From the Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Cardiovascular
Division (A.K., G.K.S., P.L.), and the Immunology Research Division,
Department of Pathology (A.H.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Peter Libby, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail plibby{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu
Background—Recent evidence has
implicated Chlamydia pneumoniae in the aggravation of
atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which this
agent affects atherogenesis remain poorly understood. Chlamydiae
produce large amounts of heat shock protein 60 (HSP 60) during chronic,
persistent infections, and C pneumoniae localizes
predominantly within plaque macrophages. Several studies have
furnished evidence that endogenous (human) HSP 60 may play
a role in atherogenesis. We tested here the hypothesis that
atheroma contains chlamydial HSP 60 and that this bacterial
product might stimulate macrophage functions considered
relevant to atherosclerosis and its complications, such
as production of proinflammatory cytokines as tissue
necrosis factor-
Methods and Results—Surgical specimens of human carotid
atherosclerotic arteries (n=19) and normal arterial wall
samples (n=7, 2 carotid arteries and 5 aortas) were tested
immunohistochemically for the presence of chlamydial HSP 60 and human
HSP 60. Macrophage localization of these antigens was assessed
by double immunostaining. Murine peritoneal
macrophages, maintained in serum-free conditions for 48 hours
after harvesting, were incubated with C pneumoniae,
chlamydial HSP 60, human HSP 60, or Escherichia coli
lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Culture supernatants, collected at 24
hours for concentration-dependence experiments and at up to 72 hours
for time-dependence experiments, were analyzed for TNF-
Conclusions—Chlamydial HSP 60 frequently colocalizes with human
HSP 60 in plaque macrophages in human atherosclerotic lesions.
Chlamydial and human HSP 60 induce TNF-
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports
Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 Localizes in Human Atheroma and Regulates Macrophage Tumor Necrosis Factor-
and Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression
(TNF-) and matrix-degrading
metalloproteinases (MMPs). by
ELISA and for MMP by gelatin zymography. Atherosclerotic lesions showed
immunoreactive chlamydial HSP 60 in 47% (9 of 19) of the cases and
human HSP 60 in 89% (17 of 19) of the cases. Chlamydial HSP 60
colocalized with human HSP 60 within plaque macrophages in 77%
(7 of 9) of the cases. Nonatherosclerotic samples contained neither
HSP. Both C pneumoniae and recombinant chlamydial HSP 60
induced TNF- production by mouse macrophages in a
concentration- and time-dependent fashion. E coli LPS
and human HSP 60 produced similar effects. Similarly, C
pneumoniae and HSPs induced MMPs in a concentration- and
time-dependent manner. Heat treatment abolished the effect of C
pneumoniae and HSPs on both TNF- and MMP production,
but it did not alter the ability of E coli LPS to induce
these functions. and MMP production
by macrophages. Chlamydial HSP 60 might mediate the induction
of these effects by C pneumoniae. Induction of such
macrophage functions provides potential mechanisms by which
chlamydial infections may promote atherogenesis and precipitate acute
ischemic events.
