Circulation, Vol 88, 1647-1670, Copyright © 1993 by American Heart Association
WG Stevenson, H Khan, P Sager, LA Saxon, HR Middlekauff, PD Natterson and I Wiener
BACKGROUND. Ventricular tachycardia reentry circuits in chronic infarct
scars can contain slow conduction zones, which are difficult to distinguish
from bystander areas adjacent to the circuit during catheter mapping. This
study developed criteria for identifying reentry circuit sites using
computer simulations. These criteria then were tested during catheter
mapping in humans to predict sites at which radiofrequency current
application terminated ventricular tachycardia. METHODS AND RESULTS. In
computer simulations, effects of single stimuli and stimulus trains at
sites in and adjacent to reentry circuits were analyzed. Entrainment with
concealed fusion, defined as ventricular tachycardia entrainment with no
change in QRS morphology, could occur during stimulation in reentry circuit
common pathways and adjacent bystander sites. Pacing at reentry circuit
common pathway sites, the stimulus to QRS (S-QRS) interval equals the
electrogram to QRS interval (EG-QRS) during tachycardia. The postpacing
interval from the last stimulus to the following electrogram equals the
tachycardia cycle length. Pacing at bystander sites the S-QRS exceeds the
EG-QRS interval when the conduction time from the bystander site to the
circuit is short but may be less than or equal to the EG-QRS interval when
the conduction time to the circuit is long. The postpacing interval,
however, always exceeds the tachycardia cycle length. When conduction in
the circuit slows during pacing, the S-QRS and postpacing intervals
increase and the slowest stimulus train most closely reflects conduction
times during tachycardia. Endocardial catheter mapping and radiofrequency
ablation were performed during 31 monomorphic ventricular tachycardias in
15 patients with drug refractory ventricular tachycardia late after
myocardial infarction. During ventricular tachycardia, trains of electrical
stimuli or scanning single stimuli were evaluated before application of
radiofrequency current at the same site. Radiofrequency current terminated
ventricular tachycardia at 24 of 241 sites (10%) in 12 of 15 patients
(80%). Ventricular tachycardia termination occurred more frequently at
sites with entrainment with concealed fusion (odds ratio, 3.4; 95%
confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 8.3), a postpacing interval approximating
the ventricular tachycardia cycle length (odds ratio, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.6 to
12.9) and an S-QRS interval during entrainment of more than 60 milliseconds
and less than 70% of the ventricular tachycardia cycle length (odds ratio,
4.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 17.1). Ventricular tachycardia termination was also
predicted by the presence of isolated diastolic potentials or continuous
electrical activity (odds ratio, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.8 to 15.5), but these
electrograms were infrequent (8% of all sites). Combinations of entrainment
with concealed fusion, postpacing interval, S-QRS intervals, and isolated
diastolic potentials or continuous electrical activity predicted a more
than 35% incidence of ventricular tachycardia termination during
radiofrequency current application versus a 4% incidence when none
suggested that the site was in the reentry circuit. Analysis of the
postpacing interval and S-QRS interval suggested that 25% of the sites with
entrainment with concealed fusion were in bystander areas not within the
reentry circuit. At restudy 5 to 7 days later, 6 patients had no
monomorphic ventricular tachycardia inducible, and inducible ventricular
tachycardias were modified in 4 patients. None of these 10 patients have
suffered arrhythmia recurrences during a follow-up of 316 +/- 199 days,
although 4 continue to receive previously ineffective medications.
CONCLUSIONS. Regions giving rise to reentry after myocardial infarction are
complex and can include bystander areas, slow conduction zones, and
isthmuses for impulse propagation at which radiofrequency current lesions
can interrupt reentry.
ARTICLES
Identification of reentry circuit sites during catheter mapping and radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia late after myocardial infarction
Division of Cardiology, UCLA School of Medicine.
