Circulation, Vol 89, 1013-1022, Copyright © 1994 by American Heart Association
B De Bruyne, T Baudhuin, JA Melin, NH Pijls, SU Sys, A Bol, WJ Paulus, GR Heyndrickx and W Wijns
BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have shown that fractional flow reserve
(defined as the ratio of maximal achievable flow in a stenotic area to
normal maximal achievable flow) can be calculated from coronary pressure
measurements only. The objectives of this study were to validate fractional
flow reserve calculation in humans and to compare this information with
that derived from quantitative coronary angiography. METHODS AND RESULTS:
Twenty-two patients with an isolated, discrete proximal or mid left
anterior descending coronary artery stenosis and normal left ventricular
function were studied. Relative myocardial flow reserve, defined as the
ratio of absolute myocardial perfusion during maximal vasodilation in the
stenotic area to the absolute myocardial perfusion during maximal
vasodilation (adenosine 140 micrograms.kg-1 x min-1 intravenously during 4
minutes) in the contralateral normally perfused area, was assessed by
15O-labeled water and positron emission tomography (PET). Myocardial and
coronary fractional flow reserve were calculated from mean aortic, distal
coronary, and right atrial pressures recorded during maximal vasodilation.
Distal coronary pressures were measured by an ultrathin,
pressure-monitoring guide wire with minimal influence on the trans-
stenotic pressure gradient. Minimal obstruction area, percent area
stenosis, and calculated stenosis flow reserve were assessed by
quantitative coronary angiography. There was no difference in heart rate,
mean aortic pressure, or rate-pressure product during maximal vasodilation
during PET and during catheterization. Percent area stenosis ranged from
40% to 94% (mean, 77 +/- 13%), myocardial fractional flow reserve from 0.36
to 0.98 (mean, 0.61 +/- 0.17), and relative flow reserve from 0.27 to 1.23
(mean, 0.60 +/- 0.26). A close correlation was found between relative flow
reserve obtained by PET and both myocardial fractional flow reserve (r =
.87) and coronary fractional flow reserve obtained by pressure recordings
(r = .86). The correlations between relative flow reserve obtained by PET
and stenosis measurements derived from quantitative coronary angiography
were markedly weaker (minimal obstruction area, r = .66; percent area
stenosis, r = -.70; and stenosis flow reserve, r = .68). CONCLUSIONS:
Fractional flow reserve derived from pressure measurements correlates more
closely to relative flow reserve derived from PET than angiographic
parameters. This validates in humans the use of fractional flow reserve as
an index of the physiological consequences of a given coronary artery
stenosis.
ARTICLES
Coronary flow reserve calculated from pressure measurements in humans. Validation with positron emission tomography
Cardiovascular Center, Aalst, Belgium.
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