From the Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center (N.J.B., D.E.V.), and the Veterans Administration Medical
Center (D.E.V.), Nashville, Tenn.
Correspondence to Nancy J. Brown, MD, 560 MRB-I, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6602. E-mail nancy.brown{at}mcmail.vanderbilt.edu
Abstract
Abstract—ACE inhibitors
have achieved widespread usage in the treatment of
cardiovascular and renal disease. ACE
inhibitors alter the balance between the
vasoconstrictive, salt-retentive, and hypertrophic
properties of angiotensin II (Ang II) and the vasodilatory
and natriuretic properties of bradykinin and alter the
metabolism of a number of other vasoactive substances. ACE
inhibitors differ in the chemical structure of their active
moieties, in potency, in bioavailability, in plasma half-life, in route
of elimination, in their distribution and affinity for tissue-bound
ACE, and in whether they are administered as prodrugs. Thus, the side
effects of ACE inhibitors can be divided into those that
are class specific and those that relate to specific agents. ACE
inhibitors decrease systemic vascular resistance without
increasing heart rate and promote natriuresis. They have proved
effective in the treatment of hypertension, they decrease mortality in
congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction
after myocardial infarction, and they delay the progression of diabetic
nephropathy. Ongoing studies will elucidate the effect of
ACE inhibitors on cardiovascular mortality
in essential hypertension, the role of ACE inhibitors in
patients without ventricular dysfunction after myocardial
infarction, and the role of ACE inhibitors compared with
newly available angiotensin AT1 receptor
antagonists.
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Cardiovascular Drugs
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Key Words: angiotensin • blood pressure • bradykinin • drugs • renin
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  P. M. Kris-Etherton, J. A. Grieger, K. F. Hilpert, and S. G. West Milk Products, Dietary Patterns and Blood Pressure Management J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2009; 28(Supplement_1): 103S - 119S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Benedetto, S. Sciarretta, A. Roscitano, B. Fiorani, S. Refice, E. Angeloni, and R. Sinatra Preoperative Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Acute Kidney Injury After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2008; 86(4): 1160 - 1165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. R. Miller, S. A. Oliveria, D. R. Berlowitz, B. G. Fincke, P. Stang, and D. E. Lillienfeld Angioedema Incidence in US Veterans Initiating Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Hypertension, June 1, 2008; 51(6): 1624 - 1630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Pilote MD PhD, M. Abrahamowicz PhD, M. Eisenberg MD MPH, K. Humphries DSc, H. Behlouli MSc PhD, and J. V. Tu MD PhD Effect of different angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors on mortality among elderly patients with congestive heart failure Can. Med. Assoc. J., May 6, 2008; 178(10): 1303 - 1311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. F. Hernandez MD MHS and R. A. Harrington MD Comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: Is an ACE always an ace? Can. Med. Assoc. J., May 6, 2008; 178(10): 1316 - 1319. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Flammer, I. Sudano, F. Hermann, S. Gay, A. Forster, M. Neidhart, P. Kunzler, F. Enseleit, D. Periat, M. Hermann, et al. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Improves Vascular Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis Circulation, April 29, 2008; 117(17): 2262 - 2269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Saha, J. Molnar, and R. R. Arora Tissue ACE Inhibitors for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Preserved Left Ventricular Function: A Pooled Meta-analysis of Randomized Placebo-controlled Trials Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2007; 12(3): 192 - 204. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Borer Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a landmark advance in treatment for cardiovascular diseases Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2007; 9(suppl_E): E2 - E9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Fox Contribution of perindopril to cardiology: 20 years of success Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2007; 9(suppl_E): E10 - E19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Sandberg, A. D. M. Riquier, K. Pihakaski-Maunsbach, A. A. McDonough, and A. B. Maunsbach ANG II provokes acute trafficking of distal tubule Na+-Cl cotransporter to apical membrane Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): F662 - F669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Miller, L. E. Norton, M. P. Murphy, M. C. Dalsing, and J. L. Unthank The role of the renin-angiotensin system and oxidative stress in spontaneously hypertensive rat mesenteric collateral growth impairment Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): H2523 - H2531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C Lucas, G A Christie, and W S Waring Rapid onset of haemodynamic effects after angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor overdose: implications for initial patient triage. Emerg. Med. J., November 1, 2006; 23(11): 854 - 857. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Pfeffer and E. D. Frohlich Improvements in clinical outcomes with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: cross-fertilization between clinical and basic investigation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): H2021 - H2025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Geerlings, I. C. Villar, F. H. Zarco, M. Sanchez, R. Vera, A. Z. Gomez, J. Boza, and J. Duarte Identification and characterization of novel Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors obtained from goat milk. J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2006; 89(9): 3326 - 3335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. W. Rice and A. B. Lumsden Optimal Medical Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, August 1, 2006; 40(4): 312 - 327. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. O. Adesanya, J. A. de Lemos, N. B. Greilich, and C. W. Whitten Management of perioperative myocardial infarction in noncardiac surgical patients. Chest, August 1, 2006; 130(2): 584 - 596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. K. K. Leong, A. Devillez, M. B. Sandberg, L. E. Yang, D. K. P. Yip, J. B. Klein, and A. A. McDonough Effects of ACE inhibition on proximal tubule sodium transport Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): F854 - F863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M.A. van de Wal, D. J. van Veldhuisen, W. H. van Gilst, and A. A. Voors Addition of an angiotensin receptor blocker to full-dose ACE-inhibition: controversial or common sense? Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2005; 26(22): 2361 - 2367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Otani, Y. Kagaya, Y. Imahori, S. Yasuda, R. Fujii, M. Chida, S. Namiuchi, M. Takeda, M. Sakuma, J. Watanabe, et al. Myocardial 11C-Diacylglycerol Accumulation and Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients After Myocardial Infarction J. Nucl. Med., April 1, 2005; 46(4): 553 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Eilat-Adar, M. Eldar, and U. Goldbourt Association of Intentional Changes in Body Weight with Coronary Heart Disease Event Rates in Overweight Subjects Who Have an Additional Coronary Risk Factor Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2005; 161(4): 352 - 358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Barnett Telmisartan and enalapril in type 2 diabetes: Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril (DETAIL) study The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, January 1, 2005; 5(1): 24 - 26. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. J de Kam, A. A Voors, F. Fici, D. J van Veldhuisen, and W. H van Gilst Review: The revised role of ACE-inhibition after myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic/primary PCI era Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, December 1, 2004; 5(4): 161 - 168. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Barnett, S. C. Bain, P. Bouter, B. Karlberg, S. Madsbad, J. Jervell, J. Mustonen, and the Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Angiotensin-Receptor Blockade versus Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy N. Engl. J. Med., November 4, 2004; 351(19): 1952 - 1961. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Hamlin, P. S. Villars, J. T. Kanusky, and A. D. Shaw Role of Diastole in Left Ventricular Function, II: Diagnosis and Treatment Am. J. Crit. Care., November 1, 2004; 13(6): 453 - 466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. S. Lim, R. J. MacFadyen, and G. Y. H. Lip Diabetes Mellitus, the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, and the Heart Arch Intern Med, September 13, 2004; 164(16): 1737 - 1748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Task Force Members, J. Lopez-Sendon, K. Swedberg, J. McMurray, J. Tamargo, A. P. Maggioni, H. Dargie, M. Tendera, F. Waagstein, J. Kjekshus, et al. Expert consensus document on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiovascular disease: The Task Force on ACE-inhibitors of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2004; 25(16): 1454 - 1470. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Pilote, M. Abrahamowicz, E. Rodrigues, M. J. Eisenberg, and E. Rahme Mortality Rates in Elderly Patients Who Take Different Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors after Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Class Effect? Ann Intern Med, July 20, 2004; 141(2): 102 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. J. FitzGerald, B. A. Murray, and D. J. Walsh Hypotensive Peptides from Milk Proteins J. Nutr., April 1, 2004; 134(4): 980S - 988S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Schafer, D. Fraccarollo, P. Tas, I. Schmidt, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Endothelial dysfunction in congestive heart failure: ACE inhibition vs. angiotensin II antagonism Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2004; 6(2): 151 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. N. Nesbitt An Overview of Diabetic Nephropathy Journal of Pharmacy Practice, February 1, 2004; 17(1): 75 - 79. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Matsumori and on behalf of the assessment of response to candesa Efficacy and safety of oral candesartan cilexetil in patients with congestive heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2003; 5(5): 669 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Georgiadis, F. Beau, B. Czarny, J. Cotton, A. Yiotakis, and V. Dive Roles of the Two Active Sites of Somatic Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in the Cleavage of Angiotensin I and Bradykinin: Insights From Selective Inhibitors Circ. Res., July 25, 2003; 93(2): 148 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ferrari, G. Guardigli, D. Mele, M. Valgimigli, and C. Ceconi Myocardial ischaemia: new evidence for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition Eur. Heart J. Suppl., July 1, 2003; 5(suppl_E): E11 - E17. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Schafer, D. Fraccarollo, S. K Hildemann, P. Tas, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Addition of the selective aldosterone receptor antagonist eplerenone to ACE inhibition in heart failure: effect on endothelial dysfunction Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2003; 58(3): 655 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. A. Wylie, D. J. Pulford, A. J. McVie-Wylie, R. A. Waterland, H. K. Evans, Y.-T. Chen, C. M. Nolan, T. C. Orton, and R. L. Jirtle Tissue-Specific Inactivation of Murine M6P/IGF2R Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2003; 162(1): 321 - 328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pacific Study Group and B. Neal Effects of the vasopeptidase inhibitor, omapatrilat, in 723 patients with coronary heart disease Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, December 1, 2002; 3(4): 270 - 276. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. K. K. Leong, L. E. Yang, N.-H. Holstein-Rathlou, and A. A. McDonough Angiotensin II clamp prevents the second step in renal apical NHE3 internalization during acute hypertension Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): F1142 - F1150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. K. K. Leong, Y. Zhang, L. E. Yang, N.-H. Holstein-Rathlou, and A. A. McDonough Diuretic response to acute hypertension is blunted during angiotensin II clamp Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): R837 - R842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Fujii, A. Wada, T. Tsutamoto, M. Ohnishi, T. Isono, and M. Kinoshita Bradykinin Improves Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Under Long-Term Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Heart Failure Hypertension, May 1, 2002; 39(5): 952 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Marin-Castano, J. P. Schanstra, E. Neau, F. Praddaude, C. Pecher, J.-L. Ader, J.-P. Girolami, and J.-L. Bascands Induction of Functional Bradykinin B1-Receptors in Normotensive Rats and Mice Under Chronic Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Treatment Circulation, February 5, 2002; 105(5): 627 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. G. Navar, L. M. Harrison-Bernard, A. Nishiyama, and H. Kobori Regulation of Intrarenal Angiotensin II in Hypertension Hypertension, February 1, 2002; 39(2): 316 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Khandoudi, J. Albadine, P. Robert, S. Krief, I. Berrebi-Bertrand, X. Martin, M. O Bevensee, W. F Boron, and A. Bril Inhibition of the cardiac electrogenic sodium bicarbonate cotransporter reduces ischemic injury Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2001; 52(3): 387 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Givertz Manipulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System Circulation, July 31, 2001; 104 (5): e14 - e18. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Guazzi, P. Agostoni, and M. D. Guazzi Modulation of alveolar-capillary sodium handling as a mechanism of protection of gas transfer by enalapril, and not by losartan, in chronic heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 2001; 37(2): 398 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Lauth, M. Cattaruzza, and M. Hecker ACE Inhibitor and AT1 Antagonist Blockade of Deformation-Induced Gene Expression in the Rabbit Jugular Vein Through B2 Receptor Activation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2001; 21(1): 61 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Mountian, F. Baba-Aissa, J.-C. Jonas, Humbert De Smedt, F. Wuytack, and J. B. Parys Expression of Ca2+ Transport Genes in Platelets and Endothelial Cells in Hypertension Hypertension, January 1, 2001; 37(1): 135 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. E WIEGERS and M. S. J. SUTTON When should ACE inhibitors or warfarin be discontinued after myocardial infarction? Heart, October 1, 2000; 84(4): 361 - 362. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Mori, M. Nakazawa, H. Tomimatsu, and K. Momma Long-term effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in volume overloaded heart during growth: a controlled pilot study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 2000; 36(1): 270 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. Walker, F. A. Crawford Jr, and F. G. Spinale MYOCYTE CONTRACTILE DYSFUNCTION WITH HYPERTROPHY AND FAILURE: RELEVANCE TO CARDIAC SURGERY J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., February 1, 2000; 119(2): 388 - 400. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E Roig, F Perez-Villa, M Morales, W Jimenez, J Orus, M Heras, and G Sanz Clinical implications of increased plasma angiotensin II despite ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with congestive heart failure Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2000; 21(1): 53 - 57. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K.-S. Kim, S. Kumar, W. H. Simmons, and N. J. Brown Inhibition of Aminopeptidase P Potentiates Wheal Response to Bradykinin in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor-Treated Humans J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2000; 292(1): 295 - 298. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Gaussin and M. D. Schneider Surviving Infarction One Gene at a Time : Decreased Remodeling and Mortality in Engineered Mice Lacking the Angiotensin II Type 1A Receptor Circulation, November 16, 1999; 100(20): 2043 - 2044. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Wang, M. J. Katovich, C. H. Gelband, P. Y. Reaves, M. I. Phillips, and M. K. Raizada Sustained Inhibition of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Expression and Long-Term Antihypertensive Action by Virally Mediated Delivery of ACE Antisense cDNA Circ. Res., October 1, 1999; 85(7): 614 - 622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Faggiotto and R. Paoletti Statins and Blockers of the Renin-Angiotensin System : Vascular Protection Beyond Their Primary Mode of Action Hypertension, October 1, 1999; 34(4): 987 - 996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Leesar, M. F. Stoddard, S. Manchikalapudi, and R. Bolli Bradykinin-induced preconditioning in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 1999; 34(3): 639 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. C Wollert and H. Drexler The renin-angiotensin system and experimental heart failure Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 1999; 43(4): 838 - 849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. E. Limbird and D. E. Vaughan Augmenting beta receptors in the heart: Short-term gains offset by long-term pains? PNAS, June 22, 1999; 96(13): 7125 - 7127. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-M. Duncan, G. M. James, F. Anastasopoulos, A. Kladis, T. A. Briscoe, and D. J. Campbell Interaction Between Neutral Endopeptidase and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Rats with Myocardial Infarction: Effects on Cardiac Hypertrophy and Angiotensin and Bradykinin Peptide Levels J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 1999; 289(1): 295 - 303. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Hatta, R. Maruyama, S. J. Marshall, M. Imamura, and R. Levi Bradykinin Promotes Ischemic Norepinephrine Release in Guinea Pig and Human Hearts J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 1999; 288(3): 919 - 927. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Eguchi, H. Iwasaki, T. Inagami, K. Numaguchi, T. Yamakawa, E. D. Motley, K. M. Owada, F. Marumo, and Y. Hirata Involvement of PYK2 in Angiotensin II Signaling of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Hypertension, January 1, 1999; 33(1): 201 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Rabinowitz, N. J. Brown, and D. E. Vaughan Prodrug ACE Inhibitors • Response Circulation, November 24, 1998; 98(21): 2358 - 2359. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|