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
G. D. Kolovou, C. Mihas, A. Kotanidou, Y. Dimoula, G. Karkouli, O. Kadda, K. Anagnostopoulou, D. P. Mikhailidis, and C. Marvaki Mortality After First Myocardial Infarction in Greek Patients: A 4-Year Follow-Up Study Angiology, October 1, 2009; 60(5): 582 - 587. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
O. Cano, M. Hutchinson, D. Lin, F. Garcia, E. Zado, R. Bala, M. Riley, J. Cooper, S. Dixit, E. Gerstenfeld, et al. Electroanatomic substrate and ablation outcome for suspected epicardial ventricular tachycardia in left ventricular nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 25, 2009; 54(9): 799 - 808. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T.-a. Matsuyama, T. Kurita, K. Suyama, H. Okamura, T. Noda, K. Satomi, W. Shimizu, N. Aihara, Y. Ikeda, S. Inoue, et al. Mitral isthmus pathology of re-entrant ventricular tachycardia in a patient with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Europace, June 1, 2009; 11(6): 827 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. M. Aliot, W. G. Stevenson, J. M. Almendral-Garrote, F. Bogun, C. H. Calkins, E. Delacretaz, P. D. Bella, G. Hindricks, P. Jais, M. E. Josephson, et al. EHRA/HRS Expert Consensus on Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Arrhythmias: Developed in a partnership with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), a Registered Branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS); in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) Europace, June 1, 2009; 11(6): 771 - 817. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. E. Eckart and L. M. Epstein Interventional Therapy for Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 1357 - 1374. [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
R. Sutton, J. D. Fisher, C. Linde, and D. G. Benditt History of electrical therapy for the heart Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2007; 9(suppl_I): I3 - I10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Dalal, R. Jain, H. Tandri, J. Dong, S. M. Eid, K. Prakasa, C. Tichnell, C. James, T. Abraham, S. D. Russell, et al. Long-Term Efficacy of Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 31, 2007; 50(5): 432 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. U. Klemm, R. Ventura, D. Steven, C. Johnsen, T. Rostock, B. Lutomsky, T. Risius, T. Meinertz, and S. Willems Catheter Ablation of Multiple Ventricular Tachycardias After Myocardial Infarction Guided by Combined Contact and Noncontact Mapping Circulation, May 29, 2007; 115(21): 2697 - 2704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. J. Bunch, S. H. Hohnloser, and B. J. Gersh Mechanisms of Sudden Cardiac Death in Myocardial Infarction Survivors: Insights From the Randomized Trials of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators Circulation, May 8, 2007; 115(18): 2451 - 2457. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. M. Markowitz, D. Nemirovksy, K. M. Stein, S. Mittal, S. Iwai, B. K. Shah, D. P. Dobesh, and B. B. Lerman Adenosine-Insensitive Focal Atrial Tachycardia: Evidence for De Novo Micro-Re-Entry in the Human Atrium J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 27, 2007; 49(12): 1324 - 1333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. Volkmer, F. Ouyang, F. Deger, S. Ernst, M. Goya, D. Bansch, K. Berodt, K.-H. Kuck, and M. Antz Substrate mapping vs. tachycardia mapping using CARTO in patients with coronary artery disease and ventricular tachycardia: impact on outcome of catheter ablation. Europace, November 1, 2006; 8(11): 968 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): 1064 - 1108. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): e247 - e346. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. P. Zipes, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death--executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2006; 27(17): 2099 - 2140. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Writing Committee Members, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 746 - 837. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Verma, F. Kilicaslan, R. A. Schweikert, G. Tomassoni, A. Rossillo, N. F. Marrouche, V. Ozduran, O. M. Wazni, S. C. Elayi, L. C. Saenz, et al. Short- and Long-Term Success of Substrate-Based Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia Circulation, June 21, 2005; 111(24): 3209 - 3216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. O. Arnar, D. Xing, and J. B. Martins Overdrive pacing of early ischemic ventricular tachycardia: evidence for both reentry and triggered activity Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1124 - H1130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Arenal, S. del Castillo, E. Gonzalez-Torrecilla, F. Atienza, M. Ortiz, J. Jimenez, A. Puchol, J. Garcia, and J. Almendral Tachycardia-Related Channel in the Scar Tissue in Patients With Sustained Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardias: Influence of the Voltage Scar Definition Circulation, October 26, 2004; 110(17): 2568 - 2574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. V. Patel, R. W. Rho, E. P. Gerstenfeld, H. H. Hsia, D. J. Callans, and F. E. Marchlinski Right Bundle-Branch Block Ventricular Tachycardias: Septal Versus Lateral Ventricular Origin Based on Activation Time to the Right Ventricular Apex Circulation, October 26, 2004; 110(17): 2582 - 2587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. Szumowski, P. Sanders, F. Walczak, M. Hocini, P. Jais, R. Kepski, E. Szufladowicz, P. Urbanek, P. Derejko, R. Bodalski, et al. Mapping and ablation of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 19, 2004; 44(8): 1700 - 1706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. E. Marchlinski, E. Zado, S. Dixit, E. Gerstenfeld, D. J. Callans, H. Hsia, D. Lin, H. Nayak, A. Russo, and W. Pulliam Electroanatomic Substrate and Outcome of Catheter Ablative Therapy for Ventricular Tachycardia in Setting of Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy Circulation, October 19, 2004; 110(16): 2293 - 2298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. F. Marrouche, A. Natale, O. M. Wazni, J. Cheng, Y. Yang, H. Pollack, A. Verma, P. Ursell, and M. M. Scheinman Left Septal Atrial Flutter: Electrophysiology, Anatomy, and Results of Ablation Circulation, May 25, 2004; 109(20): 2440 - 2447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. H. Hsia, D. J. Callans, and F. E. Marchlinski Characterization of Endocardial Electrophysiological Substrate in Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy and Monomorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Circulation, August 12, 2003; 108(6): 704 - 710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Tung, K. Soejima, W. H. Maisel, M. Suzuki, L. Epstein, and W. G. Stevenson Recognition of far-field electrograms during entrainment mapping of ventricular tachycardia J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 2, 2003; 42(1): 110 - 115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M Zanobini, F. Rossi, A. Bertera, S. Sandano, C. Costa, R. Fabrizi, S. Viola, A. Annoni, F. Alamanni, and P. Biglioli Cardiopulmonary support during electrophysiological procedures for ventricular tachycardias not haemodynamically tolerated Perfusion, March 1, 2003; 18(2): 79 - 82. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Arenal, E. Glez-Torrecilla, M. Ortiz, J. Villacastin, J. Fdez-Portales, E. Sousa, S. del Castillo, L. Perez de Isla, J. Jimenez, and J. Almendral Ablation of electrograms with an isolated, delayed component as treatment of unmappable monomorphic ventricular tachycardias in patients with structural heart disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2003; 41(1): 81 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Strohmer and C. Hwang Ablation of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia guided by isolated diastolic potentials Europace, January 1, 2003; 5(4): 375 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. D. Satti and L. M. Epstein Cardiologic Interventional Therapy for Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 1253 - 1270. [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
