| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 1997;95:2617-2622.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Vitamin C Improves Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation in Forearm Resistance Vessels of Humans With Hypercholesterolemia
the Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Mark A. Creager, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115.
Background Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired in humans with hypercholesterolemia. Oxidative degradation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide plays a major role in endothelial dysfunction in animal models of hypercholesterolemia. To assess whether this mechanism is relevant to humans, we studied the effect of vitamin C, an antioxidant, on vasodilator function in forearm resistance vessels of patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Methods and Results We studied 11 hypercholesterolemic and 12 healthy control subjects. Forearm blood flow was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed by intra-arterial infusion of methacholine (0.3 to 10 µg/min). Endothelium-independent vasodilation was measured by intra-arterial infusion of nitroprusside (0.3 to 10 µg/min) and verapamil (10 to 300 µg/min). Forearm blood flow dose-response curves were determined for each drug before and during coadministration of vitamin C (24 mg/min). In hypercholesterolemic subjects, endothelium-dependent vasodilation to methacholine was augmented by coinfusion of vitamin C (P=.001); in contrast, endothelium-independent vasodilation to nitroprusside and verapamil were not affected by coinfusion of vitamin C (P=.8 and P=.3, respectively). In control subjects, vitamin C administration did not alter endothelium-dependent vasodilation (P=.2).
Conclusions We conclude that vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the forearm resistance vessels of patients with hypercholesterolemia. These findings suggest that nitric oxide degradation by oxygen-derived free radicals contributes to abnormal vascular reactivity in hypercholesterolemic humans.
Key Words: antioxidants • hypercholesterolemia • endothelium • free radicals
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M. J. Crabtree, A. L. Tatham, Y. Al-Wakeel, N. Warrick, A. B. Hale, S. Cai, K. M. Channon, and N. J. Alp Quantitative Regulation of Intracellular Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase (eNOS) Coupling by Both Tetrahydrobiopterin-eNOS Stoichiometry and Biopterin Redox Status: INSIGHTS FROM CELLS WITH TET-REGULATED GTP CYCLOHYDROLASE I EXPRESSION J. Biol. Chem., January 9, 2009; 284(2): 1136 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. D. Patel and R. R. Arora Review: Endothelial dysfunction: A potential tool in gender related cardiovascular disease Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 89 - 100. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Fukai Endothelial GTPCH in eNOS Uncoupling and Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2007; 27(7): 1493 - 1495. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Takaya, K.-i. Hirata, T. Yamashita, M. Shinohara, N. Sasaki, N. Inoue, T. Yada, M. Goto, A. Fukatsu, T. Hayashi, et al. A Specific Role for eNOS-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species in Atherosclerosis Progression Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2007; 27(7): 1632 - 1637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Nohria, M. E. Grunert, Y. Rikitake, K. Noma, A. Prsic, P. Ganz, J. K. Liao, and M. A. Creager Rho Kinase Inhibition Improves Endothelial Function in Human Subjects With Coronary Artery Disease Circ. Res., December 8, 2006; 99(12): 1426 - 1432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. George, E. Carr, J. Davies, J.J.F. Belch, and A. Struthers High-Dose Allopurinol Improves Endothelial Function by Profoundly Reducing Vascular Oxidative Stress and Not by Lowering Uric Acid Circulation, December 5, 2006; 114(23): 2508 - 2516. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Grebe, H. J. Eisele, N. Weissmann, C. Schaefer, H. Tillmanns, W. Seeger, and R. Schulz Antioxidant Vitamin C Improves Endothelial Function in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 15, 2006; 173(8): 897 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Chen, R. J. Karne, G. Hall, U. Campia, J. A. Panza, R. O. Cannon III, Y. Wang, A. Katz, M. Levine, and M. J. Quon High-dose oral vitamin C partially replenishes vitamin C levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes and low vitamin C levels but does not improve endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistance Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): H137 - H145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. Brzezinska, N. Lohr, and W. M. Chilian Electrophysiological effects of O2-{middle dot} on the plasma membrane in vascular endothelial cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2005; 289(6): H2379 - H2386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D Tousoulis, C Xenakis, C Tentolouris, G Davies, C Antoniades, T Crake, and C Stefanadis Effects of vitamin C on intracoronary L-arginine dependent coronary