Key Words: proteins • ischemia • atherosclerosis
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  Y. Bulut, K. Shimada, M. H. Wong, S. Chen, P. Gray, R. Alsabeh, T. M. Doherty, T. R. Crother, and M. Arditi Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 Induces Acute Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice via the Toll-Like Receptor 4- and MyD88-Dependent Pathway Infect. Immun., July 1, 2009; 77(7): 2683 - 2690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. E. Epstein, J. Zhu, A. H. Najafi, and M. S. Burnett Insights Into the Role of Infection in Atherogenesis and in Plaque Rupture Circulation, June 23, 2009; 119(24): 3133 - 3141. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-F. Tsan and B. Gao Heat shock proteins and immune system J. Leukoc. Biol., June 1, 2009; 85(6): 905 - 910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Vanlaere and C. Libert Matrix Metalloproteinases as Drug Targets in Infections Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria and in Septic Shock Clin. Microbiol. Rev., April 1, 2009; 22(2): 224 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhang, M. He, L. Cheng, Y. Chen, L. Zhou, H. Zeng, A. G. Pockley, F. B. Hu, and T. Wu Elevated Heat Shock Protein 60 Levels Are Associated With Higher Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Chinese Circulation, December 16, 2008; 118(25): 2687 - 2693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Gotsman, A. H. Sharpe, and A. H. Lichtman T-Cell Costimulation and Coinhibition in Atherosclerosis Circ. Res., November 21, 2008; 103(11): 1220 - 1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. M. Biasucci, M. Leo, and G. L. De Maria Local and Systemic Mechanisms of Plaque Rupture Angiology, August 1, 2008; 59(2_suppl): 73S - 76S. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bas, L. Neff, M. Vuillet, U. Spenato, T. Seya, M. Matsumoto, and C. Gabay The Proinflammatory Cytokine Response to Chlamydia trachomatis Elementary Bodies in Human Macrophages Is Partly Mediated by a Lipoprotein, the Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator, through TLR2/TLR1/TLR6 and CD14 J. Immunol., January 15, 2008; 180(2): 1158 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Lepper, C. Schumann, K. Triantafilou, F. M. Rasche, T. Schuster, H. Frank, E. M. Schneider, M. Triantafilou, and M. von Eynatten Association of Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein and Coronary Artery Disease in Men J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 3, 2007; 50(1): 25 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. W. LaRue, B. D. Dill, D. K. Giles, J. D. Whittimore, and J. E. Raulston Chlamydial Hsp60-2 Is Iron Responsive in Chlamydia trachomatis Serovar E-Infected Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells In Vitro Infect. Immun., May 1, 2007; 75(5): 2374 - 2380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Caso, J. M. Pradillo, O. Hurtado, P. Lorenzo, M. A. Moro, and I. Lizasoain Toll-Like Receptor 4 Is Involved in Brain Damage and Inflammation After Experimental Stroke Circulation, March 27, 2007; 115(12): 1599 - 1608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. G. Spagnoli, S. Pucci, E. Bonanno, A. Cassone, F. Sesti, A. Ciervo, and A. Mauriello Persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection of Cardiomyocytes Is Correlated with Fatal Myocardial Infarction Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2007; 170(1): 33 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Ikejima, H. Friedman, and Y. Yamamoto Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of microglial cells in vitro: a model of microbial infection for neurological disease. J. Med. Microbiol., July 1, 2006; 55(Pt 7): 947 - 952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. Chadjichristos, C. M. Matter, I. Roth, E. Sutter, G. Pelli, T. F. Luscher, M. Chanson, and B. R. Kwak Reduced Connexin43 Expression Limits Neointima Formation After Balloon Distension Injury in Hypercholesterolemic Mice Circulation, June 20, 2006; 113(24): 2835 - 2843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-M. Fernandez-Real, A. Lopez-Bermejo, J. Vendrell, M.-J. Ferri, M. Recasens, and W. Ricart Burden of Infection and Insulin Resistance in Healthy Middle-Aged Men Diabetes Care, May 1, 2006; 29(5): 1058 - 1064. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Tedgui and Z. Mallat Cytokines in Atherosclerosis: Pathogenic and Regulatory Pathways Physiol Rev, April 1, 2006; 86(2): 515 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.D. Hauer, P. de Vos, N. Peterse, H. ten Cate, Th.J.C. van Berkel, F.R.M. Stassen, and J. Kuiper Delivery of Chlamydia pneumoniae to the vessel wall aggravates atherosclerosis in LDLr-/- mice Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2006; 69(1): 280 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. Xiao, K. Mandal, G. Schett, M. Mayr, G. Wick, F. Oberhollenzer, J. Willeit, S. Kiechl, and Q. Xu Association of Serum-Soluble Heat Shock Protein 60 With Carotid Atherosclerosis: Clinical Significance Determined in a Follow-Up Study Stroke, December 1, 2005; 36(12): 2571 - 2576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. C. Wilson, C. C. Wu, J. R. Yates III, and M. Tan Chlamydial GroEL Autoregulates Its Own Expression through Direct Interactions with the HrcA Repressor Protein J. Bacteriol., November 1, 2005; 187(21): 7535 - 7542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Johnston and R. J. Martin Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: A Role in Asthma Pathogenesis? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., November 1, 2005; 172(9): 1078 - 1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Tormakangas, L. Erkkila, T. Korhonen, T. Tiirola, A. Bloigu, P. Saikku, and M. Leinonen Effects of Repeated Chlamydia pneumoniae Inoculations on Aortic Lipid Accumulation and Inflammatory Response in C57BL/6J Mice Infect. Immun., October 1, 2005; 73(10): 6458 - 6466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Hagg, M. E. Johansson, J. Gronros, A. S. Naylor, I. H. Jonsdottir, G. Bergstrom, P.-A. Svensson, and L.-m. Gan Gene expression profile and aortic vessel distensibility in voluntarily exercised spontaneously hypertensive rats: potential role of heat shock proteins Physiol Genomics, August 11, 2005; 22(3): 319 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Andraws, J. S. Berger, and D. L. Brown Effects of Antibiotic Therapy on Outcomes of Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials JAMA, June 1, 2005; 293(21): 2641 - 2647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G Arno, J C Kaski, D A Smith, J P Akiyu, S E Hughes, and C Baboonian Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression is associated with the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques Heart, April 1, 2005; 91(4): 521 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Zanin-Zhorov, R. Bruck, G. Tal, S. Oren, H. Aeed, R. Hershkoviz, I. R. Cohen, and O. Lider Heat Shock Protein 60 Inhibits Th1-Mediated Hepatitis Model via Innate Regulation of Th1/Th2 Transcription Factors and Cytokines J. Immunol., March 15, 2005; 174(6): 3227 - 3236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Rupp, T. Hellwig-Burgel, V. Wobbe, U. Seitzer, E. Brandt, and M. Maass Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes a proliferative phenotype in the vasculature through Egr-1 activation in vitro and in vivo PNAS, March 1, 2005; 102(9): 3447 - 3452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. de Kruif, E. C.M. van Gorp, T. T. Keller, J. M. Ossewaarde, and H. ten Cate Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in mouse models: relevance for atherosclerosis research Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2005; 65(2): 317 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Kim, C. A. Gaydos, B. J. Wood, J. P. Hardick, Y. Zhang, and L. M. Wahl Chlamydia pneumoniae Enhances Cytokine-Stimulated Human Monocyte Matrix Metalloproteinases through a Prostaglandin E2-Dependent Mechanism Infect. Immun., January 1, 2005; 73(1): 632 - 634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. K. Maxion, W. Liu, M.-H. Chang, and K. A. Kelly The Infecting Dose of Chlamydia muridarum Modulates the Innate Immune Response and Ascending Infection Infect. Immun., November 1, 2004; 72(11): 6330 - 6340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-F. Tsan and B. Gao Endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2004; 76(3): 514 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Ludewig, P. Krebs, and E. Scandella Immunopathogenesis of atherosclerosis J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2004; 76(2): 300 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Wilson and M. Tan Stress Response Gene Regulation in Chlamydia Is Dependent on HrcA-CIRCE Interactions J. Bacteriol., June 1, 2004; 186(11): 3384 - 3391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-F. Tsan and B. Gao Cytokine function of heat shock proteins Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): C739 - C744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Zal, J. C. Kaski, G. Arno, J. P. Akiyu, Q. Xu, D. Cole, M. Whelan, N. Russell, J. A. Madrigal, I. A. Dodi, et al. Heat-Shock Protein 60-Reactive CD4+CD28null T Cells in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, March 16, 2004; 109(10): 1230 - 1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Hirono, E. Dibrov, C. Hurtado, A. Kostenuk, R. Ducas, and G. N. Pierce Chlamydia pneumoniae Stimulates Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Through Induction of Endogenous Heat Shock Protein 60 Circ. Res., October 17, 2003; 93(8): 710 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. B Chesebro, E. Blessing, C.