From the Divisions of Cardiology (P.M.R.) and Preventive Medicine
(P.M.R., J.E.B., C.H.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the
Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention (J.E.B., C.H.H.), Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Mass; and Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill (M.M., J.S.).
Correspondence to Paul M. Ridker, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail pmridker{at}bics.bwh.harvard.edu
Abstract
Background—C-reactive protein (CRP)
predicts risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke among apparently
healthy men, but in women, virtually no data are available.
Methods and Results—CRP was measured in baseline blood samples
from 122 apparently healthy participants in the Women's Health Study
who subsequently suffered a first cardiovascular event
and from 244 age- and smoking-matched control subjects who remained
free of cardiovascular disease during a 3-year
follow-up period. Women who developed cardiovascular
events had higher baseline CRP levels than control subjects
(P=0.0001), such that those with the highest levels at
baseline had a 5-fold increase in risk of any vascular event (RR=4.8;
95% CI, 2.3 to 10.1; P=0.0001) and a 7-fold increase in
risk of MI or stroke (RR=7.3; 95% CI, 2.7 to 19.9;
P=0.0001). Risk estimates were independent of other risk
factors, and prediction models that included CRP provided a better
method to predict risk than models that excluded CRP (all
P values <0.01). In stratified analyses, CRP
was a predictor among subgroups of women with low as well as high risk
as defined by other cardiovascular risk factors.
Conclusions—In these prospective data among women, CRP is a
strong independent risk factor for cardiovascular
disease that adds to the predictive value of risk models based on usual
factors alone.
© 1998 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communication
Prospective Study of C-Reactive Protein and the Risk of Future Cardiovascular Events Among Apparently Healthy Women
Key Words: C-reactive protein • inflammation • cardiovascular diseases
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B. Lo, R. Fijnheer, A. P. Nierich, P. Bruins, and C. J. Kalkman C-Reactive Protein is a Risk Indicator for Atrial Fibrillation After Myocardial Revascularization Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2005; 79(5): 1530 - 1535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Kovacs, P. Henriksson, A. Hamsten, H. Wallen, J. Bjorkegren, and P. Tornvall Hormonal Regulation of Circulating C-Reactive Protein in Men Clin. Chem., May 1, 2005; 51(5): 911 - 913. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Doi, Y. Kiyohara, M. Kubo, Y. Tanizaki, K. Okubo, T. Ninomiya, M. Iwase, and M. Iida Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein and Glucose Levels in Community-Dwelling Subjects Without Diabetes: The Hisayama Study Diabetes Care, May 1, 2005; 28(5): 1211 - 1213. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. B. Kritchevsky, M. Cesari, and M. Pahor Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular health in older adults Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 265 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Wang, X. Zhu, Q. Xu, X. Ding, Y. E. Chen, and Q. Song Effect of C-reactive protein on gene expression in vascular endothelial cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): H1539 - H1545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. M. Stuveling, S. J. L. Bakker, H. L. Hillege, P. E. de Jong, R. O. B. Gans, and D. de Zeeuw Biochemical risk markers: a novel area for better prediction of renal risk? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2005; 20(3): 497 - 508. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Malik, N. D. Wong, S. Franklin, J. Pio, C. Fairchild, and R. Chen Cardiovascular Disease in U.S. Patients With Metabolic Syndrome, Diabetes, and Elevated C-Reactive Protein Diabetes Care, March 1, 2005; 28(3): 690 - 693. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. RETTERSTOL, K. E. BERGE, O. BRAATEN, L. EIKVAR, T. R. PEDERSEN, and L. SANDVIK A DAILY GLASS OF RED WINE: DOES IT AFFECT MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION? Alcohol Alcohol., March 1, 2005; 40(2): 102 - 105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. A. Lauver, E. A. Booth, A. J. White, E. Poradosu, and B. R. Lucchesi Sulodexide Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and the Deposition of C-Reactive Protein in Areas of Infarction without Affecting Hemostasis J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2005; 312(2): 794 - 800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. J. Chang and R. C. Harris Are All COX-2 Inhibitors Created Equal? Hypertension, February 1, 2005; 45(2): 178 - 180. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Bogaty, J. M. Brophy, L. Boyer, S. Simard, L. Joseph, F. Bertrand, and G. R. Dagenais Fluctuating Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Arch Intern Med, January 24, 2005; 165(2): 221 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. K. Roberts and R. J. Barnard Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 3 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. C. Smith Jr, J. L. Anderson, R. O. Cannon III, Y. Y. Fadl, W. Koenig, P. Libby, S. E. Lipshultz, G. A. Mensah, P. M Ridker, and R. Rosenson CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: Report From the Clinical Practice Discussion Group Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): e550 - e553. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. P. Fortmann, E. Ford, M. H. Criqui, A. R. Folsom, T. B. Harris, Y. Hong, T. A. Pearson, D. Siscovick, F. Vinicor, and P. F. Wilson CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: Report From the Population Science Discussion Group Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): e554 - e559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. M. Fischer, R. G. Schlienger, C. M. Matter, H. Jick, and C. R. Meier Discontinuation of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Therapy and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction Arch Intern Med, December 13, 2004; 164(22): 2472 - 2476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. O. Talbott, J. V. Zborowski, M. Y. Boudreaux, K. P. McHugh-Pemu, K. Sutton-Tyrrell, and D. S. Guzick The Relationship between C-Reactive Protein and Carotid Intima-Media Wall Thickness in Middle-Aged Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2004; 89(12): 6061 - 6067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Niskanen, D. E. Laaksonen, K. Nyyssonen, K. Punnonen, V.-P. Valkonen, R. Fuentes, T.-P. Tuomainen, R. Salonen, and J. T. Salonen Inflammation, Abdominal Obesity, and Smoking as Predictors of Hypertension Hypertension, December 1, 2004; 44(6): 859 - 865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Yaffe, A. Kanaya, K. Lindquist, E. M. Simonsick, T. Harris, R. I. Shorr, F. A. Tylavsky, and A. B. Newman The Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Risk of Cognitive Decline JAMA, November 10, 2004; 292(18): 2237 - 2242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. H. Meurman, M. Sanz, and S.-J. Janket ORAL HEALTH, ATHEROSCLEROSIS, AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, November 1, 2004; 15(6): 403 - 413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Khreiss, L. Jozsef, L. A. Potempa, and J. G. Filep Opposing Effects of C-Reactive Protein Isoforms on Shear-Induced Neutrophil-Platelet Adhesion and Neutrophil Aggregation in Whole Blood Circulation, October 26, 2004; 110(17): 2713 - 2720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-P. Despres CRP and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: Can Exercise Training Cool Down the Flames? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2004; 24(10): 1743 - 1745. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S Kony, M Zureik, F Driss, C Neukirch, B Leynaert, and F Neukirch Association of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and lung function with C-reactive protein (CRP): a population based study Thorax, October 1, 2004; 59(10): 892 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Zouridakis, P. Avanzas, R. Arroyo-Espliguero, S. Fredericks, and J. C. Kaski Markers of Inflammation and Rapid Coronary Artery Disease Progression in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris Circulation, September 28, 2004; 110(13): 1747 - 1753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-J. Li, C.-H. Fang, H. Jiang, C.-X. Hunag, Q.-Z. Tang, X.-H. Wang, and G.-S. Li Increased C-Reactive Protein Level After Renal Stent Implantation in Patients with Atherosclerotic Renal Stenosis Angiology, September 1, 2004; 55(5): 479 - 484. [Abstract] [PDF]
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