(Circulation. 1997;96:4204-4210.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Prognostic Influence of Increased Fibrinogen and C-Reactive Protein Levels in Unstable Coronary Artery Disease
From the Department of Cardiology (H.T., B.L., L.W.) and Laboratory for Coagulation Research (A.S.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.
Correspondence to Dr Henrik Toss, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
Background The prognostic influences of fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels and their relations to myocardial damage in unstable coronary artery syndromes have not been well described.
Methods and Results Fibrinogen and C-reactive protein were
determined at inclusion and related to outcome after 5 months in 965
patients with unstable angina or non–Q-wave myocardial infarction
randomized to 5 weeks with low-molecular-weight heparin or placebo. The
probabilities of death were 1.6%, 4.6%, and 6.9%
(P=.005) and the probabilities of death and/or
myocardial infarction were 9.3%, 14.2%, and 19.1%
(P=.002), respectively, in patients stratified by
tertiles of fibrinogen (<3.38, 3.38 to 3.99, and 
4.0 g/L). The
probabilities of death were 2.2%, 3.6%, and 7.5%
(P=.003) after stratification of patient data by
tertiles of C-reactive protein level (<2, 2 to 10, and >10 mg/L). In
logistic multiple regression analysis, increased fibrinogen
levels were independently associated with the incidence of death and/or
myocardial infarction (P=.013), and elevated C-reactive
protein level was associated with the incidence of death
(P=.012). The increased relative risk of subsequent
death or myocardial infarction in individuals with an elevated
fibrinogen level was consistent in most subgroups evaluated;
although significantly so only in patients with signs of myocardial
damage.
Conclusions Increased levels of both fibrinogen and C-reactive protein are associated with a worse outcome in patients with unstable coronary artery disease. The increased risk associated with elevated fibrinogen levels is independent of, and additive to, the prognostic influence of myocardial damage.
Key Words: angina • fibrinogen • mycardial infarction • prognosis • risk factors
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. Ziakas, S. Gavrilidis, E. Souliou, G. Giannoglou, I. Stiliadis, H. Karvounis, G. Efthimiadis, S. Mochlas, M. A. Vayona, A. Hatzitolios, et al. Ceruloplasmin is a Better Predictor of the Long-Term Prognosis Compared With Fibrinogen, CRP, and IL-6 in Patients With Severe Unstable Angina Angiology, February 1, 2009; 60(1): 50 - 59. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Derer, E. S. Barnathan, E. Safak, P. Agarwal, H. Heidecke, M. Mockel, M. Gross, C. Oezcelik, R. Dietz, and R. Dechend Vitronectin Concentrations Predict Risk in Patients Undergoing Coronary Stenting Circ Cardiovasc Interv, February 1, 2009; 2(1): 14 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. T. Papas, C. K. Maltezos, N. Papanas, G. Kopadis, J. Marakis, E. Maltezos, and E. Bastounis High-Sensitivity CRP Is Correlated With Neurologic Symptoms and Plaque Instability in Patients With Severe Stenosis of the Carotid Bifurcation Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, June 1, 2008; 42(3): 249 - 255. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Malarstig, P Eriksson, A Hamsten, B Lindahl, L Wallentin, and A Siegbahn Raised interleukin-10 is an indicator of poor outcome and enhanced systemic inflammation in patients with acute coronary syndrome Heart, June 1, 2008; 94(6): 724 - 729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Anuurad, J. Rubin, A. Chiem, R. P. Tracy, T. A. Pearson, and L. Berglund High Levels of Inflammatory Biomarkers Are Associated with Increased Allele-Specific Apolipoprotein(a) Levels in African-Americans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2008; 93(4): 1482 - 1488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ulucay, R. Demirbag, R. Yilmaz, D. Unlu, M. Gur, S. Selek, and H. Celik The Relationship Between Plasma C-Reactive Protein Levels and Presence and Severity of Coronary Stenosis in Patients With Stable Angina Angiology, January 1, 2008; 58(6): 657 - 662. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A. Kavsak, D. T. Ko, A. M. Newman, G. E. Palomaki, V. Lustig, A. R. MacRae, and A. S. Jaffe Risk Stratification for Heart Failure and Death in an Acute Coronary Syndrome Population Using Inflammatory Cytokines and N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Clin. Chem., December 1, 2007; 53(12): 2112 - 2118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 NACB WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, R. L. Jesse, L. K. Newby, J. Ravkilde, A. B. Storrow, A. H.B. Wu, and R. H. Christenson National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical Characteristics and Utilization of Biochemical Markers in Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, April 3, 2007; 115(13): e356 - e375. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