M. N. Faddis, W. Blume, J. Finney, A. Hall, J. Rauch, J. Sell, K. T. Bae, M. Talcott, and B. Lindsay Novel, Magnetically Guided Catheter for Endocardial Mapping and Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Circulation, December 3, 2002; 106(23): 2980 - 2985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. M Morgan PATIENTS WITH VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS: WHO SHOULD BE REFERRED TO AN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIST? Heart, December 1, 2002; 88(5): 544 - 550. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Committee Members, G. Gregoratos, J. Abrams, A. E. Epstein, R. A. Freedman, D. L. Hayes, M. A. Hlatky, R. E. Kerber, G. V. Naccarelli, M. H. Schoenfeld, et al. ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 6, 2002; 40(9): 1703 - 1719. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Gregoratos, J. Abrams, A. E. Epstein, R. A. Freedman, D. L. Hayes, M. A. Hlatky, R. E. Kerber, G. V. Naccarelli, M. H. Schoenfeld, M. J. Silka, et al. ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices: Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines) Circulation, October 15, 2002; 106(16): 2145 - 2161. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Nakagawa and W. M. Jackman Catheter ablation of macroreentrant atrial tachycardia in patients following atriotomy Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2002; 23(20): 1566 - 1568. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Soejima, W. G. Stevenson, W. H. Maisel, J. L. Sapp, and L. M. Epstein Electrically Unexcitable Scar Mapping Based on Pacing Threshold for Identification of the Reentry Circuit Isthmus: Feasibility for Guiding Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1678 - 1683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Soejima and W. G. Stevenson Ventricular Tachycardia Associated With Myocardial Infarct Scar: A Spectrum of Therapies for a Single Patient Circulation, July 9, 2002; 106(2): 176 - 179. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C.B. Brunckhorst, W.G. Stevenson, W.M. Jackman, K.-H. Kuck, K. Soejima, H. Nakagawa, R. Cappato, and S.A. Ben-Haim Ventricular mapping during atrial and ventricular pacing. Relationship of multipotential electrograms to ventricular tachycardia reentry circuits after myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2002; 23(14): 1131 - 1138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Kottkamp and G. Hindricks Catheter ablation of untolerated ventricular tachycardia--a new front line Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2002; 23(9): 697 - 699. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Della Bella, A. Pappalardo, S. Riva, C. Tondo, G. Fassini, and N. Trevisi Non-contact mapping to guide catheter ablation of untolerated ventricular tachycardia Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2002; 23(9): 742 - 752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. B. Morton, P. Sanders, V. Deen, J. K. Vohra, and J. M. Kalman Sensitivity and specificity of concealed entrainment for the identification of a critical isthmus in the atrium: relationship to rate, anatomic location and antidromic penetration J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 6, 2002; 39(5): 896 - 906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
P. Della Bella, R. De Ponti, J.A.S. Uriarte, C. Tondo, C. Klersy, C. Carbucicchio, C. Storti, S. Riva, and M. Longobardi Catheter ablation and antiarrhythmic drugs for haemodynamically tolerated post-infarction ventricular tachycardia. Long-term outcome in relation to acute electrophysiological findings Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2002; 23(5): 414 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. J. Ciaccio, C. Costeas, J. Coromilas, and A. L. Wit Static Relationship of Cycle Length to Reentrant Circuit Geometry Circulation, October 16, 2001; 104(16): 1946 - 1951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.G. Priori, E. Aliot, C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, L. Bossaert, G. Breithardt, P. Brugada, A.J. Camm, R. Cappato, S.M. Cobbe, C. Di Mario, et al. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2001; 22(16): 1374 - 1450. [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Paul, B. Windhagen-Mahnert, T. Kriebel, H. Bertram, R. Kaulitz, T. Korte, M. Niehaus, and J. Tebbenjohanns Atrial Reentrant Tachycardia After Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease : Endocardial Mapping and Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Using a Novel, Noncontact Mapping System Circulation, May 8, 2001; 103(18): 2266 - 2271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Delacretaz, L. I. Ganz, K. Soejima, P. L. Friedman, E. P. Walsh, J. K. Triedman, L. J. Sloss, M. J. Landzberg, and W. G. Stevenson Multiple atrial macro-re-entry circuits in adults with repaired congenital heart disease: entrainment mapping combined with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2001; 