(Circulation. 1996;94:2850-2855.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Impact of Reduced Heart Rate Variability on Risk for Cardiac Events
The Framingham Heart Study
Kansai Medical University (H.T.), Osaka, Japan; Lahey Clinic Medical Center (F.J.V.), Burlington, Mass; Framingham Heart Study (H.T., M.G.L., E.S.M., J.C.E., D.L.), Framingham, Mass; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), Bethesda, Md; Brigham and Women's Hospital (C.L.F.), Boston, Mass; the Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology of Beth Israel Hospital (D.L.), Boston, Mass; and the Divisions of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine of Boston University School of Medicine (D.L.), Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Daniel Levy, MD, Framingham Heart Study, 5 Thurber St, Framingham, MA 01701.
Background Although heart rate variability (HRV) is altered in a variety of pathological conditions, the association of reduced HRV with risk for new cardiac events has not been studied in a large community-based population.
Methods and Results The first 2 hours of ambulatory ECG recordings obtained on subjects of the Framingham Heart Study who were free of clinically apparent coronary heart disease or congestive heart failure were reprocessed to assess HRV. Five frequency-domain measures and three time-domain measures were obtained. The associations between HRV measures and the incidence of new cardiac events (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, or congestive heart failure) were assessed with proportional hazards regression analyses. There were 2501 eligible subjects with a mean age of 53 years. During a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, cardiac events occurred in 58 subjects. After adjustment for age, sex, cigarette smoking, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, and other relevant risk factors, all HRV measures except the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power were significantly associated with risk for a cardiac event (P=.0016 to .0496). A one–standard deviation decrement in the standard deviation of total normal RR intervals (natural log transformed) was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.47 for new cardiac events (95% confidence interval of 1.16 to 1.86).
Conclusions The estimation of HRV by ambulatory monitoring offers prognostic information beyond that provided by the evaluation of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Key Words: heart rate • electrocardiography • prognosis • epidemiology
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M. R. Carnethon, S. H. Golden, A. R. Folsom, W. Haskell, and D. Liao Prospective Investigation of Autonomic Nervous System Function and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study, 1987-1998 Circulation, May 6, 2003; 107(17): 2190 - 2195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R.B. Devlin, A.J. Ghio, H. Kehrl, G. Sanders, and W. Cascio Elderly humans exposed to concentrated air pollution particles have decreased heart rate variability Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2003; 21(40_suppl): 76S - 80s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. G. Lakatta and D. Levy Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises: Part II: The Aging Heart in Health: Links to Heart Disease Circulation, January 21, 2003; 107(2): 346 - 354. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. R. Schwartz, W. Gerin, K. W. Davidson, T. G. Pickering, J. F. Brosschot, J. F. Thayer, N. Christenfeld, and W. Linden Toward a Causal Model of Cardiovascular Responses to Stress and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease Psychosom Med, January 1, 2003; 65(1): 22 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Liao, M. Carnethon, G. W. Evans, W. E. Cascio, and G. Heiss Lower Heart Rate Variability Is Associated With the Development of Coronary Heart Disease in Individuals With Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Diabetes, December 1, 2002; 51(12): 3524 - 3531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Sahl, G. Mezei, R. Kavet, A. McMillan, A. Silvers, A. Sastre, and L. Kheifets Occupational Magnetic Field Exposure and Cardiovascular Mortality in a Cohort of Electric Utility Workers Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2002; 156(10): 913 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Johansen, M. Feychting, M. Moller, P. Arnsbo, A. Ahlbom, and J. H. Olsen Risk of Severe Cardiac Arrhythmia in Male Utility Workers: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2002; 156(9): 857 - 861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J E Mietus, C-K Peng, I Henry, R L Goldsmith, and A L Goldberger The pNNx files: re-examining a widely used heart rate variability measure Heart, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 378 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Davies and A. Struthers Review: The potential benefits of aldosterone antagonism in Type 2 diabetes mellitus Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2002; 3(3): 150 - 155. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. R. Carnethon, D. Liao, G. W. Evans, W. E. Cascio, L. E. Chambless, W. D. Rosamond, and G. Heiss Does the Cardiac Autonomic Response to Postural Change Predict Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality? : The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2002; 155(1): 48 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. M. Curtis and J. H. O'Keefe Jr Autonomic Tone as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: The Dangers of Chronic Fight or Flight Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2002; 77(1): 45 - 54. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 H. V. Huikuri, A. Castellanos, and R. J. Myerburg Sudden Death Due to Cardiac Arrhythmias N. Engl. J. Med., November 15, 2001; 345(20): 1473 - 1482. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L G P M van Amelsvoort, E G Schouten, A C Maan, C A Swenne, and F J Kok Changes in frequency of premature complexes and heart rate variability related to shift work Occup. Environ. Med., October 1, 2001; 58(10): 678 - 681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. M. Colhoun, D. P. Francis, M. B. Rubens, S. R. Underwood, and J. H. Fuller The Association of Heart-Rate Variability With Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Coronary Artery Calcification: A study in type 1 diabetic patients and the general population Diabetes Care, June 1, 2001; 24(6): 1108 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. P. Sloan, E. Bagiella, P. A. Shapiro, J. P. Kuhl, D. Chernikhova, J. Berg, and M. M. Myers Hostility, Gender, and Cardiac Autonomic Control Psychosom Med, May 1, 2001; 63(3): 434 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. H. Makikallio, H. V. Huikuri, A. Makikallio, L. B. Sourander, R. D. Mitrani, A. Castellanos, and R. J. Myerburg Prediction of sudden cardiac death by fractal analysis of heart rate variability in elderly subjects J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2001; 37(5): 1395 - 1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Baltatu, B. J. Janssen, G. Bricca, R. Plehm, J. Monti, D. Ganten, and M. Bader Alterations in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Transgenic Rats With Low Brain Angiotensinogen Hypertension, February 1, 2001; 37(2): 408 - 413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kornitzer Predictive value of electrocardiographic markers for autonomic nervous system dysfunction in healthy populations: more studies needed Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2001; 22(2): 109 - 112. [PDF]
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 H. Tasaki, T. Serita, A. Irita, O. Hano, I. Iliev, C. Ueyama, K. Kitano, S. Seto, M. Hayano, and K. Yano A 15-Year Longitudinal Follow-Up Study of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Elderly Persons J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2000; 55(12): 744M - 749. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Loimaala, H. Huikuri, P. Oja, M. Pasanen, and I. Vuori Controlled 5-mo aerobic training improves heart rate but not heart rate variability or baroreflex sensitivity J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2000; 89(5): 1825 - 1829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kikuya, A. Hozawa, T. Ohokubo, I. Tsuji, M. Michimata, M. Matsubara, M. Ota, K. Nagai, T. Araki, H. Satoh, et al. Prognostic Significance of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variabilities : The Ohasama Study Hypertension, November 1, 2000; 36(5): 901 - 906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Dekker, R. S. Crow, A. R. Folsom, P. J. Hannan, D. Liao, C. A. Swenne, and E. G. Schouten Low Heart Rate Variability in a 2-Minute Rhythm Strip Predicts Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality From Several Causes : The ARIC Study Circulation, September 12, 2000; 102(11): 1239 - 1244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. G. M. Vrijkotte, L. J. P. van Doornen, and E. J. C. de Geus Effects of Work Stress on Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Heart Rate Variability Hypertension, April 1, 2000; 35(4): 880 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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