-C. Kuo, M. E Rosenfeld, M. Puolakkainen, and L. A. Campbell Nitric oxide synthase plays a role in Chlamydia pneumoniae-induced atherosclerosis Cardiovasc Res, October 15, 2003; 60(1): 170 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. OSTERUD and E. BJORKLID Role of Monocytes in Atherogenesis Physiol Rev, October 1, 2003; 83(4): 1069 - 1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Lindsberg and A. J. Grau Inflammation and Infections as Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke Stroke, October 1, 2003; 34(10): 2518 - 2532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B Jones, D. C Sane, and D. M Herrington Matrix metalloproteinases: A review of their structure and role in acute coronary syndrome Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2003; 59(4): 812 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D Tousoulis, G Davies, C Stefanadis, P Toutouzas, and J A Ambrose Inflammatory and thrombotic mechanisms in coronary atherosclerosis Heart, September 1, 2003; 89(9): 993 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Mulhaupt, C. M Matter, B. R Kwak, G. Pelli, N. R Veillard, F. Burger, P. Graber, T. F Luscher, and F. Mach Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) reduce CD40 expression in human vascular cells Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2003; 59(3): 755 - 766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Kocazeybek Chronic Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in lung cancer, a risk factor: a case-control study J. Med. Microbiol., August 1, 2003; 52(8): 721 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Biasucci, G. Liuzzo, A. Ciervo, A. Petrucca, M. Piro, D. J. Angiolillo, F. Crea, A. Cassone, and A. Maseri Antibody Response to Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 Is Strongly Associated With Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, June 24, 2003; 107(24): 3015 - 3017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Gao and M.-F. Tsan Recombinant Human Heat Shock Protein 60 Does Not Induce the Release of Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} from Murine Macrophages J. Biol. Chem., June 13, 2003; 278(25): 22523 - 22529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Benagiano, A. Azzurri, A. Ciervo, A. Amedei, C. Tamburini, M. Ferrari, J. L. Telford, C. T. Baldari, S. Romagnani, A. Cassone, et al. T helper type 1 lymphocytes drive inflammation in human atherosclerotic lesions PNAS, May 27, 2003; 100(11): 6658 - 6663. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Huittinen, M. Leinonen, L. Tenkanen, H. Virkkunen, M. Manttari, T. Palosuo, V. Manninen, and P. Saikku Synergistic Effect of Persistent Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection, Autoimmunity, and Inflammation on Coronary Risk Circulation, May 27, 2003; 107(20): 2566 - 2570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O Ishida, H Oku, T Ikeda, M Nishimura, K Kawagoe, and K Nakamura Is Chlamydia pneumoniae infection a risk factor for age related macular degeneration? Br. J. Ophthalmol., May 1, 2003; 87(5): 523 - 524. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. V. Kalayoglu, C. Galvan, O. S. Mahdi, G. I. Byrne, and S. Mansour Serological Association Between Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection and Age-Related Macular Degeneration Arch Ophthalmol, April 1, 2003; 121(4): 478 - 482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bea, M. H. Puolakkainen, T. McMillen, F. N. Hudson, N. Mackman, C. C. Kuo, L. A. Campbell, and M. E. Rosenfeld Chlamydia pneumoniae Induces Tissue Factor Expression in Mouse Macrophages via Activation of Egr-1 and the MEK-ERK1/2 Pathway Circ. Res., March 7, 2003; 92(4): 394 - 401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Higgins Chlamydia pneumoniae and Coronary Artery Disease: The Antibiotic Trials Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2003; 78(3): 321 - 332. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Angiolillo, G. Liuzzo, S. Pelliccioni, E. De Candia, R. Landolfi, F. Crea, A. Maseri, and L. M. Biasucci Combined role of the Lewis antigenic system, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and C-reactive protein in unstable angina J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4): 546 - 550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. K. Shah Mechanisms of plaque vulnerability and rupture J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 15S - 22S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Yang, W. C. Hooper, D. J. Phillips, M. L. Tondella, and D. F. Talkington Induction of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Lung Epithelial Cells during Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection Infect. Immun., February 1, 2003; 71(2): 614 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Gao and M.-F. Tsan Endotoxin Contamination in Recombinant Human Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) Preparation Is Responsible for the Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha Release by Murine Macrophages J. Biol. Chem., January 3, 2003; 278(1): 174 - 179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. V. Kalayoglu, P. Libby, and G. I. Byrne Chlamydia pneumoniae as an Emerging Risk Factor in Cardiovascular Disease JAMA, December 4, 2002; 288(21): 2724 - 2731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Forrester Prevention of Plaque Rupture: A New Paradigm of Therapy Ann Intern Med, November 19, 2002; 137(10): 823 - 833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Dong and P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont E2F1: A Magic Bullet for Atherosclerosis? Circulation, November 19, 2002; 106(21): 2640 - 2641. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. Xu Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Atherosclerosis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1547 - 1559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Maron, G. Sukhova, A.-M. Faria, E. Hoffmann, F. Mach, P. Libby, and H. L. Weiner Mucosal Administration of Heat Shock Protein-65 Decreases Atherosclerosis and Inflammation in Aortic Arch of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1708 - 1715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F Blasi, S Damato, R Cosentini, P Tarsia, R Raccanelli, S Centanni, and L Allegra Chlamydia pneumoniae and chronic bronchitis: association with severity and bacterial clearance following treatment Thorax, August 1, 2002; 57(8): 672 - 676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Prasad, J. Zhu, J. P.J. Halcox, M. A. Waclawiw, S. E. Epstein, and A. A. Quyyumi Predisposition to Atherosclerosis by Infections: Role of Endothelial Dysfunction Circulation, July 9, 2002; 106(2): 184 - 190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Koenig, N. Khuseyinova, M. M. Hoffmann, W. Marz, M. Frohlich, A. Hoffmeister, H. Brenner, and D. Rothenbacher CD14 C(-260)->T polymorphism, plasma levels of the soluble endotoxin receptor CD14, their association with chronic infections and risk of stable coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 3, 2002; 40(1): 34 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. W. FONG Infections and their role in atherosclerotic vascular disease J Am Dent Assoc, June 1, 2002; 133(suppl_1): 7S - 13S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L.C. von Hertzen Role of persistent infection in the control and severity of asthma: focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2002; 19(3): 546 - 556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Huittinen, M. Leinonen, L. Tenkanen, M. Manttari, H. Virkkunen, T. Pitkanen, E. Wahlstrom, T. Palosuo, V. Manninen, and P. Saikku Autoimmunity to Human Heat Shock Protein 60, Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection, and Inflammation in Predicting Coronary Risk Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2002; 22(3): 431 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Pockley Heat Shock Proteins, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, February 26, 2002; 105(8): 1012 - 1017. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Bulut, E. Faure, L. Thomas, H. Karahashi, K. S. Michelsen, O. Equils, S. G. Morrison, R. P. Morrison, and M. Arditi Chlamydial Heat Shock Protein 60 Activates Macrophages and Endothelial Cells Through Toll-Like Receptor 4 and MD2 in a MyD88-Dependent Pathway J. Immunol., February 1, 2002; 168(3): 1435 - 1440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ciervo, P. Visca, A. Petrucca, L. M. Biasucci, A. Maseri, and A. Cassone Antibodies to 60-Kilodalton Heat Shock Protein and Outer Membrane Protein 2 of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Clin. Vaccine Immunol., January 1, 2002; 9(1): 66 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. H. Xu, P. K. Shah, E. Faure, O. Equils, L. Thomas, M. C. Fishbein, D. Luthringer, X.