37(6): 1665 - 1676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Soejima, W. G. Stevenson, W. H. Maisel, E. Delacretaz, C. B. Brunckhorst, K. E. Ellison, and P. L. Friedman The N + 1 difference: a new measure for entrainment mapping J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2001; 37(5): 1386 - 1394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Merino, R. Peinado, I. Fernandez-Lozano, M. Lopez-Gil, F. Arribas, L. J. Ramirez, I. J. Echeverria, and J. A. Sobrino Bundle-Branch Reentry and the Postpacing Interval After Entrainment by Right Ventricular Apex Stimulation : A New Approach to Elucidate the Mechanism of Wide-QRS-Complex Tachycardia With Atrioventricular Dissociation Circulation, February 27, 2001; 103(8): 1102 - 1108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Nogami, S. Naito, H. Tada, K. Taniguchi, Y. Okamoto, S. Nishimura, Y. Yamauchi, K. Aonuma, M. Goya, Y. Iesaka, et al. Demonstration of diastolic and presystolic purkinje potentials as critical potentials in a macroreentry circuit of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2000; 36(3): 811 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Calkins, A. Epstein, D. Packer, A. M. Arria, J. Hummel, D. M. Gilligan, J. Trusso, M. Carlson, R. Luceri, H. Kopelman, et al. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease using cooled radiofrequency energy: Results of a prospective multicenter study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 1, 2000; 35(7): 1905 - 1914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Sosa, M. Scanavacca, A. d'Avila, F. Oliveira, and J. A. F. Ramires Nonsurgical transthoracic epicardial catheter ablation to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia occurring late after myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2000; 35(6): 1442 - 1449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. E. Josephson Epicardial approach to the ablation of ventricular tachycardia in coronary artery disease: an alternative or ancillary approach J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2000; 35(6): 1450 - 1452. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. A. Strickberger, B. P. Knight, G. F. Michaud, F. Pelosi, and F. Morady Mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia guided by virtual electrograms using a noncontact, computerized mapping system J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2000; 35(2): 414 - 421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. Zrenner, G. Ndrepepa, M. Schneider, M. Karch, F. Hofmann, A. Schomig, and C. Schmitt Computer-assisted animation of atrial tachyarrhythmias recorded with a 64-electrode basket catheter J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 1999; 34(7): 2051 - 2060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. G. Cosio, R. H. Anderson, K.-H. Kuck, A. Becker, M. Borggrefe, R. W. F. Campbell, F. Gaita, G. M. Guiraudon, M. Haissaguerre, J. J. Rufilanchas, et al. Living Anatomy of the Atrioventricular Junctions. A Guide to Electrophysiologic Mapping : A Consensus Statement from the Cardiac Nomenclature Study Group, Working Group of Arrhythmias, European Society of Cardiology, and the Task Force on Cardiac Nomenclature from NASPE Circulation, August 3, 1999; 100 (5): e31 - e37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. Z. Kocovic, T. Harada, P. L. Friedman, and W. G. Stevenson Characteristics of electrograms recorded at reentry circuit sites and bystanders during ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 1999; 34(2): 381 - 388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R J Schilling, N S Peters, and D W Davies Mapping and ablation of ventricular tachycardia with the aid of a non-contact mapping system Heart, June 1, 1999; 81(6): 570 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
R. J. Schilling, N. S. Peters, and D. W. Davies Feasibility of a Noncontact Catheter for Endocardial Mapping of Human Ventricular Tachycardia Circulation, May 18, 1999; 99(19): 2543 - 2552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. El-Shalakany, T. Hadjis, P. Papageorgiou, K. Monahan, L. Epstein, and M. E. Josephson Entrainment/Mapping Criteria for the Prediction of Termination of Ventricular Tachycardia by Single Radiofrequency Lesion in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, May 4, 1999; 99(17): 2283 - 2289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Haberl and M. Allessie Differential Effects of a Segment of Slow Conduction on Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia in the Rabbit Heart Circulation, February 23, 1999; 99(7): 949 - 962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
