Published Online
on July 7, 2008

A more recent version of this article appeared on July 22, 2008

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Submitted on October 25, 2007
Accepted on May 27, 2008

Aerobic Interval Training Versus Continuous Moderate Exercise as a Treatment for the Metabolic Syndrome. A Pilot Study

Arnt Erik Tjønna MSc, Sang Jun Lee PhD, ivind Rognmo MSc, Tomas O. Stølen MSc, Anja Bye MSc, Per Magnus Haram PhD, Jan Pål Loennechen PhD, Qusai Y. Al-Share MSc, Eirik Skogvoll PhD, Stig A. Slørdahl PhD, Ole J. Kemi PhD, Sonia M. Najjar PhD, and Ulrik Wisløff PhD^*

From the Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging (A.E.T., .R., T.O.S., A.B., P.M.H., J.P.L., S.A.S., U.W.), and Unit for Applied Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine (E.S.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and the Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio (S.J.L., Q.Y.A.-S., S.M.N.); Department of Cardiology (J.P.L., S.A.S., U.W.), and Anaesthesia and Emergency Medicine (E.S.), St Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; and Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK (O.J.K.).

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ulrik.wisloff{at}ntnu.no.

Background—Individuals with the metabolic syndrome are 3 times more likely to die of heart disease than healthy counterparts. Exercise training reduces several of the symptoms of the syndrome, but the exercise intensity that yields the maximal beneficial adaptations is in dispute. We compared moderate and high exercise intensity with regard to variables associated with cardiovascular function and prognosis in patients with the metabolic syndrome.

Methods and Results—Thirty-two metabolic syndrome patients (age, 52.3±3.7 years; maximal oxygen uptake [VO₂max], 34 mL · kg^-1 · min^-1) were randomized to equal volumes of either moderate continuous moderate exercise (CME; 70% of highest measured heart rate [Hfmax]) or aerobic interval training (AIT; 90% of Hfmax) 3 times a week for 16 weeks or to a control group. VO₂max increased more after AIT than CME (35% versus 16%; P<0.01) and was associated with removal of more risk factors that constitute the metabolic syndrome (number of factors: AIT, 5.9 before versus 4.0 after; P<0.01; CME, 5.7 before versus 5.0 after; group difference, P<0.05). AIT was superior to CME in enhancing endothelial function (9% versus 5%; P<0.001), insulin signaling in fat and skeletal muscle, skeletal muscle biogenesis, and excitation-contraction coupling and in reducing blood glucose and lipogenesis in adipose tissue. The 2 exercise programs were equally effective at lowering mean arterial blood pressure and reducing body weight (-2.3 and -3.6 kg in AIT and CME, respectively) and fat.

Conclusions—Exercise intensity was an important factor for improving aerobic capacity and reversing the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. These findings may have important implications for exercise training in rehabilitation programs and future studies.

Key words: endothelium • exercise • metabolic syndrome X • obesity • oxygen

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