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(Circulation. 1997;95:1441-1448.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.


Articles

Relationship Between Spectral Components of Cardiovascular Variabilities and Direct Measures of Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Humans

Massimo Pagani, MD; Nicola Montano, MD, PhD; Alberto Porta, PhD; Alberto Malliani, MD; Francois M. Abboud, MD; Clay Birkett, MSEE; Virend K. Somers, MD, PhD

From Centro Ricerche Cardiovascolari, CNR, Medicina Interna II, Ospedale L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Italy, and Cardiovascular Division (F.M.A., C.B., V.K.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City.

Correspondence to Massimo Pagani, MD, Istituto di Scienze Biomediche, Universitá di Milano, Ospedale L. Sacco, via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy.

Background Spectral analysis of RR interval and systolic arterial pressure variabilities may provide indirect markers of the balance between sympathetic and vagal cardiovascular control.

Methods and Results We examined the relationship between power spectral measurements of variabilities in RR interval, systolic arterial pressure, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) obtained by microneurography over a range of blood pressures. In eight healthy human volunteers, MSNA, RR interval, intra-arterial pressure, and respiration were measured during blood pressure reductions induced by nitroprusside and during blood pressure increases induced by phenylephrine. Both low-frequency (LF; 0.10±0.01 Hz) and high-frequency (HF; 0.23±0.01 Hz) components were detected in MSNA variability. Increasing levels of MSNA were associated with a shift of the spectral power toward its LF component. Decreasing levels of MSNA were associated with a shift of MSNA spectral power toward the HF component. Over the range of pressure changes, the LF component of MSNA variability was positively and tightly correlated with LF components of RR interval (in normalized units; P<10-6) and of systolic arterial pressure variability (both in millimeters of mercury squared and normalized units; P<5x10-5 and P<5x10-6, respectively). The HF component of MSNA variability was positively and tightly correlated with the HF component (in normalized units) of RR-interval variability (P<3x10-4) and of systolic arterial pressure variability (P<.01).

Conclusions During sympathetic activation in normal humans, there is a predominance in the LF oscillation of blood pressure, RR interval, and sympathetic nerve activity. During sympathetic inhibition, the HF component of cardiovascular variability predominates. This relationship is best seen when power spectral components are normalized for total power. Synchronous changes in the LF and HF rhythms of both RR interval and MSNA during different levels of sympathetic drive are suggestive of common central mechanisms governing both parasympathetic and sympathetic cardiovascular modulation.


