 1998; 49(10): 749 - 757. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. M. Hagberg, A. P. Goldberg, L. Lakatta, F. C. O'Connor, L. C. Becker, E. G. Lakatta, and J. L. Fleg Expanded blood volumes contribute to the increased cardiovascular performance of endurance-trained older men J Appl Physiol, August 1, 1998; 85(2): 484 - 489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. N. Proctor, P. H. Shen, N. M. Dietz, T. J. Eickhoff, L. A. Lawler, E. J. Ebersold, D. L. Loeffler, and M. J. Joyner Reduced leg blood flow during dynamic exercise in older endurance-trained men J Appl Physiol, July 1, 1998; 85(1): 68 - 75. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Stergiopulos, B. E. Westerhof, and N. Westerhof Physical basis of pressure transfer from periphery to aorta: a model-based study Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 1998; 274(4): H1386 - H1392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Spina, M. J. Turner, and A. A. Ehsani beta -Adrenergic-mediated improvement in left ventricular function by exercise training in older men Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 1998; 274(2): H397 - H404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Tanaka, C. A. DeSouza, and D. R. Seals Absence of Age-Related Increase in Central Arterial Stiffness in Physically Active Women Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 1998; 18(1): 127 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. A. Kingwell, K. L. Berry, J. D. Cameron, G. L. Jennings, and A. M. Dart Arterial compliance increases after moderate-intensity cycling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 1997; 273(5): H2186 - H2191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. de Simone Mary J. Roman Stephen R. Daniels GianFra Age-Related Changes in Total Arterial Capacitance From Birth to Maturity in a Normotensive Population Hypertension, June 1, 1997; 29(6): 1213 - 1217. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. A. Ades, M. L. Waldmann, W. L. Meyer, K. A. Brown, E. T. Poehlman, W. W. Pendlebury, K. O. Leslie, P. R. Gray, R. R. Lew, and M. M. LeWinter Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Conditioning in Older Coronary Patients Circulation, August 1, 1996; 94(3): 323 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. P. Schulman, J. L. Fleg, A. P. Goldberg, J. Busby-Whitehead, J. M. Hagberg, F. C. O'Connor, G. Gerstenblith, L. C. Becker, L. I. Katzel, L. E. Lakatta, et al. Continuum of Cardiovascular Performance Across a Broad Range of Fitness Levels in Healthy Older Men Circulation, August 1, 1996; 94(3): 359 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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