| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
From the Department of Pathology, A.Z. Middelheim, Antwerp (M.M.K.,
J.M.), and the Division of Pharmacology (UIA) (G.R.Y. De M., H.B., A.G.H.) and
the Centre for Electron Microscopy (W.J.), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk,
Belgium.
Correspondence to Dr M. Kockx, Department of Pathology, A.Z. Middelheim, Lindendreef, 1, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium. E-mail mark.kockx{at}uia.ua.ac.be
Background—The transition of a fatty
streak into an atherosclerotic plaque is characterized by the
appearance of focal and diffuse regions of cell death. We have
investigated the distribution of apoptotic cell death and
apoptosis-related proteins in early and advanced
atherosclerotic lesions.
Methods and Results—Human atherosclerotic plaques were studied by
whole-mount carotid endarterectomy specimens
(n=18). This approach allowed comparison of adaptive intimal
thickenings, fatty streaks, and advanced atherosclerotic plaques of the
same patient. The fatty streaks differed from adaptive intimal
thickenings by the presence of BAX (P<0.01), a
proapoptotic protein of the BCL-2 family. Both regions were
composed mainly of smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and macrophage
infiltration was low and not different. Apoptosis, as detected
by DNA in situ end labeling (terminal
deoxynucleotidyl transferase end labeling [TUNEL]
and in situ nick translation) was not present in these regions.
Apoptosis of SMCs and macrophages, however, was
present in advanced atherosclerotic plaques that were present
mainly in the carotid sinus. A dense infiltration of
macrophages (5.8±3% surface area) was present in these
advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Cytoplasmic remnants of
apoptotic SMCs, enclosed by a cage of thickened basal lamina,
were TUNEL negative and remained present in the plaques as matrix
vesicles.
Conclusions—We conclude that SMCs within human fatty streaks
express BAX, which increases the susceptibility of these cells to
undergo apoptosis. The localization of these susceptible SMCs
in the deep layer of the fatty streaks could be important in our
understanding of the transition of fatty streaks into atherosclerotic
plaques, which are characterized by regions of cell death. Matrix
vesicles are BAX-immunoreactive cytoplasmic remnants of fragmented SMCs
that can calcify and may be considered the graves of SMCs that have
died in the plaques.
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports
Apoptosis and Related Proteins in Different Stages of Human Atherosclerotic Plaques
Key Words: atherosclerosis • apoptosis • cholesterol • carotid arteries • muscle, smooth • cells
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  Y. Nakashima, T. N. Wight, and K. Sueishi Early atherosclerosis in humans: role of diffuse intimal thickening and extracellular matrix proteoglycans Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2008; 79(1): 14 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Cheng, J. Zhang, A. Merched, L. Zhang, P. Zhang, L. Truong, A. M. Boriek, and J. Du Mechanical Stretch Inhibits Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein-induced Apoptosis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Up-regulating Integrin {alpha}Vbeta3 and Stablization of PINCH-1 J. Biol. Chem., November 23, 2007; 282(47): 34268 - 34275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Canault, A. S. Leroyer, F. Peiretti, G. Leseche, A. Tedgui, B. Bonardo, M.-C. Alessi, C. M. Boulanger, and G. Nalbone Microparticles of Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Enhance the Shedding of the Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Converting Enzyme/ADAM17 Substrates, Tumor Necrosis Factor and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1 Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2007; 171(5): 1713 - 1723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Myoishi, H. Hao, T. Minamino, K. Watanabe, K. Nishihira, K. Hatakeyama, Y. Asada, K.-i. Okada, H. Ishibashi-Ueda, G. Gabbiani, et al. Increased Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Atherosclerotic Plaques Associated With Acute Coronary Syndrome Circulation, September 11, 2007; 116(11): 1226 - 1233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Artwohl, K. Muth, K. Kosulin, R. de Martin, T. Holzenbein, G. Rainer, A. Freudenthaler, N. Huttary, L. Schmetterer, W. K. Waldhausl, et al. R-(+)-{alpha}-lipoic acid inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis and proliferation: involvement of Akt and retinoblastoma protein/E2F-1 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2007; 293(3): E681 - E689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Chen, L. Yang, and T. M. McIntyre Cytotoxic Phospholipid Oxidation Products: CELL DEATH FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DAMAGE AND THE INTRINSIC CASPASE CASCADE J. Biol. Chem., August 24, 2007; 282(34): 24842 - 24850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. P. Blanc-Brude, E. Teissier, Y. Castier, G. Leseche, A.