(Circulation. 1995;92:2157-2162.)
© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Coronary Artery Calcium Area by Electron-Beam Computed Tomography and Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Area
A Histopathologic Correlative Study
Presented in part at the 67th Annual Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, Dallas, Tex, November 14-17, 1994.
From the Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine (J.A.R., D.B.S., R.S.S.), Diagnostic Radiology (P.F.S.), and Endocrinology and Internal Medicine (L.A.F.), Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minn.
Correspondence to John A. Rumberger, PhD, MD, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905.
Background Coronary calcium identified by electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) correlates poorly with luminal atherosclerotic narrowing, but calcium, an intimate part of coronary plaque, may be more directly related to atheromatous plaque area.
Methods and Results Thirty-eight coronary arteries from 13 autopsy hearts were dissected, straightened, and scanned with EBCT in 3-mm contiguous increments. Coronary calcium area was defined as one or more pixels with a density >130 Hounsfield units (0.18 mm2/pixel). Each artery was divided into corresponding 3-mm segments, representative histological sections were stained, and atherosclerotic plaque area per segment (mm2) was quantified. Coronary artery calcium and coronary artery plaque areas were correlated for the hearts as a whole, for individual coronary arteries, and for individual coronary artery segments. The sums of histological plaque areas versus the sums of calcium areas were highly correlated for each heart and for each coronary artery. However, coronary plaque area was on the order of five times greater than calcium area. Furthermore, minimal diffuse segmental coronary plaque could be present despite the absence of coronary calcium detectable by EBCT.
Conclusions This histopathologic study confirms an intimate relation between whole heart, coronary artery, and segmental coronary atherosclerotic plaque area and EBCT coronary calcium area but suggests that there is a threshold value for plaque area below which coronary calcium is either absent or not detectable by this methodology.
Key Words: calcium • arteries • tomography • atherosclerosis • diagnosis
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. M. Chang, F. Nabi, J. Xu, L. E. Peterson, A. Achari, C. M. Pratt, and J. J. Mahmarian The coronary artery calcium score and stress myocardial perfusion imaging provide independent and complementary prediction of cardiac risk. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 10, 2009; 54(20): 1872 - 1882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. D. Rosen, V. Fernandes, R. L. McClelland, J. J. Carr, R. Detrano, D. A. Bluemke, and J. A.C. Lima Relationship Between Baseline Coronary Calcium Score and Demonstration of Coronary Artery Stenoses During Follow-Up: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., October 1, 2009; 2(10): 1175 - 1183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Rominger, T. Saam, S. Wolpers, C. C. Cyran, M. Schmidt, S. Foerster, K. Nikolaou, M. F. Reiser, P. Bartenstein, and M. Hacker 18F-FDG PET/CT Identifies Patients at Risk for Future Vascular Events in an Otherwise Asymptomatic Cohort with Neoplastic Disease J. Nucl. Med., October 1, 2009; 50(10): 1611 - 1620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. O. Bonow Should Coronary Calcium Screening Be Used in Cardiovascular Prevention Strategies? N. Engl. J. Med., September 3, 2009; 361(10): 990 - 997. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Uebleis, A. Becker, I. Griesshammer, P. Cumming, C. Becker, M. Schmidt, P. Bartenstein, and M. Hacker Stable Coronary Artery Disease: Prognostic Value of Myocardial Perfusion SPECT in Relation to Coronary Calcium Scoring--Long-term Follow-up Radiology, September 1, 2009; 252(3): 682 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F F Faletra, C Klersy, I D'Angeli, M Penco, V Procaccini, E Pasotti, A Marcolongo, G B Pedrazzini, S De Castro, M Scappaticci, et al. Relation between coronary atherosclerotic plaques and traditional risk factors in people with no history of cardiovascular disease undergoing multi-detector computed coronary angiography Heart, August 1, 2009; 95(15): 1265 - 1272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sarwar, L. J. Shaw, M. D. Shapiro, R. Blankstein, U. Hoffman, R. C. Cury, S. Abbara, T. J. Brady, M. J. Budoff, R. S. Blumenthal, et al. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Absence of Coronary Artery Calcification J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., June 1, 2009; 2(6): 675 - 688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Blaha, M. J. Budoff, L. J. Shaw, F. Khosa, J. A. Rumberger, D. Berman, T. Callister, P. Raggi, R. S. Blumenthal, and K. Nasir Absence of Coronary Artery Calcification and All-Cause Mortality J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., June 1, 2009; 2(6): 692 - 700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. G. Semb, T. Ueland, P. Aukrust, N. J. Wareham, R. Luben, L. Gullestad, J. J.P. Kastelein, K.