NACB WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, R. L. Jesse, L. K. Newby, J. Ravkilde, A. B. Storrow, A. H.B. Wu, R. H. Christenson, NACB COMMITTEE MEMBERS, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical Characteristics and Utilization of Biochemical Markers in Acute Coronary Syndromes Clin. Chem., April 1, 2007; 53(4): 552 - 574. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E K Iliodromitis, S Kyrzopoulos, I A Paraskevaidis, K G Kolocassides, S Adamopoulos, G Karavolias, and D T Kremastinos Increased C reactive protein and cardiac enzyme levels after coronary stent implantation. Is there protection by remote ischaemic preconditioning? Heart, December 1, 2006; 92(12): 1821 - 1826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ziakas, S. Gavrilidis, G. Giannoglou, E. Souliou, K. Gemitzis, D. Kalampalika, M. A. Vayona, I. Pidonia, G. Parharidis, and G. Louridas In-Hospital and Long-Term Prognostic Value of Fibrinogen, CRP, and IL-6 Levels in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated with Thrombolysis Angiology, May 1, 2006; 57(3): 283 - 293. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Suleiman, R. Khatib, Y. Agmon, R. Mahamid, M. Boulos, M. Kapeliovich, Y. Levy, R. Beyar, W. Markiewicz, H. Hammerman, et al. Early Inflammation and Risk of Long-Term Development of Heart Failure and Mortality in Survivors of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Predictive Role of C-Reactive Protein J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 7, 2006; 47(5): 962 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M C. S M Leao, M. P. C Duarte, D. M. B Silva, P. R. V Bahia, C. M. Coeli, and M. L. F. de Farias Influence of methyltestosterone postmenopausal therapy on plasma lipids, inflammatory factors, glucose metabolism and visceral fat: a randomized study Eur. J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2006; 154(1): 131 - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Lakoski, M. Cushman, W. Palmas, R. Blumenthal, R. B. D'Agostino Jr, and D. M. Herrington The Relationship Between Blood Pressure and C-Reactive Protein in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 15, 2005; 46(10): 1869 - 1874. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. De Servi, M. Mariani, G. Mariani, and A. Mazzone C-Reactive Protein Increase in Unstable Coronary Disease: Cause or Effect? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 18, 2005; 46(8): 1496 - 1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L M Biasucci, G Giubilato, F Graziani, and M Piro CRP is or is not a reliable marker of ischaemic heart disease? Lupus, September 1, 2005; 14(9): 752 - 755. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Keaney Jr Circulating Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Something Different or More of the Same? Circulation, August 9, 2005; 112(6): 778 - 780. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G A Large Contemporary management of acute coronary syndrome Postgrad. Med. J., April 1, 2005; 81(954): 217 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Biasucci CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: Clinical Use of Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Cardiovascular Diseases: A Background Paper Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): e560 - e567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Engstrom, B. Hedblad, L. Stavenow, P. Tyden, P. Lind, L. Janzon, and F. Lindgarde Fatality of Future Coronary Events Is Related to Inflammation-Sensitive Plasma Proteins: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study Circulation, July 6, 2004; 110(1): 27 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Brook, B. Franklin, W. Cascio, Y. Hong, G. Howard, M. Lipsett, R. Luepker, M. Mittleman, J. Samet, S. C. Smith Jr, et al. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2655 - 2671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Myhre, R. Stenseth, A. Karevold, L. Bjella, P. S. Lingaas, P. O. Olsen, R. Haaverstad, I. Kirkeby-Garstad, and O. Walle Levang Bleeding Following Coronary Surgery After Preoperative Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, March 1, 2004; 12(1): 3 - 6. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P L Sanchez, J L Morinigo, P Pabon, F Martin, I Piedra, I F Palacios, and C Martin-Luengo Prognostic relations between inflammatory markers and mortality in diabetic patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome Heart, March 1, 2004; 90(3): 264 - 269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Heeschen, S. Dimmeler, S. Fichtlscherer, C. W. Hamm, J. Berger, M. L. Simoons, and A. M. Zeiher Prognostic Value of Placental Growth Factor in Patients With Acute Chest Pain JAMA, January 28, 2004; 291(4): 435 - 441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L S Rallidis, M G Zolindaki, P C Pentzeridis, K P Poulopoulos, A H Velissaridou, and T S Apostolou Raised concentrations of macrophage colony stimulating factor in severe unstable angina beyond the acute phase are strongly predictive of long term outcome Heart, January 1, 2004; 90(1): 25 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D.J. Brull, N. Serrano, F. Zito, L. Jones, H.E. Montgomery, A. Rumley, P. Sharma, G.D.O. Lowe, M.J. World, S.E. Humphries, et al. Human CRP Gene Polymorphism Influences CRP Levels: Implications for the Prediction and Pathogenesis of Coronary Heart Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2003; 23(11): 2063 - 2069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. T Keller, A. T.A Mairuhu, M. D de Kruif, S. K Klein, V. E.A Gerdes, H. ten Cate, D. P.M Brandjes, M. Levi, and E. C.M van Gorp Infections and endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res, October 15, 2003; 60(1): 40 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. James and L. Wallentin C-reactive protein provides independent prognostic information on short- and long-term mortality in patients with non-st elevation acute coronary syndrome: Reply J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 17, 2003; 42(6): 1145 - 1146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. H Reinhart Fibrinogen - marker or mediator of vascular disease? Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2003; 8(3): 211 - 216. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Silvestri, O. Gebara, C. Vitale, M. Wajngarten, F. Leonardo, J. A.F. Ramires, M. Fini, G. Mercuro, and G. M.C. Rosano Increased Levels of C-Reactive Protein After Oral Hormone Replacement Therapy May Not Be Related to an Increased Inflammatory Response Circulation, July 1, 2003; 107(25): 3165 - 3169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Nomura, A. Ihara, M. Yoshitatsu, K. Tamura, A. Katayama, and K. Ihara Relationship between coagulation cascade, cytokine, adhesion molecule and aortic aneurysm Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., June 1, 2003; 23(6): 1034 - 1039. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Heper and M. Bayraktaroglu The Importance of von Willebrand Factor Level and Heart Rate Changes in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Comparison with Chronic Ischemic Conditions Angiology, May 1, 2003; 54(3): 287 - 299. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. Chan, D. L. Bhatt, D. P. Chew, J. Reginelli, J. P. Schneider, E. J. Topol, and S. G. Ellis Relation of Inflammation and Benefit of Statins After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Circulation, April 8, 2003; 107(13): 1750 - 1756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. James, P. Armstrong, E. Barnathan, R. Califf, B. Lindahl, A. Siegbahn, M. L. Simoons, E. J. Topol, P. Venge, L. Wallentin, et al. Troponin and C-reactive protein have different relations to subsequent mortality and myocardial infarction after acute coronary syndrome: A GUSTO-IV substudy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 19, 2003; 41(6): 916 - 924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Zimmerman, C. H. Selzman, C. Cothren, A. C. Sorensen, C. D. Raeburn, and A. H. Harken Diagnostic Implications of C-Reactive Protein Arch Surg, February 1, 2003; 138(2): 220 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L.K Newby, M.V Bhapkar, H.D White, E.J Topol, F.C Dougherty, R.A Harrington, M.C Smith, L.F Asarch, R.M Califf, and for the SYMPHONY and 2nd SYMPHONY Investigators Predictors of 90-day outcome in patients stabilized after acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2003; 24(2): 172 - 181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J Oldgren, L Wallentin, L Grip, R Linder, B.L Norgaard, and A Siegbahn Myocardial damage, inflammation and thrombin inhibition in unstable coronary artery disease Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2003; 24(1): 86 - 93. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Bertrand, M. L. Simoons, K. A.A. Fox, L. C. Wallentin, C. W. Hamm, E. McFadden, P. J. De Feyter, G. Specchia, and W. Ruzyllo Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2002; 23(23): 1809 - 1840. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Sabatine, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, S. A. Murphy, L. A. Demopoulos, P. M. DiBattiste, C. H. McCabe, E. Braunwald, and C. M. Gibson Relationship between baseline white blood cell count and degree of coronary artery disease and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes: A TACTICS-TIMI 18 substudy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 20, 2002; 40(10): 1761 - 1768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Papafili, M. R. Hill, D. J. Brull, R. J. McAnulty, R. P. Marshall, S. E. Humphries, and G. J. Laurent Common Promoter Variant in Cyclooxygenase-2 Represses Gene Expression: Evidence of Role in Acute-Phase Inflammatory Response Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1631 - 1636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Budaj, S. Yusuf, S. R. Mehta, K. A.A. Fox, G. Tognoni, F. Zhao, S. Chrolavicius, D. Hunt, M. Keltai, M. G. Franzosi, et al. Benefit of Clopidogrel in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Without ST-Segment Elevation in Various Risk Groups Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1622 - 1626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Di Napoli and F. Papa Inflammation, Hemostatic Markers, and Antithrombotic Agents in Relation to Long-Term Risk of New Cardiovascular Events in First-Ever Ischemic Stroke Patients Stroke, July 1, 2002; 33(7): 1763 - 1771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Cusack, M. S. Marber, P. D. Lambiase, C. A. Bucknall, and S. R. Redwood Systemic inflammation in unstable angina is the result of myocardial necrosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 19, 2002; 39(12): 1917 - 1923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ronner, E. Boersma, G.-J. Laarman, G. A. Somsen, R. A. Harrington, J. W. Deckers, E. J. Topol, R. M. Califf, and M. L. Simoons Early angioplasty in acute coronary syndromes without persistent st-segment elevation improves outcome but increases the need for six-month repeat revascularization: An analysis of the pursuit trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 19, 2002; 39(12): 1924 - 1929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G.J. Blake and P.M. Ridker C-reactive protein and prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2002; 23(12): 923 - 925. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Libby, P. M. Ridker, and A. Maseri Inflammation and Atherosclerosis Circulation, March 5, 2002; 105(9): 1135 - 1143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Maseri and D. Cianflone Inflammation in acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J. Suppl., March 1, 2002; 4(suppl_B): B8 - B13. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Levinson and R. J. Elin What Is C-Reactive Protein Telling Us About Coronary Artery Disease? Arch Intern Med, February 25, 2002; 162(4): 389 - 392. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Lindmark, E. Diderholm, L. Wallentin, and A. Siegbahn Relationship Between Interleukin 6 and Mortality in Patients With Unstable Coronary Artery Disease: Effects of an Early Invasive or Noninvasive Strategy JAMA, November 7, 2001; 286(17): 2107 - 2113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. J. Blake and P. M. Ridker Novel Clinical Markers of Vascular Wall Inflammation Circ. Res., October 26, 2001; 89(9): 763 - 771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. H. Solomon, P. H. Stone, R. J. Glynn, D. A. Ganz, C. M. Gibson, R. Tracy, and J. Avorn Use of risk stratification to identify patients with unstable angina likeliest to benefit from an invasive versus conservative management strategy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 969 - 976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Herrington, K. B. Brosnihan, B. E. Pusser, E. W. Seely, P. M. Ridker, N. Rifai, and D. B. MacLean Differential Effects of E and Droloxifene on C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation in Healthy Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2001; 86(9): 4216 - 4222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.F. Bentzon and E. Falk Coronary plaques calling for action -- why, where and how many? Eur. Heart J. Suppl., August 1, 2001; 3(suppl_I): I3 - I9. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T O'malley, C.A Ludlam, R.A Riemermsa, and K.A.A Fox Early increase in levels of soluble inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1). Potential risk factor for the acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2001; 22(14): 1226 - 1234. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Katritsis, S. Korovesis, E. Giazitzoglou, J. Parissis, P. Kalivas, M. M. Webb-Peploe, J. P.A. Ioannidis, and A. Haliassos C-Reactive Protein Concentrations and Angiographic Characteristics of Coronary Lesions Clin. Chem., May 1, 2001; 47(5): 882 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Ridker High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein : Potential Adjunct for Global Risk Assessment in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, April 3, 2001; 103(13): 1813 - 1818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. D. O. Lowe, J. W. G. Yarnell, A. Rumley, D. Bainton, and P. M. Sweetnam C-Reactive Protein, Fibrin D-Dimer, and Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in the Speedwell Study : Are Inflammation and Fibrin Turnover Linked in Pathogenesis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2001; 21(4): 603 - 610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Yasojima, C. Schwab, E. G. McGeer, and P. L. McGeer Generation of C-Reactive Protein and Complement Components in Atherosclerotic Plaques Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2001; 158(3): 1039 - 1051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Ebeling, C. Geczy, A. Nakagomi, and S. B. Freedman Monocyte Tissue Factor Induction by C-Reactive Protein and Relationship With Hormone Replacement Treatment Response Circulation, February 27, 2001; 103 (8): e49 - e49. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Agostoni, G. G.L Biondi-Zoccai, E. R. Ferreiros, C. P. Boissonnet, R. Pizarro, P. F. Garcia Merletti, G. Corrado, A. Cagide, and O. O. Bazzino Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein in Unstable Angina Response Circulation, November 28, 2000; 102 (22): e177 - e177. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Lindahl, H. Toss, A. Siegbahn, P. Venge, L. Wallentin, and The FRISC Study Group Markers of Myocardial Damage and Inflammation in Relation to Long-Term Mortality in Unstable Coronary Artery Disease N. Engl. J. Med., October 19, 2000; 343(16): 1139 - 1147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F.B Smith, F.G.R Fowkes, A Rumley, A.J Lee, G.D.O Lowe, and C.M Hau Tissue plasminogen activator and leucocyte elastase as predictors of cardiovascular events in subjects with angina pectoris: Edinburgh Artery Study Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2000; 21(19): 1607 - 1613. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. de Winter, J. Fischer, R. Bholasingh, J. P. van Straalen, T. de Jong, J. G.P. Tijssen, and G. T. Sanders C-Reactive Protein and Cardiac Troponin T in Risk Stratification: Differences in Optimal Timing of Tests Early after the Onset of Chest Pain Clin. Chem., October 1, 2000; 46(10): 1597 - 1603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.E Bertrand, M.L Simoons, K.A.A Fox, L.C Wallentin, C.W Hamm, E McFadden, P.J de Feyter, G Specchia, and W Ruzyllo Management of acute coronary syndromes: acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST segment elevation. Recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology: Recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2000; 21(17): 1406 - 1432. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cusack, S. Redwood, and J. Coltart Recent advances in ischaemic heart disease Postgrad. Med. J., September 1, 2000; 76(899): 542 - 546. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Danesh, P. Whincup, M. Walker, L. Lennon, A. Thomson, P. Appleby, J R. Gallimore, and M. B Pepys Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses BMJ, July 22, 2000; 321(7255): 199 - 204. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. W. Hamm and E. Braunwald A Classification of Unstable Angina Revisited Circulation, July 4, 2000; 102(1): 118 - 122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Epstein, J. Zhu, M. S. Burnett, Y. F. Zhou, G. Vercellotti, and D. Hajjar Infection and Atherosclerosis : Potential Roles of Pathogen Burden and Molecular Mimicry Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1417 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Heeschen, C. W. Hamm, J. Bruemmer, M. L. Simoons, and for the CAPTURE Investigators Predictive value of C-reactive protein and troponin T in patients with unstable angina: a comparative analysis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2000; 35(6): 1535 - 1542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nakagomi, S. B. Freedman, and C. L. Geczy Interferon-{gamma} and Lipopolysaccharide Potentiate Monocyte Tissue Factor Induction by C-Reactive Protein : Relationship With Age, Sex, and Hormone Replacement Treatment Circulation, April 18, 2000; 101(15): 1785 - 1791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Ford and W. H. Giles Serum C-Reactive Protein and Self-Reported Stroke : Findings From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2000; 20(4): 1052 - 