Circulation, Vol 89, 2015-2025, Copyright © 1994 by American Heart Association
DB Mark, CL Nelson, RM Califf, FE Harrell Jr, KL Lee, RH Jones, DF Fortin, RS Stack, DD Glower and LR Smith
BACKGROUND: Survival after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and
medical therapy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) has been
studied in both randomized trials and observational treatment comparisons.
Over the past decade, the use of coronary angioplasty (PTCA) has increased
dramatically, without guidance from either randomized trials or prospective
observational comparisons. The purpose of this study was to describe the
survival experience of a large prospective cohort of CAD patients treated
with medicine, PTCA, or CABG. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was designed
as a prospective nonrandomized treatment comparison in the setting of an
academic medical center (tertiary care). Subjects were 9263 patients with
symptomatic CAD referred for cardiac catheterization (1984 through 1990).
Patients with prior PTCA or CABG, valvular or congenital disease,
nonischemic cardiomyopathy, or significant (> or = 75%) left main
disease were excluded. Baseline clinical, laboratory, and catheterization
data were collected prospectively in the Duke Cardiovascular Disease
Databank. All patients were contacted at 6 months, 1 year, and annually
thereafter (follow-up 97% complete). Cardiovascular death was the primary
end point. Of this cohort, 2788 patients were treated with PTCA (2626
within 60 days) and 3422 with CABG (3080 within 60 days). Repeat or
crossover revascularization procedures were counted as part of the initial
treatment strategy. Kaplan-Meier survival curves (both unadjusted and
adjusted for all known imbalances in baseline prognostic factors) were used
to examine absolute survival differences, and treatment pair hazard ratios
from the Cox model were used to summarize average relative survival
benefits. For the latter, a 13-level CAD prognostic index was used to
examine the relation between survival and revascularization as a function
of CAD severity. The effects of revascularization on survival depended on
the extent of CAD. For the least severe forms of CAD (ie, one-vessel
disease), there were no survival advantages out to 5 years for
revascularization over medical therapy. For intermediate levels of CAD (ie,
two-vessel disease), revascularization was associated with higher survival
rates than medical therapy. For less severe forms of two-vessel disease,
PTCA had a small advantage over CABG, whereas for the most severe form of
two-vessel disease (with a critical lesion of the proximal left anterior
descending artery), CABG was superior. For the most severe forms of CAD
(ie, three-vessel disease), CABG provided a consistent survival advantage
over medicine. PTCA appeared prognostically equivalent to medicine in these
patients, but the number of PTCA patients in this subgroup was low.
CONCLUSIONS: In this first large-scale, prospective observational treatment
comparison of PTCA, CABG, and medicine, we confirmed the previously
reported survival advantages for CABG over medical therapy for three-vessel
disease and severe two-vessel disease. For less severe CAD, the primary
treatment choices are between medicine and PTCA. In these patients, there
is a trend for a relative survival advantage with PTCA, although absolute
survival differences were modest. In this setting, treatment decisions
should be based not only on survival differences but also on symptom
relief, quality of life outcomes, and patient preferences.
ARTICLES
Continuing evolution of therapy for coronary artery disease. Initial results from the era of coronary angioplasty
Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.
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