F. Morady Radio-Frequency Ablation as Treatment for Cardiac Arrhythmias N. Engl. J. Med., February 18, 1999; 340(7): 534 - 544. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. S. Cannom and E. N. Prystowsky Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias: Detection, Drugs, and Devices JAMA, January 13, 1999; 281(2): 172 - 179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Cabo, H. Schmitt, G. Masters, J. Coromilas, A. L. Wit, and M. M. Scheinman Location of Diastolic Potentials in Reentrant Circuits Causing Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in the Infarcted Canine Heart : Relationship to Predicted Critical Ablation Sites Circulation, December 8, 1998; 98(23): 2598 - 2607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. J. Schalij, F. P. van Rugge, M. Siezenga, and E. T. van der Velde Endocardial Activation Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients : First Application of a 32-Site Bipolar Mapping Electrode Catheter Circulation, November 17, 1998; 98(20): 2168 - 2179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Ellison, P. Friedman, L. Ganz, and W. Stevenson Entrainment mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in right ventricular dysplasia J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 1998; 32(3): 724 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. J. Schilling, N. S. Peters, and D. W. Davies Simultaneous Endocardial Mapping in the Human Left Ventricle Using a Noncontact Catheter : Comparison of Contact and Reconstructed Electrograms During Sinus Rhythm Circulation, September 1, 1998; 98(9): 887 - 898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
H. Nakagawa, F. H. M. Wittkampf, W. S. Yamanashi, J. V. Pitha, S. Imai, B. Campbell, M. Arruda, R. Lazzara, and W. M. Jackman Inverse Relationship Between Electrode Size and Lesion Size During Radiofrequency Ablation With Active Electrode Cooling Circulation, August 4, 1998; 98(5): 458 - 465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
W. G. Stevenson, P. L. Friedman, D. Kocovic, P. T. Sager, L. A. Saxon, and B. Pavri Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, July 28, 1998; 98(4): 308 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Nitta, R. B. Schuessler, M. Mitsuno, C. K. Rokkas, F. Isobe, C. S. Cronin, J. L. Cox, and J. P. Boineau Return Cycle Mapping After Entrainment of Ventricular Tachycardia Circulation, March 31, 1998; 97(12): 1164 - 1175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. A V de Paola, W. D S Melo, M. Z P Tavora, and E. E Martinez Angiographic and electrophysiological substrates for ventricular tachycardia mapping through the coronary veins Heart, January 1, 1998; 79(1): 59 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. M. Ormaetxe, J. Almendral, J. D. Martinez-Alday, J. P. Villacastin, A. Arenal, A. Pastor, T. Echeverria, and J. L. Delcan Analysis of the Degree of QRS Fusion Necessary for Its Visual Detection : Importance for the Recognition of Transient Entrainment Circulation, November 18, 1997; 96(10): 3509 - 3516. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
M. Eldar, D. G. Ohad, J. J. Goldberger, Z. Rotstein, S. Hsu, D. K. Swanson, and A. J. Greenspon Transcutaneous Multielectrode Basket Catheter for Endocardial Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in the Pig Circulation, October 7, 1997; 96(7): 2430 - 2437. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
S. A. Strickberger, K. C. Man, E. G. Daoud, R. Goyal, K. Brinkman, C. Hasse, F. Bogun, B. P. Knight, R. Weiss, M. Bahu, et al. A Prospective Evaluation of Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Circulation, September 2, 1997; 96(5): 1525 - 1531. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
H. Kottkamp, G. Hindricks, E. Horst, T. Baal, C. Fechtrup, G. Breithardt, and M. Borggrefe Subendocardial and Intramural Temperature Response During Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Chronic Myocardial Infarction and Normal Myocardium Circulation, April 15, 1997; 95(8): 2155 - 2161. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