-P. Bijnens, M. Daemen, B. Staels, Z. Mallat, and A. Tedgui IAP Survivin Regulates Atherosclerotic Macrophage Survival Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 2007; 27(4): 901 - 907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Schrijvers, G. R.Y. De Meyer, A. G. Herman, and W. Martinet Phagocytosis in atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms and implications for plaque progression and stability Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2007; 73(3): 470 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M M Kockx and M W Knaapen Pathological changes in the coronary arteries in the acute coronary syndromes. Heart, November 1, 2006; 92(11): 1557 - 1558. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. R. Brunt, K. K. Fenrich, G. Kiani, M. Yat Tse, S. C. Pang, C. A. Ward, and L. G. Melo Protection of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells From H2O2-Induced Apoptosis Through Functional Codependence Between HO-1 and AKT Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2006; 26(9): 2027 - 2034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. O. Angheloiu, J. T. Arendt, M. G. Muller, A. S. Haka, I. Georgakoudi, J. T. Motz, O. R. Scepanovic, B. D. Kuban, J. Myles, F. Miller, et al. Intrinsic Fluorescence and Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Identify Superficial Foam Cells in Coronary Plaques Prone to Erosion Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2006; 26(7): 1594 - 1600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Marfella, C. Di Filippo, A. Baldi, M. Siniscalchi, F. C. Sasso, B. Crescenzi, F. Cirillo, G. F. Nicoletti, F. D'Andrea, G. Chiorazzo, et al. The Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Apoptosis in Asymptomatic Diabetic Carotid Plaques: Role of Glycemic Control J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 16, 2006; 47(10): 2118 - 2120. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. L. Sales, G. K. Sukhova, M. A. Lopez-Ilasaca, P. Libby, V. J. Dzau, and R. E. Pratt Angiotensin Type 2 Receptor Is Expressed in Murine Atherosclerotic Lesions and Modulates Lesion Evolution Circulation, November 22, 2005; 112(21): 3328 - 3336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Virmani, F. D. Kolodgie, A. P. Burke, A. V. Finn, H. K. Gold, T. N. Tulenko, S. P. Wrenn, and J. Narula Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression and Vulnerability to Rupture: Angiogenesis as a Source of Intraplaque Hemorrhage Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2005; 25(10): 2054 - 2061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Schrijvers, G. R.Y. De Meyer, M. M. Kockx, A. G. Herman, and W. Martinet Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Macrophages Is Impaired in Atherosclerosis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2005; 25(6): 1256 - 1261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Koutsouki, C. A. Beeching, S. C. Slater, O. W. Blaschuk, G. B. Sala-Newby, and S. J. George N-Cadherin-Dependent Cell-Cell Contacts Promote Human Saphenous Vein Smooth Muscle Cell Survival Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 2005; 25(5): 982 - 988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Liu, D. P. Thewke, Y. R. Su, M. F. Linton, S. Fazio, and M. S. Sinensky Reduced Macrophage Apoptosis Is Associated With Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Null Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2005; 25(1): 174 - 179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Seibold, D. Schurle, A. Heinloth, G. Wolf, M. Wagner, and J. Galle Oxidized LDL Induces Proliferation and Hypertrophy in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells via Regulation of p27Kip1 Expression: Role of RhoA J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., December 1, 2004; 15(12): 3026 - 3034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Martinet, M. De Bie, D. M. Schrijvers, G. R.Y. De Meyer, A. G. Herman, and M. M. Kockx 7-Ketocholesterol Induces Protein Ubiquitination, Myelin Figure Formation, and Light Chain 3 Processing in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 2004; 24(12): 2296 - 2301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Reynolds, A. J. Joannides, J. N. Skepper, R. McNair, L. J. Schurgers, D. Proudfoot, W. Jahnen-Dechent, P. L. Weissberg, and C. M. Shanahan Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Undergo Vesicle-Mediated Calcification in Response to Changes in Extracellular Calcium and Phosphate Concentrations: A Potential Mechanism for Accelerated Vascular Calcification in ESRD J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2004; 15(11): 2857 - 2867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. I. Seye, M. W.M. Knaapen, D. Daret, C. Desgranges, A. G. Herman, M. M. Kockx, and H. Bult 7-Ketocholesterol induces reversible cytochrome c release in smooth muscle cells in absence of mitochondrial swelling Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2004; 64(1): 144 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Rossi, N. Marziliano, P. A. Merlini, E. Bramucci, U. Canosi, G. Belli, D. Z. Parenti, P. M. Mannucci, and D. Ardissino Different Quantitative Apoptotic Traits in Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques From Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris and Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, September 28, 2004; 110(13): 1767 - 1773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Blaschke, D. Bruemmer, F. Yin, Y. Takata, W. Wang, M. C. Fishbein, T. Okura, J. Higaki, K. Graf, E. Fleck, et al. C-Reactive Protein Induces Apoptosis in Human Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circulation, August 3, 2004; 110(5): 579 - 587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. M. Doherty, L. A. Fitzpatrick, D. Inoue, J.