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(Circulation. 1997;96:1180-1184.)
© 1997 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Histological Substrate of Atrial Biopsies in Patients With Lone Atrial Fibrillation
From the Istituto di Cardiologia, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, and the Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Università La Sapienza (E.M., M.A.R.), Rome, Italy.
Background Lone atrial fibrillation (LAF) is a common clinical syndrome, but its origin remains unknown.
Methods and Results We performed endomyocardial biopsies of the right atrial septum (2 to 3 per patient; mean, 2.8) and of the two ventricles (6 per patient) in 12 patients (10 men, 2 women; mean age, 32 years) with paroxysmal LAF refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic treatment. As controls, we used endomyocardial biopsies (3 to 5 per patient; mean, 4.4) from the right atrial septum of 11 patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) undergoing resection of the abnormal AV pathway. The weight of the biopsies ranged from 2.8 to 4.5 mg. Biopsy samples were processed for histology and electron microscopy and were read by a pathologist blinded to clinical data. All patients underwent two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography; cardiac catheterization; coronary angiography; and hormonal, virologic, and electrophysiological studies. All tests and WPW biopsies were normal, but all LAF atrial biopsy specimens (average, 2.8 per patient) showed abnormalities (P<.0001). The type of abnormalities varied: Two patients had a severe hypertrophy with vacuolar degeneration of the atrial myocytes and ultrastructural evidence of fibrillolysis occupying >50% of the areas assessed morphometrically (P=.50), 8 had lymphomononuclear infiltrates with necrosis of the adjacent myocytes (5 with fibrosis and 3 without; P<.003), and 2 had only nonspecific patchy fibrosis (P=.50). Biventricular biopsies were abnormal in only 3 patients and showed inflammatory infiltrates similar to those found in atrial biopsies.
Conclusions Abnormal atrial histology was uniformly found in multiple biopsy specimens in all patients with LAF. It was compatible with a diagnosis of myocarditis in 66% of patients (active in 25%) and of noninflammatory localized cardiomyopathy in 17% and was represented by patchy fibrosis in 17%. The cause of the pathological changes, which were found only in atrial septal biopsies but not in biventricular biopsies, in 75% of patients remains unknown.
Key Words: fibrillation • biopsy • pathology
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 J. P. Mathew, M. L. Fontes, I. C. Tudor, J. Ramsay, P. Duke, C. D. Mazer, P. G. Barash, P. H. Hsu, and D. T. Mangano A Multicenter Risk Index for Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery JAMA, April 14, 2004; 291(14): 1720 - 1729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Wasson, H. K. Reddy, and M. L. Dohrmann Current Perspectives of Electrical Remodeling and Its Therapeutic Implications Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, April 1, 2004; 9(2): 129 - 144. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A Boldt, U Wetzel, J Lauschke, J Weigl, J Gummert, G Hindricks, H Kottkamp, and S Dhein Fibrosis in left atrial tissue of patients with atrial fibrillation with and without underlying mitral valve disease Heart, April 1, 2004; 90(4): 400 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kumagai, H. Nakashima, and K. Saku The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin prevents atrial fibrillation by inhibiting inflammation in a canine sterile pericarditis model Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2004; 62(1): 105 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. M. Porthan, J. H. Melin, J. T. Kupila, K. K. K. Venho, and M. M. Partinen Prevalence of Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Lone Atrial Fibrillation: A Case-Control Study Chest, March 1, 2004; 125(3): 879 - 885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Xu, G. Cui, F. Esmailian, M. Plunkett, D. Marelli, A. Ardehali, J. Odim, H. Laks, and L. Sen Atrial Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and the Maintenance of Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, January 27, 2004; 109(3): 363 - 368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Marin, V. Roldan, V. Climent, and G. Y. H. Lip Matrix metalloproteinases in atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 7, 2004; 43(1): 152 - 152. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Todd, A. C. Skanes, G. Guiraudon, C. Guiraudon, A. D. Krahn, R. Yee, and G. J. Klein Role of the Posterior Left Atrium and Pulmonary Veins in Human Lone Atrial Fibrillation: Electrophysiological and Pathological Data From Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Surgery Circulation, December 23, 2003; 108(25): 3108 - 3114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Aviles, D. O. Martin, C. Apperson-Hansen, P. L. Houghtaling, P. Rautaharju, R. A. Kronmal, R. P. Tracy, D. R. Van Wagoner, B. M. Psaty, M. S. Lauer, et al. Inflammation as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, December 16, 2003; 108(24): 3006 - 3010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Cardin, D. Li, N. Thorin-Trescases, T.-K. Leung, E. Thorin, and S. Nattel Evolution of the atrial fibrillation substrate in experimental congestive heart failure: angiotensin-dependent and -independent pathways Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2003; 60(2): 315 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gaudino, F. Andreotti, R. Zamparelli, A. Di Castelnuovo, G. Nasso, F. Burzotta, L. Iacoviello, M. B. Donati, R. Schiavello, A. Maseri, et al. The -174G/C Interleukin-6 Polymorphism Influences Postoperative Interleukin-6 Levels and Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation. Is Atrial Fibrillation an Inflammatory Complication? Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(90101): II-195 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. T. Ellinor, J. T. Shin, R. K. Moore, D. M. Yoerger, and C. A. MacRae Locus for Atrial Fibrillation Maps to Chromosome 6q14-16 Circulation, June 17, 2003; 107(23): 2880 - 2883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A Wakai and J O O'Neill Emergency management of atrial fibrillation Postgrad. Med. J., June 1, 2003; 79(932): 313 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Marin, V. Roldan, V. Climent, A. Garcia, P. Marco, and G. Y.H. Lip Is Thrombogenesis in Atrial Fibrillation Related to Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Its Inhibitor, TIMP-1? Stroke, May 1, 2003; 34(5): 1181 - 1186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Ausma, H. M.W. van der Velden, M.-H. Lenders, E. P. van Ankeren, H. J. Jongsma, F. C.S. Ramaekers, M. Borgers, and M. A. Allessie Reverse Structural and Gap-Junctional Remodeling After Prolonged Atrial Fibrillation in the Goat Circulation, April 22, 2003; 107(15): 2051 - 2058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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