(Circulation. 1997;95:69-75.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Small, Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles as a Predictor of the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Men
Prospective Results From the Quebec Cardiovascular Study
the Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center (B.L., A.T., S.M., B.C., P.J.L., J.-P.D.) and the Department of Medicine, University of Montreal (G.R.D.), Quebec, Canada.
Correspondence to Jean-Pierre Despres, PhD, Director and Professor, Lipid Research Center, CHUL Research Center, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Ste-Foy, Quebec, G1V 4G2 Canada. E-mail jpierre.despres@crchul.ulaval.ca.
Background Case-control studies have reported that patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) have a higher proportion of small, dense LDL particles than do healthy control subjects. The extent to which the risk attributed to small LDL particles may be independent of concomitant variations in plasma lipoprotein-lipid concentrations remains to be clearly determined, however, particularly through prospective studies.
Methods and Results Baseline characteristics were obtained in 2103 men initially free of IHD, among whom 114 developed IHD during a 5-year follow-up period. These 114 case patients were matched with healthy control subjects for age, body mass index, smoking habits, and alcohol intake. LDL peak particle diameter (PPD) was measured a posteriori in 103 case-control pairs by nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of whole plasma. Conditional logistic regression analysis of the case-control status revealed that men in the first tertile of the control LDL-PPD distribution (LDL-PPD
25.64 nm) had a 3.6-fold increase in the risk of IHD (95% CI, 1.5 to 8.8) compared with those in the third tertile (LDL-PPD>26.05 nm). Statistical adjustment for concomitant variations in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B concentrations had virtually no impact on the relationship between small LDL particles and the risk of IHD.
Conclusions These results represent the first prospective evidence suggesting that the presence of small, dense LDL particles may be associated with an increased risk of subsequently developing IHD in men. Results also suggest that the risk attributed to small LDL particles may be partly independent of the concomitant variation in plasma lipoprotein-lipid concentrations.
Key Words: apolipoproteins • lipids • heart diseases • risk factors • lipoproteins
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N. Barzilai, G. Atzmon, C. Schechter, E. J. Schaefer, A. L. Cupples, R. Lipton, S. Cheng, and A. R. Shuldiner Unique Lipoprotein Phenotype and Genotype Associated With Exceptional Longevity JAMA, October 15, 2003; 290(15): 2030 - 2040. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. K Fried and S. P Rao Sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2003; 78(4): 873S - 880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. M. Sacks and H. Campos Low-Density Lipoprotein Size and Cardiovascular Disease: A Reappraisal J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2003; 88(10): 4525 - 4532. [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. R. Archer, B. Lamarche, A. C. St-Pierre, J.-F. Mauger, O. Deriaz, N. Landry, L. Corneau, J.-P. Despres, J. Bergeron, P. Couture, et al. High Carbohydrate and High Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Diets Similarly Affect LDL Electrophoretic Characteristics in Men Who Are Losing Weight J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3124 - 3129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Winkler, T. Konrad, S. Fullert, I. Friedrich, R. Destani, M. W. Baumstark, K. Krebs, H. Wieland, and W. Marz Pioglitazone Reduces Atherogenic Dense LDL Particles in Nondiabetic Patients With Arterial Hypertension: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study Diabetes Care, September 1, 2003; 26(9): 2588 - 2594. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Guerin, W. Le Goff, E. Frisdal, S. Schneider, D. Milosavljevic, E. Bruckert, and M. J. Chapman Action of Ciprofibrate in Type IIB Hyperlipoproteinemia: Modulation of the Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype and Stimulation of High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Cellular Cholesterol Efflux J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2003; 88(8): 3738 - 3746. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Holvoet, T. B. Harris, R. P. Tracy, P. Verhamme, A. B. Newman, S. M. Rubin, E. M. Simonsick, L. H. Colbert, and S. B. Kritchevsky Association of High Coronary Heart Disease Risk Status With Circulating Oxidized LDL in the Well-Functioning Elderly: Findings From the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 2003; 23(8): 1444 - 1448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Kreisberg and A. Oberman Medical Management of Hyperlipidemia/Dyslipidemia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2445 - 2461. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Herbst, J. K. Amory, J. D. Brunzell, H. A. Chansky, and W. J. Bremner Testosterone administration to men increases hepatic lipase activity and decreases HDL and LDL size in 3 wk Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2003; 284(6): E1112 - E1118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-P. St-Onge, B. Lamarche, J.