-H. Qiao, M. C. Fishbein, R. C. Detrano, P. K. Shah, and T. B. Rajavashisth Molecular, Endocrine, and Genetic Mechanisms of Arterial Calcification Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2004; 25(4): 629 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Lindstedt, M. J. Leskinen, and P. T. Kovanen Proteolysis of the Pericellular Matrix: A Novel Element Determining Cell Survival and Death in the Pathogenesis of Plaque Erosion and Rupture Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 2004; 24(8): 1350 - 1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Kume and T. Kita Apoptosis of Vascular Cells by Oxidized LDL: Involvement of Caspases and LOX-1 and Its Implication in Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture Circ. Res., February 20, 2004; 94(3): 269 - 270. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. A. Belton, A. Duffy, S. Toomey, and D. J. Fitzgerald Cyclooxygenase Isoforms and Platelet Vessel Wall Interactions in the Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mouse Model of Atherosclerosis Circulation, December 16, 2003; 108(24): 3017 - 3023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. C. Tung, G. Cui, K. Oshima, H. Laks, and L. Sen Balanced expression of mitochondrial apoptosis regulatory proteins correlates with long-term survival of cardiac allografts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2832 - H2841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Schaub, W. C. Liles, N. Ferri, K. Sayson, R. A. Seifert, and D. F. Bowen-Pope Fas and Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein Regulate Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression by Human Smooth Muscle Cells Through Caspase- and Calpain-Dependent Release of Interleukin-1{alpha} Circ. Res., September 19, 2003; 93(6): 515 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Tokunou, R. Shibata, H. Kai, T. Ichiki, T. Morisaki, K. Fukuyama, H. Ono, N. Iino, S. Masuda, H. Shimokawa, et al. Apoptosis Induced by Inhibition of Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(10): 1246 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Collett, A. Wood, M. Y. Alexander, B. C. Varnum, R. P. Boot-Handford, V. Ohanian, J. Ohanian, Y.-W. Fridell, and A. E. Canfield Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axl Modulates the Osteogenic Differentiation of Pericytes Circ. Res., May 30, 2003; 92(10): 1123 - 1129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Martinet, M. W.M. Knaapen, G. R.Y. De Meyer, A. G. Herman, and M. M. Kockx Overexpression of the Anti-Apoptotic Caspase-2 Short Isoform in Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells of Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2003; 162(3): 731 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Leskinen, K. A. Lindstedt, Y. Wang, and P. T. Kovanen Mast Cell Chymase Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis by a Mechanism Involving Fibronectin Degradation and Disruption of Focal Adhesions Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2003; 23(2): 238 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Asmis and J. G. Begley Oxidized LDL Promotes Peroxide-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Death in Human Macrophages: A Caspase-3-Independent Pathway Circ. Res., January 10, 2003; 92 (1): e20 - e29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Zorc, R. Zorc-Pleskovic, O. Vraspir-Porenta, M. Legan, and D. Petrovic Apoptosis and Histopathologic Changes in Diffuse Coronary Atherosclerosis Angiology, January 1, 2003; 54(1): 81 - 84. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Proudfoot, J.D. Davies, J.N. Skepper, P.L. Weissberg, and C.M. Shanahan Acetylated Low-Density Lipoprotein Stimulates Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification by Promoting Osteoblastic Differentiation and Inhibiting Phagocytosis Circulation, December 10, 2002; 106(24): 3044 - 3050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Martinet, D. M. Schrijvers, G. R.Y. De Meyer, J. Thielemans, M. W.M. Knaapen, A. G. Herman, and M. M. Kockx Gene Expression Profiling of Apoptosis-Related Genes in Human Atherosclerosis: Upregulation of Death-Associated Protein Kinase Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 2002; 22(12): 2023 - 2029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Boyle, P. L. Weissberg, and M. R. Bennett Human Macrophage-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis Requires NO Enhancement