Key Words: nervous system, autonomic • heart rate • blood pressure • vagus nerve




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Hypertension, March 1, 2004; 43(3): 629 - 635.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Psychosom. Med.Home page
M. Hall, R. Vasko, D. Buysse, H. Ombao, Q. Chen, J. D. Cashmere, D. Kupfer, and J. F. Thayer
Acute Stress Affects Heart Rate Variability During Sleep
Psychosom Med, January 1, 2004; 66(1): 56 - 62.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur Respir JHome page
K. Dingli, T. Assimakopoulos, P.K. Wraith, I. Fietze, C. Witt, and N.J. Douglas
Spectral oscillations of RR intervals in sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome patients
Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2003; 22(6): 943 - 950.
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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
C. C. Liu, T. B. J. Kuo, and C. C. H. Yang
Effects of estrogen on gender-related autonomic differences in humans
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): H2188 - H2193.
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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
K.-i. Iwasaki, R. Zhang, J. H. Zuckerman, and B. D. Levine
Dose-response relationship of the cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training in healthy adults: how much training for what benefit?
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2003; 95(4): 1575 - 1583.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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ChestHome page
M. N. Bartels, S. Jelic, P. Ngai, R. C. Basner, and R. E. DeMeersman
High-Frequency Modulation of Heart Rate Variability During Exercise in Patients With COPD
Chest, September 1, 2003; 124(3): 863 - 869.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
R. Furlan, A. Diedrich, A. Rimoldi, L. Palazzolo, C. Porta, L. Diedrich, P. A. Harris, P. Sleight, I. Biagioni, D. Robertson, et al.
Effects of Unilateral and Bilateral Carotid Baroreflex Stimulation on Cardiac and Neural Sympathetic Discharge Oscillatory Patterns
Circulation, August 12, 2003; 108(6): 717 - 723.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. P. Tulppo, A. J. Hautala, T. H. Makikallio, R. T. Laukkanen, S. Nissila, R. L. Hughson, and H. V. Huikuri
Effects of aerobic training on heart rate dynamics in sedentary subjects
J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2003; 95(1): 364 - 372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
D. Lucini, G. S. Mela, A. Malliani, and M. Pagani
Impairment in Cardiac Autonomic Regulation Preceding Arterial Hypertension in Humans: Insights From Spectral Analysis of Beat-by-Beat Cardiovascular Variability
Circulation, November 19, 2002; 106(21): 2673 - 2679.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur J Heart FailHome page
L. Mangin, A. Monti, and C. Medigue
Cardiorespiratory system dynamics in chronic heart failure
Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2002; 4(5): 617 - 625.
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J. Physiol.Home page
R. Zhang, K. Iwasaki, J. H Zuckerman, K. Behbehani, C. G Crandall, and B. D Levine
Mechanism of blood pressure and R-R variability: insights from ganglion blockade in humans
J. Physiol., August 15, 2002; 543(1): 337 - 348.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
M. A Cohen and J A. Taylor
Short-term cardiovascular oscillations in man: measuring and modelling the physiologies
J. Physiol., August 1, 2002; 542(3): 669 - 683.
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CirculationHome page
F. Iellamo, J. M. Legramante, F. Pigozzi, A. Spataro, G. Norbiato, D. Lucini, and M. Pagani
Conversion From Vagal to Sympathetic Predominance With Strenuous Training in High-Performance World Class Athletes
Circulation, June 11, 2002; 105(23): 2719 - 2724.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JNMHome page
M. Pietila, K. Malminiemi, R. Vesalainen, T. Jartti, M. Teras, K. Nagren, P. Lehikoinen, and L.-M. Voipio-Pulkki
Exercise Training in Chronic Heart Failure: Beneficial Effects on Cardiac 11C-Hydroxyephedrine PET, Autonomic Nervous Control, and Ventricular Repolarization
J. Nucl. Med., June 1, 2002; 43(6): 773 - 779.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Br J AnaesthHome page
I. Constant, M. Abbas, S. Boucheseiche, D. Laude, and I. Murat
Non-invasive assessment of cardiovascular autonomic activity induced by brief exposure to 50% nitrous oxide in children
Br. J. Anaesth., May 1, 2002; 88(5): 637 - 643.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
D. L. Jardine, C. J. Charles, I. C. Melton, C. N. May, M. D. Forrester, C. M. Frampton, S. I. Bennett, and H. Ikram
Continual recordings of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in conscious sheep
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2002; 282(1): H93 - H99.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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HypertensionHome page
D. Lucini, G. Norbiato, M. Clerici, and M. Pagani
Hemodynamic and Autonomic Adjustments to Real Life Stress Conditions in Humans
Hypertension, January 1, 2002; 39(1): 184 - 188.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
D. W. Wray, K. J. Formes, M. S. Weiss, A. H. O-Yurvati, P. B. Raven, R. Zhang, and X. Shi