-T. Khaw, and S. M. Boekholdt Osteoprotegerin and Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Ligand and Risk for Coronary Events: A Nested Case-Control Approach in the Prospective EPIC-Norfolk Population Study 1993-2003 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2009; 29(6): 975 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Zarjou, V. Jeney, P. Arosio, M. Poli, P. Antal-Szalmas, A. Agarwal, G. Balla, and J. Balla Ferritin Prevents Calcification and Osteoblastic Differentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2009; 20(6): 1254 - 1263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Miao, S. Chen, R. Macedo, S. Lai, K. Liu, D. Li, B. A. Wasserman, J. Vogel-Clausen, J. A.C. Lima, and D. A. Bluemke Positive remodeling of the coronary arteries detected by magnetic resonance imaging in an asymptomatic population: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 5, 2009; 53(18): 1708 - 1715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Sundaram, S. Patel, N. Bogot, and E. A. Kazerooni Anatomy and Terminology for the Interpretation and Reporting of Cardiac MDCT: Part 1, Structured Report, Coronary Calcium Screening, and Coronary Artery Anatomy Am. J. Roentgenol., March 1, 2009; 192(3): 574 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T.T. de Weert, H. Cakir, S. Rozie, S. Cretier, E. Meijering, D.W.J. Dippel, and A. van der Lugt Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery Calcifications: Association with Vascular Risk Factors and Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., January 1, 2009; 30(1): 177 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Johnson, D. A. Dowe, and J. A. Brink Traditional Clinical Risk Assessment Tools Do Not Accurately Predict Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden: A CT Angiography Study Am. J. Roentgenol., January 1, 2009; 192(1): 235 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Crea, P. G. Camici, R. De Caterina, and G. A. Lanza CHAPTER 17 Chronic Ischaemic Heart Disease ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. R. King, K. L. Knutson, P. J. Rathouz, S. Sidney, K. Liu, and D. S. Lauderdale Short Sleep Duration and Incident Coronary Artery Calcification JAMA, December 24, 2008; 300(24): 2859 - 2866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Ding, S. B Kritchevsky, F.-C. Hsu, T. B Harris, G. L Burke, R. C Detrano, M. Szklo, M. H Criqui, M. Allison, P. Ouyang, et al. Association between non-subcutaneous adiposity and calcified coronary plaque: a substudy of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2008; 88(3): 645 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E.-K. Choi, S. I. Choi, J. J. Rivera, K. Nasir, S.-A. Chang, E. J. Chun, H.-K. Kim, D.-J. Choi, R. S. Blumenthal, and H.-J. Chang Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography as a Screening Tool for the Detection of Occult Coronary Artery Disease in Asymptomatic Individuals J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 29, 2008; 52(5): 357 - 365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Henneman, J. D. Schuijf, G. Pundziute, J. M. van Werkhoven, E. E. van der Wall, J. W. Jukema, and J. J. Bax Noninvasive evaluation with multislice computed tomography in suspected acute coronary syndrome plaque morphology on multislice computed tomography versus coronary calcium score. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 15, 2008; 52(3): 216 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I-C. Tsai, W.-L. Lee, C.-R. Tsao, Y. Chang, M.-C. Chen, T. Lee, and W.-C. Liao Comprehensive Evaluation of Ischemic Heart Disease Using MDCT Am. J. Roentgenol., July 1, 2008; 191(1): 64 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Coylewright, R. S. Blumenthal, and W. Post Placing COURAGE in Context: Review of the Recent Literature on Managing Stable Coronary Artery Disease Mayo Clin. Proc., July 1, 2008; 83(7): 799 - 805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. van Woudenbergh, R. Vliegenthart, F. J.A. van Rooij, A. Hofman, M. Oudkerk, J. C.M. Witteman, and J. M. Geleijnse Coffee Consumption and Coronary Calcification: The Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2008; 28(5): 1018 - 1023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Sorajja, A. S. Gami, V. K. Somers, T. R. Behrenbeck, A. Garcia-Touchard, and F. Lopez-Jimenez Independent Association Between Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease Chest, April 1, 2008; 133(4): 927 - 933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Gottlieb and J. A.C. Lima Screening High-Risk Patients With Computed Tomography Angiography Circulation, March 11, 2008; 117(10): 1318 - 1332. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. de Vos, M. Prokop, C. J. Roos, M. F.L. Meijs, Y. T. van der Schouw, A. Rutten, P. M. Gorter, M.-J. Cramer, P. A. Doevendans, B. J. Rensing, et al. Peri-coronary epicardial adipose tissue is related to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery calcification in post-menopausal women Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2008; 29(6): 777 - 783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Terashima, P. K. Nguyen, G. D. Rubin, C. Iribarren, B. K. Courtney, A. S. Go, S. P. Fortmann, and M. V. McConnell Impaired coronary vasodilation by magnetic resonance angiography is associated with advanced coronary artery calcification. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., March 1, 2008; 1(2): 167 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bamberg, N. Dannemann, M. D. Shapiro, S. K. Seneviratne, M. Ferencik, J. Butler, W. Koenig, K. Nasir, R. C. Cury, A. Tawakol, et al. Association Between Cardiovascular Risk Profiles and the Presence and Extent of Different Types of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque as Detected by Multidetector Computed Tomography Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2008; 28(3): 568 - 574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Schroeder, S. Achenbach, F. Bengel, C. Burgstahler, F. Cademartiri, P. de Feyter, R. George, P. Kaufmann, A. F. Kopp, J. Knuuti, et al. Cardiac computed tomography: indications, applications, limitations, and training requirements: Report of a Writing Group deployed by the Working Group Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiac CT of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Council of Nuclear Cardiology Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2008; 29(4): 531 - 556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bansal and R. S. Blumenthal Total coronary artery calcium score remains preferred metric to refine risk prediction in nearly all patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., January 1, 2008; 1(1): 70 - 72. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Y. Wong, N. Cheung, F. M. A. Islam, R. Klein, M. H. Criqui, M. F. Cotch, J. J. Carr, B. E. K. Klein, and A. R. Sharrett Relation of Retinopathy to Coronary Artery Calcification: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2008; 167(1): 51 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Kanno, T. Into, C. J. Lowenstein, and K. Matsushita Nitric oxide regulates vascular calcification by interfering with TGF-{beta} signalling Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2008; 77(1): 221 - 230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Bogazzi, L. Battolla, C. Spinelli, G. Rossi, S. Gavioli, V. Di Bello, C. Cosci, C. Sardella, D. Volterrani, E. Talini, et al. Risk Factors for Development of Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Acromegaly: A Five-Year Prospective Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2007; 92(11): 4271 - 4277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Leontiev and T. J. Dubinsky CT-Based Calcium Scoring to Screen for Coronary Artery Disease: Why Aren't We There Yet? Am. J. Roentgenol., November 1, 2007; 189(5): 1061 - 1063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nasir, L. J. Shaw, S. T. Liu, S. R. Weinstein, T. R. Mosler, P. R. Flores, F. R. Flores, P. Raggi, D. S. Berman, R. S. Blumenthal, et al. Ethnic Differences in the Prognostic Value of Coronary Artery Calcification for All-Cause Mortality J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 4, 2007; 50(10): 953 - 960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Nemcsik, K. Farkas, E. Kolossvary, Z. Jarai, J. Egresits, G. Borgulya, I. Kiss, and M. Lengyel Intracardiac Calcification Is a Marker of Generalized Atherosclerosis Angiology, September 1, 2007; 58(4): 413 - 419. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Cassidy-Bushrow, L. F. Bielak, P. F. Sheedy II, S. T. Turner, I. J. Kullo, X. Lin, and P. A. Peyser Coronary Artery Calcification Progression Is Heritable Circulation, July 3, 2007; 116(1): 25 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Loria, K. Liu, C. E. Lewis, S. B. Hulley, S. Sidney, P. J. Schreiner, O. D. Williams, D. E. Bild, and R. Detrano Early Adult Risk Factor Levels and Subsequent Coronary Artery Calcification: The CARDIA Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 22, 2007; 49(20): 2013 - 2020. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Pundziute, J. D. Schuijf, J. W. Jukema, E. Boersma, A. J.H.A. Scholte, L. J.M. Kroft, E. E. van der Wall, and J. J. Bax Noninvasive Assessment of Plaque Characteristics With Multislice Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography in Symptomatic Diabetic Patients Diabetes Care, May 1, 2007; 30(5): 1113 - 1119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Schlosser, P. Hunold, T. Voigtlander, A. Schmermund, and J. Barkhausen Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring: Influence of Reconstruction Interval and Reconstruction Increment Using 64-MDCT Am. J. Roentgenol., April 1, 2007; 188(4): 1063 - 1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rozanski, H. Gransar, N. D. Wong, L. J. Shaw, R. Miranda-Peats, D. Polk, S. W. Hayes, J. D. Friedman, and D. S. Berman Clinical Outcomes After Both Coronary Calcium Scanning and Exercise Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 27, 2007; 49(12): 1352 - 1361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rispler, Z. Keidar, E. Ghersin, A. Roguin, A. Soil, R. Dragu, D. Litmanovich, A. Frenkel, D. Aronson, A. Engel, et al. Integrated Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography for the Assessment of Hemodynamically Significant Coronary Artery Lesions J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 13, 2007; 49(10): 1059 - 1067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Mazzone, P. M. Meyer, G. T. Kondos, M. H. Davidson, S. B. Feinstein, R. B. D'Agostino Sr., A. Perez, and S. M. Haffner Relationship of Traditional and Nontraditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors to Coronary Artery Calcium in Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes, March 1, 2007; 56(3): 849 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Post, L. F. Bielak, K. A. Ryan, Y.-C. Cheng, H. Shen, J. A. Rumberger, P. F. Sheedy II, A. R. Shuldiner, P. A. Peyser, and B. D. Mitchell Determinants of Coronary Artery and Aortic Calcification in the Old Order Amish Circulation, February 13, 2007; 115(6): 717 - 724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. O'Donnell, M. K. Shea, P. A. Price, D. R. Gagnon, P. W. F. Wilson, M. G. Larson, D. P. Kiel, U. Hoffmann, M. Ferencik, M. E. Clouse, et al. Matrix Gla Protein Is Associated With Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis but not With Coronary Artery Calcification Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2006; 26(12): 2769 - 2774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Ramakrishna, J. F. Breen, S. L. Mulvagh, R. B. McCully, and P. A. Pellikka Relationship Between Coronary Artery Calcification Detected by Electron-Beam Computed Tomography and Abnormal Stress Echocardiography: Association and Prognostic Implications J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 21, 2006; 48(10): 2125 - 2131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. C. Johnson, J. A. Leopold, and J. Loscalzo Vascular Calcification: Pathobiological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications Circ. Res., November 10, 2006; 99(10): 1044 - 1059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Nicholls, E. M. Tuzcu, K. Wolski, I. Sipahi, P. Schoenhagen, T. Crowe, S. R. Kapadia, S. L. Hazen, and S. E. Nissen Coronary Artery Calcification and Changes in Atheroma Burden in Response to Established Medical Therapies J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 8, 2006; (2006) j.jacc.2006.10.038v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Budoff, S. Achenbach, R. S. Blumenthal, J. J. Carr, J. G. Goldin, P. Greenland, A. D. Guerci, J. A.C. Lima, D. J. Rader, G. D. Rubin, et al. Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease by Cardiac Computed Tomography: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology Circulation, October 17, 2006; 114(16): 1761 - 1791. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Cannavo, B. Almoto, G. Cavalli, S. Squadrito, G. Romanello, M. T. Vigo, F. Fiumara, S. Benvenga, and F. Trimarchi Acromegaly and Coronary Disease: An Integrated Evaluation of Conventional Coronary Risk Factors and Coronary Calcifications Detected by Computed Tomography J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2006; 91(10): 3766 - 3772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Wang, M. Jerosch-Herold, D. R. Jacobs Jr, E. Shahar, R. Detrano, A. R. Folsom, and for the MESA Study Investigators Coronary Artery Calcification and Myocardial Perfusion in Asymptomatic Adults: The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): 1018 - 1026. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): e247 - e346. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Writing Committee Members, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 746 - 837. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F Cademartiri Is calcium the key for the assessment of progression/regression of coronary artery disease? Heart, September 1, 2006; 92(9): 1187 - 1188. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Christian, P. Y. Liu, S. Harrington, M. Ruan, V. M. Miller, and L. A. Fitzpatrick Intimal Estrogen Receptor (ER){beta}, But Not ER{alpha} Expression, Is Correlated with Coronary Calcification and Atherosclerosis in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2713 - 2720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. M. Moe and G. M. Chertow The Case against Calcium-Based Phosphate Binders Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2006; 1(4): 697 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Dey, T. Callister, P. Slomka, F. Aboul-Enein, H. Nishina, X. Kang, H. Gransar, N. D. Wong, R. Miranda-Peats, S. Hayes, et al. Computer-Aided Detection and Evaluation of Lipid-Rich Plaque on Noncontrast Cardiac CT Am. J. Roentgenol., June 1, 2006; 186(6_Supplement_2): S407 - S413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. V. Anand, A. Lahiri, E. Lim, D. Hopkins, and R. Corder The Relationship Between Plasma Osteoprotegerin Levels and Coronary Artery Calcification in Uncomplicated Type 2 Diabetic Subjects J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 2, 2006; 47(9): 1850 - 1857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Matthews, J. F. Owens, D. Edmundowicz, L. Lee, and L. H. Kuller Positive and Negative Attributes and Risk for Coronary and Aortic Calcification in Healthy Women Psychosom Med, May 1, 2006; 68(3): 355 - 361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. V. Anand, E. Lim, A. Lahiri, and J. J. Bax The role of non-invasive imaging in the risk stratification of asymptomatic diabetic subjects Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2006; 27(8): 905 - 912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Schoenhagen Osteopontin, coronary calcification, and cardiovascular events: future diagnostic and therapeutic targets for disease prevention? Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2006; 27(7): 766 - 767. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. V. Anand, E. Lim, D. Hopkins, R. Corder, L. J. Shaw, P. Sharp, D. Lipkin, and A. Lahiri Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2006; 27(6): 713 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Budoff Aged Garlic Extract Retards Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification, J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 741S - 744S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Matthews, S. Zhu, D. C. Tucker, and M. A. Whooley Blood Pressure Reactivity to Psychological Stress and Coronary Calcification in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study Hypertension, March 1, 2006; 47(3): 391 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Rumberger The Promise of Quantitative Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography and Noninvasive Segmental Coronary Plaque Quantification: Pushing the "Edge" J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3): 678 - 680. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. R. Nandalur, E. Baskurt, K. D. Hagspiel, M. Finch, C. D. Phillips, S. R. Bollampally, and C. M. Kramer Carotid Artery Calcification on CT May Independently Predict Stroke Risk Am. J. Roentgenol., February 1, 2006; 186(2): 547 - 552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Schmermund, S. Achenbach, T. Budde, Y. Buziashvili, A. Forster, G. Friedrich, M. Henein, G. Kerkhoff, F. Knollmann, V. Kukharchuk, et al. Effect of Intensive Versus Standard Lipid-Lowering Treatment With Atorvastatin on the Progression of Calcified Coronary Atherosclerosis Over 12 Months: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial Circulation, January 24, 2006; 113(3): 427 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Clouse, J. Chen, H. M. Krumholz, M. E. Clouse, J. Chen, and H. M. Krumholz Noninvasive Screening for Coronary Artery Disease With Computed Tomography Is Useful Circulation, January 3, 2006; 113(1): 125 - 146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Khera, J. A. de Lemos, R. M. Peshock, H. S. Lo, H. G. Stanek, S. A. Murphy, F. H. Wians Jr, S. M. Grundy, and D. K. McGuire Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: The Dallas Heart Study Circulation, January 3, 2006; 113(1): 38 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Berman, R. Hachamovitch, L. J. Shaw, J. D. Friedman, S. W. Hayes, L. E.J. Thomson, D. S. Fieno, G. Germano, P. Slomka, N. D. Wong, et al. Roles of Nuclear Cardiology, Cardiac Computed Tomography, and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: Assessment of Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease J. Nucl. Med., January 1, 2006; 47(1): 74 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Edvardsen, R. Detrano, B. D. Rosen, J. J. Carr, K. Liu, S. Lai, S. Shea, L. Pan, D. A. Bluemke, and J. A.C. Lima Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis Is Related to Reduced Regional Left Ventricular Function in Individuals Without History of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: The Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2006; 26(1): 206 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. B. Sevrukov, J. M. Bland, and G. T. Kondos Serial Electron Beam CT Measurements of Coronary Artery Calcium: Has Your Patient's Calcium Score Actually Changed? Am. J. Roentgenol., December 1, 2005; 185(6): 1546 - 1553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Prabhakar and D. T. Ko Can coronary calcification measured by CT predict future coronary events? Can. Med. Assoc. J., October 25, 2005; 173(9): 1034 - 1034. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. LaMonte, S. J. FitzGerald, T. S. Church, C. E. Barlow, N. B. Radford, B. D. Levine, J. J. Pippin, L. W. Gibbons, S. N. Blair, and M. Z. Nichaman Coronary Artery Calcium Score and Coronary Heart Disease Events in a Large Cohort of Asymptomatic Men and Women Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2005; 162(5): 421 - 429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.-H. Huang, L.-C. Chen, H.-B. Leu, P. Y.-A. Ding, J.-W. Chen, T.-C. Wu, and S.-J. Lin Enhanced Coronary Calcification Determined by Electron Beam CT Is Strongly Related to Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease Chest, August 1, 2005; 128(2): 810 - 815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P.S. Dunphy, A. Freiman, S. M. Larson, and H. W. Strauss Association of Vascular 18F-FDG Uptake with Vascular Calcification J. Nucl. Med., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 1278 - 1284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Raggi, M. Davidson, T. Q. Callister, F. K. Welty, G. A. Bachmann, H. Hecht, and J. A. Rumberger Aggressive Versus Moderate Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Hypercholesterolemic Postmenopausal Women: Beyond Endorsed Lipid Lowering With EBT Scanning (BELLES) Circulation, July 26, 2005; 112(4): 563 - 571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Arad, K. J. Goodman, M. Roth, D. Newstein, and A. D. Guerci Coronary Calcification, Coronary Disease Risk Factors, C-Reactive Protein, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Events: The St. Francis Heart Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 5, 2005; 46(1): 158 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kramer, D. R. Jacobs Jr, D. Bild, W. Post, M. F. Saad, R. Detrano, R. Tracy, R. Cooper, and K. Liu Urine Albumin Excretion and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 38 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Moselewski, C. J. O'Donnell, S. Achenbach, M. Ferencik, J. Massaro, A. Nguyen, R. C. Cury, S. Abbara, I.-K. Jang, T. J. Brady, et al. Calcium Concentration of Individual Coronary Calcified Plaques as Measured by Multidetector Row Computed Tomography Circulation, June 21, 2005; 111(24): 3236 - 3241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. K. Agatisa, K. A. Matthews, J. T. Bromberger, D. Edmundowicz, Y.-F. Chang, and K. Sutton-Tyrrell Coronary and Aortic Calcification in Women With a History of Major Depression Arch Intern Med, June 13, 2005; 165(11): 1229 - 1236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Djousse, D. K. Arnett, J. J. Carr, J. H. Eckfeldt, P. N. Hopkins, M. A. Province, and R. C. Ellison Dietary Linolenic Acid Is Inversely Associated With Calcified Atherosclerotic Plaque in the Coronary Arteries: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study Circulation, June 7, 2005; 111(22): 2921 - 2926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Jimenez, M. A. Garcia-Criado, D. Tassies, J. C. Reverter, R. Cervera, M. R. Gilabert, D. Zambon, E. Ros, C. Bru, and J. Font Preclinical vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome Rheumatology, June 1, 2005; 44(6): 756 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Nelson, R. A. Kronmal, J. J. Carr, M. F. McNitt-Gray, N. D. Wong, C. M. Loria, J. G. Goldin, O. D. Williams, and R. Detrano Measuring Coronary Calcium on CT Images Adjusted for Attenuation Differences Radiology, May 1, 2005; 235(2): 403 - 414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. T. Lau, L. J. Ridley, M. C. Schieb, D. B. Brieger, S. B. Freedman, L. A. Wong, S. K. Lo, and L. Kritharides Coronary Artery Stenoses: Detection with Calcium Scoring, CT Angiography, and Both Methods Combined Radiology, May 1, 2005; 235(2): 415 - 422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Giachelli, M. Y. Speer, X. Li, R. M. Rajachar, and H. Yang Regulation of Vascular Calcification: Roles of Phosphate and Osteopontin Circ. Res., April 15, 2005; 96(7): 717 - 722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Bild, R. Detrano, D. Peterson, A. Guerci, K. Liu, E. Shahar, P. Ouyang, S. Jackson, and M. F. Saad Ethnic Differences in Coronary Calcification: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Circulation, March 15, 2005; 111(10): 1313 - 1320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. R Mollet, F. Cademartiri, and P. J de Feyter Non-invasive multislice CT coronary imaging Heart, March 1, 2005; 91(3): 401 - 407. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Maahs, L. G. Ogden, G. L. Kinney, P. Wadwa, J. K. Snell-Bergeon, D. Dabelea, J. E. Hokanson, J. Ehrlich, R. H. Eckel, and M. Rewers Low Plasma Adiponectin Levels Predict Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification Circulation, February 15, 2005; 111(6): 747 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|