of Fas/Fas-L Interactions Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1624 - 1630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Kavurma, Y. Bobryshev, and L. M. Khachigian Ets-1 Positively Regulates Fas Ligand Transcription via Cooperative Interactions with Sp1 J. Biol. Chem., September 20, 2002; 277(39): 36244 - 36252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-J. Geng and P. Libby Progression of Atheroma: A Struggle Between Death and Procreation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2002; 22(9): 1370 - 1380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Martinet, M. W.M. Knaapen, G. R.Y. De Meyer, A. G. Herman, and M. M. Kockx Elevated Levels of Oxidative DNA Damage and DNA Repair Enzymes in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Circulation, August 20, 2002; 106(8): 927 - 932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Sakuma, M. Yamamoto, M. Okumura, T. Kojima, T. Maruyama, and K. Yasuda High glucose inhibits apoptosis in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells by increasing bcl-xL and bfl-1/A1 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2002; 283(2): C422 - C428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. R.Y. De Meyer, D. M.M. De Cleen, S. Cooper, M. W.M. Knaapen, D. M. Jans, W. Martinet, A. G. Herman, H. Bult, and M. M. Kockx Platelet Phagocytosis and Processing of {beta}-Amyloid Precursor Protein as a Mechanism of Macrophage Activation in Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., June 14, 2002; 90(11): 1197 - 1204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Jankala, C. J. P. Eriksson, K. K. Eklund, M. Harkonen, and T. Maki COMBINED CALCIUM CARBIMIDE AND ETHANOL TREATMENT INDUCES HIGH BLOOD ACETALDEHYDE LEVELS, MYOCARDIAL APOPTOSIS AND ALTERED EXPRESSION OF APOPTOSIS-REGULATING GENES IN RAT Alcohol Alcohol., May 1, 2002; 37(3): 222 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Hunt, R. Fairman, M. E. Mitchell, J. P. Carpenter, M. Golden, T. Khalapyan, M. Wolfe, D. Neschis, R. Milner, B. Scoll, et al. Bone Formation in Carotid Plaques: A Clinicopathological Study Stroke, May 1, 2002; 33(5): 1214 - 1219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Matsuda, Y. Suzuki, K. Kondo, Y. Ikeda, and K. Umemura Hypercholesterolemia induces regression in neointimal thickening due to apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in the hamster endothelial injury model Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2002; 53(2): 512 - 523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Suhara, H.-S. Kim, L. A. Kirshenbaum, and K. Walsh Suppression of Akt Signaling Induces Fas Ligand Expression: Involvement of Caspase and Jun Kinase Activation in Akt-Mediated Fas Ligand Regulation Mol. Cell. Biol., January 15, 2002; 22(2): 680 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Guo, H. Van Remmen, H. Yang, X. Chen, J. Mele, J. Vijg, C. J. Epstein, Y.-S. Ho, and A. Richardson Changes in Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes Affect Cell-Mediated LDL Oxidation and Oxidized LDL-Induced Apoptosis in Mouse Aortic Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2001; 21(7): 1131 - 1138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kataoka, N. Kume, S. Miyamoto, M. Minami, M. Morimoto, K. Hayashida, N. Hashimoto, and T. Kita Oxidized LDL Modulates Bax/Bcl-2 Through the Lectinlike Ox-LDL Receptor-1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2001; 21(6): 955 - 960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Bennett Reactive Oxygen Species and Death : Oxidative DNA Damage in Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., April 13, 2001; 88(7): 648 - 650. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Leskinen, Y. Wang, D. Leszczynski, K. A. Lindstedt, and P. T. Kovanen Mast Cell Chymase Induces Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 2001; 21(4): 516 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-C. Hsieh, M.-H. Yen, C.-H. Yen, and Y.-T. Lau Oxidized low density lipoprotein induces apoptosis via generation of reactive oxygen species in vascular smooth muscle cells Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2001; 49(1): 135 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Okura, M. Brink, H. Itabe, K. J. Scheidegger, A. Kalangos, and P. Delafontaine Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Is Associated With Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Circulation, November 28, 2000; 102(22): 2680 - 2686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Proudfoot, J. N. Skepper, L. Hegyi, M. R. Bennett, C. M. Shanahan, and P. L. Weissberg Apoptosis Regulates Human Vascular Calcification In Vitro : Evidence for Initiation of Vascular Calcification by Apoptotic Bodies Circ. Res., November 24, 2000; 87(11): 1055 - 1062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. NAPOLI, O. QUEHENBERGER, F. DE NIGRIS, P. ABETE, C. K. GLASS, and W. PALINSKI Mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein activates multiple apoptotic signaling pathways in human coronary cells FASEB J, October 1, 2000; 14(13): 1996 - 2007. [Abstract] |