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(Circulation. 1998;98:2108-2116.)
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression in Human Coronary Atherosclerotic Lesions
Possible Pathophysiological Significance of VEGF in Progression of Atherosclerosis
From the Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine (M.I., H.I., K.D., Y.O., N.T., K.T., T.I., J.Y., T.-H.C., K.M., K.N.); Department of Pathology, Osaka City University Medical School (M.U., R.K.); Department of Cardiology, Osaka City General Hospital (T.N.); and Department of Anatomy, Osaka City University Medical School (A.K.), Japan; and the Department of Cardiovascular Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.E.B.)
Correspondence to Hiroshi Itoh, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. E-mail hiito{at}kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Background—Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic factor reported to induce migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, enhance vascular permeability, and modulate thrombogenicity. VEGF expression in cultured cells (smooth muscle cells, macrophages, endothelial cells) is controlled by growth factors and cytokines. Hence, the question arises of whether VEGF could play a role in atherogenesis.
Methods and Results—Frozen sections from 38 coronary artery segments were studied. The specimens were characterized as normal with diffuse intimal thickening, early atherosclerosis with hypercellularity, and advanced atherosclerosis (atheromatous plaques, fibrous plaques, and totally occlusive lesions). VEGF expression as well as the expression of 2 VEGF receptors, flt-1 and Flk-1, were studied with immunohistochemical techniques in these samples at the different stages of human coronary atherosclerosis progression. The expression of VEGF mRNA was also studied with reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Normal arterial segments showed no substantial VEGF expression. Hypercellular and atheromatous lesions showed distinct VEGF positivity of activated endothelial cells, macrophages, and partially differentiated smooth muscle cells. VEGF positivity was also detected in endothelial cells of intraplaque microvessels within advanced lesions. In totally occlusive lesions with extensive neovascularization, intense immunostaining for VEGF was observed in accumulated macrophages and endothelial cells of the microvessels. Furthermore, VEGF mRNA expression was detected in atherosclerotic coronary segments but not in normal coronary segments. The immunostainings for flt-1 and Flk-1 were detected in aggregating macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions and also in endothelial cells of the microvessels in totally occlusive lesions.
Conclusions—These results demonstrate distinct expression of VEGF and its receptors (flt-1 and Flk-1) in atherosclerotic lesions in human coronary arteries. Considering the multipotent actions of VEGF documented experimentally in vivo and in vitro, our findings suggest that VEGF may have some role in the progression of human coronary atherosclerosis, as well as in recanalization processes in obstructive coronary diseases.
Key Words: angiogenesis • atherosclerosis • coronary disease • immunohistochemistry • pathology
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S. E. Epstein, S. Fuchs, Y. F. Zhou, R. Baffour, and R. Kornowski Therapeutic interventions for enhancing collateral development by administration of growth factors: basic principles, early results and potential hazards Cardiovasc Res, February 16, 2001; 49(3): 532 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Brizzi, L. Formato, P. Dentelli, A. Rosso, M. Pavan, G. Garbarino, M. Pegoraro, G. Camussi, and L. Pegoraro Interleukin-3 Stimulates Migration and Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells : A Potential Role in Atherogenesis Circulation, January 30, 2001; 103(4): 549 - 554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Bausero, M.-H. Ben-Mahdi, J.-P. Mazucatelli, C. Bloy, and M. Perrot-Applanat Vascular endothelial growth factor is modulated in vascular muscle cells by estradiol, tamoxifen, and hypoxia Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2000; 279(5): H2033 - H2042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Dahlfors and H. J. Arnqvist Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1 Regulate the Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-3, -4, and -5 in Large Vessel Endothelial Cells Endocrinology, June 1, 2000; 141(6): 2062 - 2067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W. Griffioen and G. Molema Angiogenesis: Potentials for Pharmacologic Intervention in the Treatment of Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Chronic Inflammation Pharmacol. Rev., June 1, 2000; 52(2): 237 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Ollivier, J. Chabbat, J. M. Herbert, J. Hakim, and D. de Prost Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Production by Fibroblasts in Response to Factor VIIa Binding to Tissue Factor Involves Thrombin and Factor Xa Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2000; 20(5): 1374 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Dong and P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont Bone Sialoprotein and the Paradox of Angiogenesis Versus Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., April 28, 2000; 86(8): 827 - 828. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B J Hunt The endothelium in atherogenesis Lupus, March 1, 2000; 9(3): 189 - 193. [Abstract] [PDF]
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N. Akuzawa, M. Kurabayashi, Y. Ohyama, M. Arai, and R. Nagai Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Egr-1 Activates Flt-1 Gene Expression in THP-1 Cells on Induction for Macrophage Differentiation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2000; 20(2): 377 - 384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Kornowski, S. Fuchs, M. B. Leon, and S. E. Epstein Delivery Strategies to Achieve Therapeutic Myocardial Angiogenesis Circulation, February 1, 2000; 101(4): 454 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Sinnaeve, O. Varenne, D. Collen, and S. Janssens Gene therapy in the cardiovascular system: an update Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 1999; 44(3): 498 - 506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Moussa and J. W. Moses Angiogenesis for Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease: Should We Worry About Progression of Atherosclerosis? Circulation, November 30, 1999; 100 (22): e109 - e109. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. E. Chambers, S. T Riebel, and M. Kozak Interventional Cardiology: Advances in Percutaneous Techniques for the Treatment of Cardiac Disease Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, July 1, 1999; 3(2): 109 - 125. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 T. D Henry Science, medicine, and the future: Therapeutic angiogenesis BMJ, June 5, 1999; 318(7197): 1536 - 1539. [Full Text]
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C. K. Sen, S. Khanna, M. Venojarvi, P. Trikha, E. C. Ellison, T. K. Hunt, and S. Roy Copper-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression and wound healing Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2002; 282(5): H1821 - H1827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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