1056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y Zhu, Y Hojo, U Ikeda, K Shimada;, and G F BAXTER Production of hepatocyte growth factor during acute myocardial infarction Heart, April 1, 2000; 83(4): 450 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Ridker, C. H. Hennekens, J. E. Buring, and N. Rifai C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in Women N. Engl. J. Med., March 23, 2000; 342(12): 836 - 843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Morrow, N. Rifai, E. M. Antman, D. L. Weiner, C. H. McCabe, C. P. Cannon, and E. Braunwald Serum amyloid A predicts early mortality in acute coronary syndromes: a TIMI 11A substudy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2000; 35(2): 358 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. W. Walsh, S. Paul, R. A. Wild, R. A. Dean, R. P. Tracy, D. A. Cox, and P. W. Anderson The Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy and Raloxifene on C-Reactive Protein and Homocysteine in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Controlled Trial J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 214 - 218. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Koenig and C. Wanner C-reactive protein and coronary artery disease--what is the link? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., December 1, 1999; 14(12): 2798 - 2800. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. R. Ferreiros, C. P. Boissonnet, R. Pizarro, P. F. G. Merletti, G. Corrado, A. Cagide, and O. O. Bazzino Independent Prognostic Value of Elevated C-Reactive Protein in Unstable Angina Circulation, November 9, 1999; 100(19): 1958 - 1963. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. J. Harjai Potential New Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Homocysteine, Lipoprotein(a), Triglycerides, Oxidative Stress, and Fibrinogen Ann Intern Med, September 7, 1999; 131(5): 376 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. K. Lagrand, C. A. Visser, W. T. Hermens, H. W. M. Niessen, F. W. A. Verheugt, G.-J. Wolbink, and C. E. Hack C-Reactive Protein as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor : More Than an Epiphenomenon? Circulation, July 6, 1999; 100(1): 96 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. KEANEY JR., D. I. SIMON, and J. E. FREEDMAN Vitamin E and vascular homeostasis: implications for atherosclerosis FASEB J, June 1, 1999; 13(9): 965 - 975. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Maresca, A. Di Blasio, R. Marchioli, and G. Di Minno Measuring Plasma Fibrinogen to Predict Stroke and Myocardial Infarction : An Update Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 1999; 19(6): 1368 - 1377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Moghadasian, B. M. McManus, D. V. Godin, B. Rodrigues, and J. J. Frohlich Proatherogenic and Antiatherogenic Effects of Probucol and Phytosterols in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice : Possible Mechanisms of Action Circulation, April 6, 1999; 99(13): 1733 - 1739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. W. H. M. Verheggen, M. P. M. de Maat, V. M. Cats, F. Haverkate, A. H. Zwinderman, C. Kluft, and A. V. G. Bruschke Inflammatory status as a main determinant of outcome in patients with unstable angina, independent of coagulation activation and endothelial cell function Eur. Heart J., April 2, 1999; 20(8): 567 - 574. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J de Winter, R. Bholasingh, J. G Lijmer, R. W Koster, J. P.M.C Gorgels, Y. Schouten, F. J Hoek, and G. T Sanders Independent prognostic value of C-reactive protein and troponin I in patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 1999; 42(1): 240 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Rabbani and E. J. Topol Strategies to achieve coronary arterial plaque stabilization Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 1999; 41(2): 402 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ross Atherosclerosis -- An Inflammatory Disease N. Engl. J. Med., January 14, 1999; 340(2): 115 - 126. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Montalescot, F. Philippe, A. Ankri, E. Vicaut, E. Bearez, J. E. Poulard, D. Carrie, D. Flammang, A. Dutoit, A. Carayon, et al. Early Increase of von Willebrand Factor Predicts Adverse Outcome in Unstable Coronary Artery Disease : Beneficial Effects of Enoxaparin Circulation, July 28, 1998; 98(4): 294 - 299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Danesh, R. Collins, P. Appleby, and R. Peto Association of Fibrinogen, C-reactive Protein, Albumin, or Leukocyte Count With Coronary Heart Disease: Meta-analyses of Prospective Studies JAMA, May 13, 1998; 279(18): 1477 - 1482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|