Vagal cardiac function and arterial blood pressure stability
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2001; 281(5): H1870 - H1880.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
P. van de Borne, J. Neubauer, M. Rahnama, J.-L. Jansens, N. Montano, A. Porta, V. K. Somers, and J. P. Degaute
Differential Characteristics of Neural Circulatory Control: Early Versus Late After Cardiac Transplantation
Circulation, October 9, 2001; 104(15): 1809 - 1813.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Psychosom. Med.Home page
H. Schachinger, M. Weinbacher, A. Kiss, R. Ritz, and W. Langewitz
Cardiovascular Indices of Peripheral and Central Sympathetic Activation
Psychosom Med, September 1, 2001; 63(5): 788 - 796.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J. S. Floras, G. C. Butler, S.-I. Ando, S. C. Brooks, M. J. Pollard, and P. Picton
Differential sympathetic nerve and heart rate spectral effects of nonhypotensive lower body negative pressure
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2001; 281(2): R468 - R475.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
P. van de Borne, M. Rahnama, S. Mezzetti, N. Montano, A. Porta, J. P. Degaute, and V. K. Somers
Contrasting effects of phentolamine and nitroprusside on neural and cardiovascular variability
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2001; 281(2): H559 - H565.
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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. Manzella, M. Barbieri, M. R. Rizzo, E. Ragno, N. Passariello, A. Gambardella, R. Marfella, D. Giugliano, and G. Paolisso
Role of Free Fatty Acids on Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetic Patients: Effects of Metabolic Control
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2001; 86(6): 2769 - 2774.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
F. Yasuma and J.-I. Hayano
Augmentation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in response to progressive hypercapnia in conscious dogs
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2001; 280(5): H2336 - H2341.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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ChestHome page
R. A. Nelesen, H. Yu, M. G. Ziegler, P. J. Mills, J. L. Clausen, and J. E. Dimsdale
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Normalizes Cardiac Autonomic and Hemodynamic Responses to a Laboratory Stressor in Apneic Patients
Chest, April 1, 2001; 119(4): 1092 - 1101.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurol. Neurosurg. PsychiatryHome page
T H Haapaniemi, V Pursiainen, J T Korpelainen, H V Huikuri, K A Sotaniemi, and V V Myllyla
Ambulatory ECG and analysis of heart rate variability in Parkinson's disease
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, March 1, 2001; 70(3): 305 - 310.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. Bergholm, J. Westerbacka, S. Vehkavaara, A. Seppälä-Lindroos, T. Goto, and H. Yki-Järvinen
Insulin Sensitivity Regulates Autonomic Control of Heart Rate Variation Independent of Body Weight in Normal Subjects
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1403 - 1409.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Eur J Heart FailHome page
L. Mangin, A. Monti, C. Medigue, I. Macquin-Mavier, M.-E. Lopes, P. Gueret, A. Castaigne, B. Swynghedauw, and P. Mansier
Altered baroreflex gain during voluntary breathing in chronic heart failure
Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2001; 3(2): 189 - 195.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Eur J Heart FailHome page
G. Malfatto, G. Branzi, S. Gritti, L. Sala, R. Bragato, G. B. Perego, G. Leonetti, and M. Facchini
Different baseline sympathovagal balance and cardiac autonomic responsiveness in ischemic and non-ischemic congestive heart failure
Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2001; 3(2): 197 - 202.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
S. M. Pikkujamsa, T. H. Makikallio, K. E. J. Airaksinen, and H. V. Huikuri
Determinants and interindividual variation of R-R interval dynamics in healthy middle-aged subjects
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): H1400 - H1406.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
A. Cevese, G. Gulli, E. Polati, L. Gottin, and R. Grasso
Baroreflex and oscillation of heart period at 0.1 Hz studied by {alpha}-blockade and cross-spectral analysis in healthy humans
J. Physiol., February 15, 2001; 531(1): 235 - 244.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
P. Van De Borne, N. Montano, K. Narkiewicz, J. P. Degaute, A. Malliani, M. Pagani, and V. K. Somers
Importance of ventilation in modulating interaction between sympathetic drive and cardiovascular variability
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2001; 280(2): H722 - H729.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CirculationHome page
V. Crasset, S. Mezzetti, M. Antoine, P. Linkowski, J. P. Degaute, and P. van de Borne
Effects of Aging and Cardiac Denervation on Heart Rate Variability During Sleep
Circulation, January 2, 2001; 103(1): 84 - 88.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EuropaceHome page
C. F. Notarius and J. S. Floras
Limitations of the use of spectral analysis of heart rate variability for the estimation of cardiac sympathetic activity in heart failure
Europace, January 1, 2001; 3(1): 29 - 38.
[Abstract] [PDF]