F. Bogun, M. Bahu, B. P. Knight, R. Weiss, W. Paladino, M. Harvey, R. Goyal, E. Daoud, K. C. Man, S. A. Strickberger, et al. Comparison of Effective and Ineffective Target Sites That Demonstrate Concealed Entrainment in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Radiofrequency Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia Circulation, January 7, 1997; 95(1): 183 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
A. E. Epstein, W. M. Miles, D. G. Benditt, A. J. Camm, E. J. Darling, P. L. Friedman, A. Garson, J. C. Harvey, G. A. Kidwell, G. J. Klein, et al. Personal and Public Safety Issues Related to Arrhythmias That May Affect Consciousness: Implications for Regulation and Physician Recommendations: A Medical/Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Circulation, September 1, 1996; 94(5): 1147 - 1166. [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
G. F. Van Hare and A. L. Waldo The Atrial Flutter Reentrant Circuit: Additional Pieces of the Puzzle Circulation, August 1, 1996; 94(3): 244 - 246. [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
J. M. Kalman, J. E. Olgin, L. A. Saxon, W. G. Fisher, R. J. Lee, and M. D. Lesh Activation and Entrainment Mapping Defines the Tricuspid Annulus as the Anterior Barrier in Typical Atrial Flutter Circulation, August 1, 1996; 94(3): 398 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
H. Nakagawa, R. Lazzara, T. Khastgir, K. J. Beckman, J. H. McClelland, S. Imai, J. V. Pitha, A. E. Becker, M. Arruda, M. D. Gonzalez, et al. Role of the Tricuspid Annulus and the Eustachian Valve/Ridge on Atrial Flutter: Relevance to Catheter Ablation of the Septal Isthmus and a New Technique for Rapid Identification of Ablation Success Circulation, August 1, 1996; 94(3): 407 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
J. M. Kalman, G. F. VanHare, J. E. Olgin, L. A. Saxon, S. I. Stark, and M. D. Lesh Ablation of `Incisional' Reentrant Atrial Tachycardia Complicating Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease : Use of Entrainment to Define a Critical Isthmus of Conduction Circulation, February 1, 1996; 93(3): 502 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
B. Cauchemez, M. Haissaguerre, B. Fischer, O. Thomas, J. Clementy, and P. Coumel Electrophysiological Effects of Catheter Ablation of Inferior Vena Cava–Tricuspid Annulus Isthmus in Common Atrial Flutter Circulation, January 15, 1996; 93(2): 284 - 294. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
D. J. Wilber, D. E. Kopp, D. N. Glascock DO, C. A. Kinder, and J. G. Kall Catheter Ablation of the Mitral Isthmus for Ventricular Tachycardia Associated With Inferior Infarction Circulation, December 15, 1995; 92(12): 3481 - 3489. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
J. E. Olgin, J. M. Kalman, A. P. Fitzpatrick, and M. D. Lesh Role of Right Atrial Endocardial Structures as Barriers to Conduction During Human Type I Atrial Flutter : Activation and Entrainment Mapping Guided by Intracardiac Echocardiography Circulation, October 1, 1995; 92(7): 1839 - 1848. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
H. Kottkamp, G. Hindricks, X. Chen, J. Brunn, S. Willems, W. Haverkamp, M. Block, G. Breithardt, and M. Borggrefe Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Circulation, September 1, 1995; 92(5): 1159 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
J. M. Miller, G. S. Tyson, W. C. Hargrove III, J. A. Vassallo, M. E. Rosenthal, and M. E. Josephson Effect of Subendocardial Resection on Sinus Rhythm Endocardial Electrogram Abnormalities Circulation, May 1, 1995; 91(9): 2385 - 2391. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
A. B. Wagshal, L. A. Pires, and S. K. Stephen Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias With Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation Arch Intern Med, January 23, 1995; 155(2): 137 - 147. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. de Chillou, D. Lacroix, D. Klug, I. Magnin-Poull, C. Marquie, M. Messier, M. Andronache, C. Kouakam, N. Sadoul, J. Chen, et al. Isthmus Characteristics of Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia After Myocardial Infarction Circulation, February 12, 2002; 105(6): 726 - 731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
|
Circulation Home | Subscriptions | Archives | Feedback | Authors | Help | AHA Journals Home | Search Copyright © 1993 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Unauthorized use prohibited. |