-P. Xu, T. B. Rajavashisth, J. Yano, et al. Toll-Like Receptor-4 Is Expressed by Macrophages in Murine and Human Lipid-Rich Atherosclerotic Plaques and Upregulated by Oxidized LDL Circulation, December 18, 2001; 104(25): 3103 - 3108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. K. Kanwar, J. R. Kanwar, D. Wang, D. J. Ormrod, and G. W. Krissansen Temporal Expression of Heat Shock Proteins 60 and 70 at Lesion-Prone Sites During Atherogenesis in ApoE-Deficient Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 2001; 21(12): 1991 - 1997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Gigliotti Rothfuchs, D. Gigliotti, K. Palmblad, U. Andersson, H. Wigzell, and M. E. Rottenberg IFN-{alpha}{beta}-Dependent, IFN-{gamma} Secretion by Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Controls an Intracellular Bacterial Infection J. Immunol., December 1, 2001; 167(11): 6453 - 6461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. K. Shah and Z. S. Galis Matrix Metalloproteinase Hypothesis of Plaque Rupture: Players Keep Piling Up But Questions Remain Circulation, October 16, 2001; 104(16): 1878 - 1880. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Prebeck, C. Kirschning, S. Durr, C. da Costa, B. Donath, K. Brand, V. Redecke, H. Wagner, and T. Miethke Predominant Role of Toll-Like Receptor 2 Versus 4 in Chlamydia pneumoniae-Induced Activation of Dendritic Cells J. Immunol., September 15, 2001; 167(6): 3316 - 3323. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Quiding-Jarbrink, D. A. Smith, and G. J. Bancroft Production of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Response to Mycobacterial Infection Infect. Immun., September 1, 2001; 69(9): 5661 - 5670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. George, A. Afek, B. Gilburd, Y. Shoenfeld, and D. Harats Cellular and humoral immune responses to heat shock protein 65 are both involved in promoting fatty-streak formation in LDL-receptor deficient mice J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2001; 38(3): 900 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. H. Ramsey, G. S. Miranpuri, I. M. Sigar, S. Ouellette, and G. I. Byrne Chlamydia trachomatis Persistence in the Female Mouse Genital Tract: Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Infection Outcome Infect. Immun., August 1, 2001; 69(8): 5131 - 5137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Valen, Z.-q. Yan, and G.o. K. Hansson Nuclear factor kappa-B and the heart J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2001; 38(2): 307 - 314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Libby Current Concepts of the Pathogenesis of the Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, July 17, 2001; 104(3): 365 - 372. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Caligiuri, M. Rottenberg, A. Nicoletti, H. Wigzell, and G. K. Hansson Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection Does Not Induce or Modify Atherosclerosis in Mice Circulation, June 12, 2001; 103(23): 2834 - 2838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Huittinen, D. Hahn, T. Anttila, E. Wahlstrom, P. Saikku, and M. Leinonen Host immune response to Chlamydia pneumoniae heat shock protein 60 is associated with asthma Eur. Respir. J., June 1, 2001; 17(6): 1078 - 1082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Liuzzo, D. J. Angiolillo, A. Buffon, V. Rizzello, C. Colizzi, F. Ginnetti, L. M. Biasucci, and A. Maseri Enhanced Response of Blood Monocytes to In Vitro Lipopolysaccharide-Challenge in Patients With Recurrent Unstable Angina Circulation, May 8, 2001; 103(18): 2236 - 2241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Aalto-Setala, K. Laitinen, L. Erkkila, M. Leinonen, M. Jauhiainen, C. Ehnholm, M. Tamminen, M. Puolakkainen, I. Penttila, and P. Saikku Chlamydia pneumoniae Does Not Increase Atherosclerosis in the Aortic Root of Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 2001; 21(4): 578 - 584. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. LaBiche, D. Koziol, T. C. Quinn, C. Gaydos, S. Azhar, G. Ketron, S. Sood, and T. J. DeGraba Presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in Human Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Stroke, April 1, 2001; 32(4): 855 - 860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. K. Coombes and J. B. Mahony cDNA Array Analysis of Altered Gene Expression in Human Endothelial Cells in Response to Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection Infect. Immun., March 1, 2001; 69(3): 1420 - 1427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Vehmaan-Kreula, M. Puolakkainen, M. Sarvas, H. G. Welgus, and P. T. Kovanen Chlamydia pneumoniae Proteins Induce Secretion of the 92-kDa Gelatinase by Human Monocyte- Derived Macrophages Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2001; 21 (1): e1 - e8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Naghavi, Z. Barlas, S. Siadaty, S. Naguib, M. Madjid, and W. Casscells Association of Influenza Vaccination and Reduced Risk of Recurrent Myocardial Infarction Circulation, December 19, 2000; 102(25): 3039 - 3045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A Meijer, P J M Roholl, S K Gielis-Proper, and J M Ossewaarde Chlamydia pneumoniae antigens, rather than viable bacteria, persist in atherosclerotic lesions J. Clin. Pathol., December 1, 2000; 53(12): 911 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. T. Grayston Secondary Prevention Antibiotic Treatment Trials for Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, October 10, 2000; 102(15): 1742 - 1743. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Muhlestein, J. L. Anderson, J. F. Carlquist, K. Salunkhe, B. D. Horne, R. R. Pearson, T. J. Bunch, A. Allen, S. Trehan, and C. Nielson Randomized Secondary Prevention Trial of Azithromycin in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease : Primary Clinical Results of the ACADEMIC Study Circulation, October 10, 2000; 102(15): 1755 - 1760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. G. Rank, A. K. Bowlin, and K. A. Kelly Characterization of Lymphocyte Response in the Female Genital Tract during Ascending Chlamydial Genital Infection in the Guinea Pig Model Infect. Immun., September 1, 2000; 68(9): 5293 - 5298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S A Morre, W Stooker, W K Lagrand, A J C van den Brule, and H W M Niessen Microorganisms in the aetiology of atherosclerosis J. Clin. Pathol., September 1, 2000; 53(9): 647 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Mayr, S. Kiechl, J. Willeit, G. Wick, and Q. Xu Infections, Immunity, and Atherosclerosis : Associations of Antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, and Cytomegalovirus With Immune Reactions to Heat-Shock Protein 60 and Carotid or Femoral Atherosclerosis Circulation, August 22, 2000; 102(8): 833 - 839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Xu, G. Schett, H. Perschinka, M. Mayr, G. Egger, F. Oberhollenzer, J. Willeit, S. Kiechl, and G. Wick Serum Soluble Heat Shock Protein 60 Is Elevated in Subjects With Atherosclerosis in a General Population Circulation, July 4, 2000; 102(1): 14 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. W. Fong Emerging relations between infectious diseases and coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis Can. Med. Assoc. J., July 1, 2000; 163(1): 49 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Molestina, R. D. Miller, A. B. Lentsch, J. A. Ramirez, and J. T. Summersgill Requirement for NF-kappa B in Transcriptional Activation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 by Chlamydia pneumoniae in Human Endothelial Cells Infect. Immun., July 1, 2000; 68(7): 4282 - 4288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. George, Y. Shoenfeld, B. Gilburd, A. Afek, A. Shaish, and D. Harats Requisite Role for Interleukin-4 in the Acceleration of Fatty Streaks Induced by Heat Shock Protein 65 or Mycobacterium tuberculosis Circ. Res., June 23, 2000; 86(12): 1203 - 1210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Mosorin, H.-M. Surcel, A. Laurila, M. Lehtinen, R. Karttunen, J. Juvonen, J. Paavonen, R. P. Morrison, P. Saikku, and T. Juvonen Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae-Reactive T Lymphocytes in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques of Carotid Artery Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 2000; 20(4): 1061 - 1067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Menschikowski, A. Rosner-Schiering, R. Eckey, E. Mueller, R. Koch, and W. Jaross Expression of Secretory Group IIA Phospholipase A2 in Relation to the Presence of Microbial Agents, Macrophage Infiltrates, and Transcripts of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Human Aortic Tissues Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2000; 20(3): 751 - 762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kol, A. H. Lichtman, R. W. Finberg, P. Libby, and E. A. Kurt-Jones Cutting Edge: Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 60 Activates the Innate Immune Response: CD14 Is an Essential Receptor for HSP60 Activation of Mononuclear Cells J. Immunol., January 1, 2000; 164(1): 13 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|