vasodilatation in patients with stable angina Heart, October 1, 2005; 91(10): 1319 - 1323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Yamauchi, H. Nakano, J. Maekawa, Y. Okamoto, Y. Ohnishi, T. Suzuki, and H. Kimura Oxidative Stress in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Chest, May 1, 2005; 127(5): 1674 - 1679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. O. Lundberg and E. Weitzberg NO Generation From Nitrite and Its Role in Vascular Control Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2005; 25(5): 915 - 922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. K. Roberts and R. J. Barnard Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 3 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Sim, C. Farquharson, and A. D Struthers Tonic levels of angiotensin II reduce tonic levels of vascular nitric oxide even in salt-replete man Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2004; 5(2): 84 - 88. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F Violi, L Loffredo, L Musella, and A Marcoccia Should antioxidant status be considered in interventional trials with antioxidants? Heart, June 1, 2004; 90(6): 598 - 602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kawashima and M. Yokoyama Dysfunction of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2004; 24(6): 998 - 1005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Eskurza, K. D. Monahan, J. A. Robinson, and D. R. Seals Ascorbic acid does not affect large elastic artery compliance or central blood pressure in young and older men Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): H1528 - H1534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Alp and K. M. Channon Regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Tetrahydrobiopterin in Vascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2004; 24(3): 413 - 420. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Ganz and J. A. Vita Testing Endothelial Vasomotor Function: Nitric Oxide, a Multipotent Molecule Circulation, October 28, 2003; 108(17): 2049 - 2053. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Engler, M. B. Engler, M. J. Malloy, E. Y. Chiu, M. C. Schloetter, S. M. Paul, M. Stuehlinger, K. Y. Lin, J. P. Cooke, J. D. Morrow, et al. Antioxidant Vitamins C and E Improve Endothelial Function in Children With Hyperlipidemia: Endothelial Assessment of Risk from Lipids in Youth (EARLY) Trial Circulation, September 2, 2003; 108(9): 1059 - 1063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. K Heilbronn and E. Ravussin Calorie restriction and aging: review of the literature and implications for studies in humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 361 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Kuzkaya, N. Weissmann, D. G. Harrison, and S. Dikalov Interactions of Peroxynitrite, Tetrahydrobiopterin, Ascorbic Acid, and Thiols: IMPLICATIONS FOR UNCOUPLING ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE J. Biol. Chem., June 13, 2003; 278(25): 22546 - 22554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. E. Drossos, I. K. Toumpoulis, D. G. Katritsis, J. P. A. Ioannidis, P. Kontogiorgi, E. Svarna, and C. E. Anagnostopoulos Is vitamin C superior to diltiazem for radial artery vasodilation in patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., February 1, 2003; 125(2): 330 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. V. d'Uscio, S. Milstien, D. Richardson, L. Smith, and Z. S. Katusic Long-Term Vitamin C Treatment Increases Vascular Tetrahydrobiopterin Levels and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Circ. Res., January 10, 2003; 92(1): 88 - 95. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Singh, J. Graves, P. D Taylor, R. J MacAllister, and D. R.J Singer Effects of a 'healthy' diet and of acute and long-term vitamin C on vascular function in healthy older subjects Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2002; 56(1): 118 - 125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. T. McGrath, L. Dixon, D. R. Morgan, and G. E. McVeigh Production of 8-epi prostaglandin F2{alpha} in human platelets during administration of organic nitrates J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 21, 2002; 40(4): 820 - 825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Libby and M. Aikawa Vitamin C, Collagen, and Cracks in the Plaque Circulation, March 26, 2002; 105(12): 1396 - 1398. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Toth, Z. Kukor, and S. Valent Chemical stabilization of tetrahydrobiopterin by L-ascorbic acid: contribution to placental endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity Mol. Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2002; 8(3): 271 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Hathaway, D. D. Heistad, D. J. Piegors, and F. J. Miller Jr Regression of Atherosclerosis in Monkeys Reduces Vascular Superoxide Levels Circ. Res., February 22, 2002; 90(3): 277 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Nicolaides and C. J. Jones Review: Type 2 diabetes -- implications for macrovascular mechanics and disease The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, January 1, 2002; 2(1): 9 - 12. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.C. Verhaar, E. Stroes, and T.J. Rabelink Folates and Cardiovascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2002; 22(1): 6 - 13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mak and G. E. Newton The Oxidative Stress Hypothesis of Congestive Heart Failure : Radical Thoughts Chest, December 1, 2001; 120(6): 2035 - 2046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Heitzer, T. Schlinzig, K. Krohn, T. Meinertz, and T. Munzel Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, November 27, 2001; 104(22): 2673 - 2678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nakayama, K. Takahashi, T. Komaru, M. Fukuchi, H. Shioiri, K.-i. Sato, T. Kitamuro, K. Shirato, T. Yamaguchi, M. Suematsu, et al. Increased Expression of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Bilirubin Accumulation in Foam Cells of Rabbit Atherosclerotic Lesions Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2001; 21(8): 1373 - 1377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. A. Williams, W. H. F. Sutherland, M. P. McCormick, S. A. de Jong, J. R. McDonald, and R. J. Walker Vitamin C improves endothelial dysfunction in renal allograft recipients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2001; 16(6): 1251 - 1255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. A. Witte, A. L. Clark, and J. G. F. Cleland Chronic heart failure and micronutrients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 1, 2001; 37(7): 1765 - 1774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Simon, E. S. Hudes, and J. A. Tice Relation of Serum Ascorbic Acid to Mortality Among US Adults J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2001; 20(3): 255 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A Brown and F. B Hu Dietary modulation of endothelial function: implications for cardiovascular disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2001; 73(4): 673 - 686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. John, C. Delles, J. Jacobi, M. P. Schlaich, M. Schneider, G. Schmitz, and R. E. Schmieder Rapid improvement of nitric oxide bioavailability after lipid-lowering therapy with cerivastatin within two weeks J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2001; 37(5): 1351 - 1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Grossmann, D. Dobrev, H. M. Himmel, U. Ravens, and W. Kirch Ascorbic Acid-Induced Modulation of Venous Tone in Humans Hypertension, March 1, 2001; 37(3): 949 - 954. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mak and G. E. Newton Vitamin C Augments the Inotropic Response to Dobutamine in Humans With Normal Left Ventricular Function Circulation, February 13, 2001; 103(6): 826 - 830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Davis and D. G. Harrison Cracking Down on Caveolin: Role of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors in Modulating Edothelial Cell Nitric Oxide Production Circulation, January 2, 2001; 103(1): 2 - 4. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Perticone, R. Ceravolo, M. Candigliota, G. Ventura, S. Iacopino, F. Sinopoli, and P. L. Mattioli Obesity and Body Fat Distribution Induce Endothelial Dysfunction by Oxidative Stress: Protective Effect of Vitamin C Diabetes, January 1, 2001; 50(1): 159 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Tomasian, J. F. Keaney Jr., and J. A. Vita Antioxidants and the bioactivity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide Cardiovasc Res, August 18, 2000; 47(3): 426 - 435. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. T. Raitakari, M. R. Adams, R. J. McCredie, K. A. Griffiths, R. Stocker, and D. S. Celermajer Oral vitamin C and endothelial function in smokers: short-term improvement, but no sustained beneficial effect J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2000; 35(6): 1616 - 1621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Sherman, J. F. Keaney Jr, E. S. Biegelsen, S. J. Duffy, J. D. Coffman, and J. A. Vita Pharmacological Concentrations of Ascorbic Acid Are Required for the Beneficial Effect on Endothelial Vasomotor Function in Hypertension Hypertension, April 1, 2000; 35(4): 936 - 941. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Frei On the Role of Vitamin C and Other Antioxidants in Atherogenesis and Vascular Dysfunction Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 1999; 222(3): 196 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Koh, A. Blum, L. Hathaway, R. Mincemoyer, G. Csako, M. A. Waclawiw, J. A. Panza, and R. O. Cannon III Vascular Effects of Estrogen and Vitamin E Therapies in Postmenopausal Women Circulation, November 2, 1999; 100(18): 1851 - 1857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Anderson Assessment and treatment of endothelial dysfunction in humans J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 1999; 34(3): 631 - 638. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Kojda and D. Harrison Interactions between NO and reactive oxygen species: pathophysiological importance in atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes and heart failure Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 1999; 43(3): 652 - 671. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J Duffy, G. New, R. W Harper, and I. T Meredith Metabolic vasodilation in the human forearm is preserved in hypercholesterolemia despite impairment of endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 1999; 43(3): 721 - 730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Doi, K. Kugiyama, M. Ohgushi, S. Sugiyama, T. Matsumura, Y. Ohta, H. Oka, N. Ogata, A. Hirata, Y. Yamamoto, et al. Membrane Active Lipids in Remnant Lipoproteins Cause Impairment of Endothelium-Dependent Vasorelaxation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 1999; 19(8): 1918 - 1924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Cosentino and T. F Luscher Tetrahydrobiopterin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 1999; 43(2): 274 - 278. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Ramasamy, G. R. Drummond, J. Ahn, M. Storek, J. Pohl, S. Parthasarathy, and D. G. Harrison Modulation of Expression of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase by Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid, a Phenolic Antioxidant in Cultured Endothelial Cells Mol. Pharmacol., July 1, 1999; 56(1): 116 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C Carr and B. Frei Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 1999; 69(6): 1086 - 1107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Verhaar, M. L.H. Honing, T. van Dam, M. Zwart, H. A. Koomans, J. J.P. Kastelein, and T. J. Rabelink Nifedipine improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia, independently of an effect on blood pressure or plasma lipids Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1999; 42(3): 752 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kugiyama, T. Motoyama, H. Doi, H. Kawano, N. Hirai, H. Soejima, Y. Miyao, K. Takazoe, Y. Moriyama, Y. Mizuno, et al. Improvement of endothelial vasomotor dysfunction by treatment with alpha-tocopherol in patients with high remnant lipoproteins levels J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 1999; 33(6): 1512 - 1518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wever, P. Boer, M. Hijmering, E. Stroes, M. Verhaar, J. Kastelein, K. Versluis, F. Lagerwerf, H. van Rijn, H. Koomans, et al. Nitric Oxide Production Is Reduced in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 1999; 19(5): 1168 - 1172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Gupte, T. Rupawalla, K. M. Mohazzab-H., and M. S. Wolin Regulation of NO-elicited pulmonary artery relaxation and guanylate cyclase activation by NADH oxidase and SOD Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 1999; 276(5): H1535 - H1542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Heller, F. Munscher-Paulig, R. Grabner, and U. Till L-Ascorbic Acid Potentiates Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., March 19, 1999; 274(12): 8254 - 8260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. A. Caramori, A. G. Adelman, E. R. Azevedo, G. E. Newton, A. B. Parker, and J. D. Parker Therapy with nitroglycerin increases coronary vasoconstriction in response to acetylcholine J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 1998; 32(7): 1969 - 1974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S. Jackson, A. Xu, J. A. Vita, and J. F. Keaney Jr Ascorbate Prevents the Interaction of Superoxide and Nitric Oxide Only at Very High Physiological Concentrations Circ. Res., November 2, 1998; 83(9): 916 - 922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Verhaar, R. M. F. Wever, J. J. P. Kastelein, T. van Dam, H. A. Koomans, and T. J. Rabelink 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, the Active Form of Folic Acid, Restores Endothelial Function in Familial Hypercholesterolemia Circulation, January 27, 1998; 97(3): 237 - 241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. D. Plotnick, M. C. Corretti, and R. A. Vogel Effect of Antioxidant Vitamins on the Transient Impairment of Endothelium--Dependent Brachial Artery Vasoactivity Following a Single High-Fat Meal JAMA, November 26, 1997; 278(20): 1682 - 1686. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Huang, J. A. Vita, R. C. Venema, and J. F. Keaney Jr. Ascorbic Acid Enhances Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Activity by Increasing Intracellular Tetrahydrobiopterin J. Biol. Chem., June 2, 2000; 275(23): 17399 - 17406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Heller, A. Unbehaun, B. Schellenberg, B. Mayer, G. Werner-Felmayer, and E. R. Werner L-Ascorbic Acid Potentiates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthesis via a Chemical Stabilization of Tetrahydrobiopterin J. Biol. Chem., January 5, 2001; 276(1): 40 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mak, Z. Egri, G. Tanna, R. Colman, and G. E. Newton Vitamin C prevents hyperoxia-mediated vasoconstriction and impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): H2414 - H2421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Hathaway, D. D. Heistad, D. J. Piegors, and F. J. Miller Jr Regression of Atherosclerosis in Monkeys Reduces Vascular Superoxide Levels Circ. Res., February 22, 2002; 90(3): 277 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|