-F. Mauger, and P. J. H. Jones Consumption of a Functional Oil Rich in Phytosterols and Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil Improves Plasma Lipid Profiles in Men J. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 133(6): 1815 - 1820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J. Jenkins, T. J. Lyons, D. Zheng, J. D. Otvos, D. T. Lackland, D. McGee, W. T. Garvey, R. L. Klein, and The DCCT/EDIC Research Group Serum Lipoproteins in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications Cohort: Associations with gender and glycemia Diabetes Care, March 1, 2003; 26(3): 810 - 818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. R. Holmer, C. Hengstenberg, H.-G. Kraft, B. Mayer, M. Poll, S. Kurzinger, M. Fischer, H. Lowel, G. Klein, G. A.J. Riegger, et al. Association of Polymorphisms of the Apolipoprotein(a) Gene With Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Myocardial Infarction Circulation, February 11, 2003; 107(5): 696 - 701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. D. Kolovou, D. Ch. Daskalova, S. A. Iraklianou, E. N. Adamopoulou, N. D. Pilatis, G. C. Hatzigeorgiou, and D. V. Cokkinos Postprandial Lipemia in Hypertension J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2003; 22(1): 80 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. T. Garvey, S. Kwon, D. Zheng, S. Shaughnessy, P. Wallace, A. Hutto, K. Pugh, A. J. Jenkins, R. L. Klein, and Y. Liao Effects of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes on Lipoprotein Subclass Particle Size and Concentration Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Diabetes, February 1, 2003; 52(2): 453 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Winkler, C. Abletshauser, M. M. Hoffmann, I. Friedrich, M. W. Baumstark, H. Wieland, and W. Marz Effect of Fluvastatin Slow-Release on Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Subfractions in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Baseline LDL Profile Determines Specific Mode of Action J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2002; 87(12): 5485 - 5490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. R. Sattler, E. T. Schroeder, M. P. Dube, S. V. Jaque, C. Martinez, P. J. Blanche, S. Azen, and R. M. Krauss Metabolic effects of nandrolone decanoate and resistance training in men with HIV Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2002; 283(6): E1214 - E1222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. E. Kraus, J. A. Houmard, B. D. Duscha, K. J. Knetzger, M. B. Wharton, J. S. McCartney, C. W. Bales, S. Henes, G. P. Samsa, J. D. Otvos, et al. Effects of the Amount and Intensity of Exercise on Plasma Lipoproteins N. Engl. J. Med., November 7, 2002; 347(19): 1483 - 1492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. J. Blake, J. D. Otvos, N. Rifai, and P. M Ridker Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Concentration and Size as Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease in Women Circulation, October 8, 2002; 106(15): 1930 - 1937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Somekawa, H. Umeki, K. Kobayashi, S. Tomura, T. Aso, and H. Hamaguchi Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Hepatic Lipase Polymorphism on Serum Lipid Profiles in Postmenopausal Japanese Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4766 - 4770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Petersen, H. Pedersen, A. Major-Pedersen, T. Jensen, and P. Marckmann Effect of Fish Oil Versus Corn Oil Supplementation on LDL and HDL Subclasses in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Diabetes Care, October 1, 2002; 25(10): 1704 - 1708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Faggin, A. Zambon, M. Puato, S. S. Deeb, S. Bertocco, S. Sartore, G. Crepaldi, A. C. Pessina, and P. Pauletto Association between the -514 c->t polymorphism of the hepatic lipase gene promoter and unstable carotid plaque in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 18, 2002; 40(6): 1059 - 1066. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. K. Berneis and R. M. Krauss Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2002; 43(9): 1363 - 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Hanasaki, K. Yamada, S. Yamamoto, Y. Ishimoto, A. Saiga, T. Ono, M. Ikeda, M. Notoya, S. Kamitani, and H. Arita Potent Modification of Low Density Lipoprotein by Group X Secretory Phospholipase A2 Is Linked to Macrophage Foam Cell Formation J. Biol. Chem., August 2, 2002; 277(32): 29116 - 29124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. M Davy, K. P Davy, R. C Ho, S. D Beske, L. R Davrath, and C. L Melby High-fiber oat cereal compared with wheat cereal consumption favorably alters LDL-cholesterol subclass and particle numbers in middle-aged and older men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2002; 76(2): 351 - 358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Murdoch, M. C. Carr, H. Kennedy, J. D. Brunzell, and J. J. Albers Selective and independent associations of phospholipid transfer protein and hepatic lipase with the LDL subfraction distribution J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2002; 43(8): 1256 - 1263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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