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(Circulation. 1995;91:2844-2850.)
© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Molecular Bases of the Acute Coronary Syndromes
From the Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Peter Libby, MD, Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115.
Key Words: molecular biology • coronary disease
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Introduction |
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The acute coronary syndromes, including unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction, currently constitute a major preoccupation of clinical cardiology. This century has witnessed a remarkable evolution in our clinical concepts of these syndromes. Herrick1 described the survival of patients with acute coronary thrombosis early in the century. The introduction of the ECG led to major clinical advances in the definition of acute myocardial infarction during the first half of this century and furnished the basis of modern coronary care.
In the latter half of this century, the advent of coronary arteriography permitted definition in the living patient of coronary stenoses due to atherosclerosis. The introduction of this diagnostic technique allowed the development of rational treatment modalities such as coronary artery bypass surgery and, subsequently, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Until recently, it seemed that we had achieved a firm understanding of the pathophysiology of human coronary artery disease and had devised appropriate modes of therapy for its major manifestations. Yet, recent clinical data suggest that we still have much to learn about the pathophysiology of the acute coronary syndromes.
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Does the Angiogram Mislead Us About the Propensity of Plaques to Cause Acute Coronary Syndromes? |
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Bypass surgery and angioplasty aim to restore blood flow to sites beyond hemodynamically significant stenoses in the coronary arteries. These revascularization therapies effectively relieve angina pectoris in many cases (although often not permanently). Quite naturally, the availability of these modalities led the cardiology community to focus on high-grade coronary stenosis, visible by angiography, as the critical issue in coronary heart disease. Much of the basis of contemporary cardiology and cardiac surgery rests
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R. L. Raffai, S. M. Loeb, and K. H. Weisgraber Apolipoprotein E Promotes the Regression of Atherosclerosis Independently of Lowering Plasma Cholesterol Levels Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2005; 25(2): 436 - 441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Heeschen, S. Dimmeler, C. W. Hamm, S. Fichtlscherer, M. L. Simoons, A. M. Zeiher, and CAPTURE Study Investigators Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Comparison with markers of systemic inflammation, platelet activation, and myocardial necrosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 18, 2005; 45(2): 229 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A Vita Polyphenols and cardiovascular disease: effects on endothelial and platelet function Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2005; 81(1): 292S - 297S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B Meier Plaque sealing by coronary angioplasty Heart, December 1, 2004; 90(12): 1395 - 1398. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Deo, A. Khera, D. K. McGuire, S. A. Murphy, J. de P. Meo Neto, D. A. Morrow, and J. A. de Lemos Association among plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and subclinical atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 2, 2004; 44(9): 1812 - 1818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. L. Weissberg Noninvasive Imaging of Atherosclerosis: The Biology Behind the Pictures J. Nucl. Med., November 1, 2004; 45(11): 1794 - 1795. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Davies, J. H. Rudd, and P. L. Weissberg Molecular and Metabolic Imaging of Atherosclerosis J. Nucl. Med., November 1, 2004; 45(11): 1898 - 1907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Fukumoto, J.-o Deguchi, P. Libby, E. Rabkin-Aikawa, Y. Sakata, M. T. Chin, C. C. Hill, P. R. Lawler, N. Varo, F. J. Schoen, et al. Genetically Determined Resistance to Collagenase Action Augments Interstitial Collagen Accumulation in Atherosclerotic Plaques Circulation, October 5, 2004; 110(14): 1953 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Stocker and J. F. Keaney Jr. Role of Oxidative Modifications in Atherosclerosis Physiol Rev, October 1, 2004; 84(4): 1381 - 1478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T Ishikawa, K Hatakeyama, T Imamura, K Ito, S Hara, H Date, Y Shibata, Y Hikichi, Y Asada, and T Eto Increased adrenomedullin immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in coronary plaques obtained from patients with unstable angina Heart, October 1, 2004; 90(10): 1206 - 1210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. L. Rossi, N. Marziliano, P. A. Merlini, E. Bramucci, U. Canosi, G. Belli, D. Z. Parenti, P. M. Mannucci, and D. Ardissino Different Quantitative Apoptotic Traits in Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques From Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris and Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, September 28, 2004; 110(13): 1767 - 1773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Zouridakis, P. Avanzas, R. Arroyo-Espliguero, S. Fredericks, and J. C. Kaski Markers of Inflammation and Rapid Coronary Artery Disease Progression in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris Circulation, September 28, 2004; 110(13): 1747 - 1753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Edfeldt, A. M Bennet, P. Eriksson, J. Frostegard, B. Wiman, A. Hamsten, G. K Hansson, U. d. Faire, and Z.-q. Yan Association of hypo-responsive toll-like receptor 4 variants with risk of myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2004; 25(16): 1447 - 1453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Schneider, M. Hayes, M. Wadsworth, H. Taatjes, M. Rincon, D. J. Taatjes, and B. E. Sobel Attenuation of Neointimal Vascular Smooth Muscle Cellularity in Atheroma by Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 (PAI-1) J. Histochem. Cytochem., August 1, 2004; 52(8): 1091 - 1099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P Avanzas, R Arroyo-Espliguero, J Cosin-Sales, G Aldama, C Pizzi, J Quiles, and J C Kaski Markers of inflammation and multiple complex stenoses (pancoronary plaque vulnerability) in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes Heart, August 1, 2004; 90(8): 847 - 852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Liu, G. K. Sukhova, J.-S. Sun, W.-H. Xu, P. Libby, and G.-P. Shi Lysosomal Cysteine Proteases in Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2004; 24(8): 1359 - 1366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Lindstedt, M. J. Leskinen, and P. T. Kovanen Proteolysis of the Pericellular Matrix: A Novel Element Determining Cell Survival and Death in the Pathogenesis of Plaque Erosion and Rupture Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2004; 24(8): 1350 - 1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kinlay, G. G. Schwartz, A. G. Olsson, N. Rifai, W. J. Sasiela, M. Szarek, P. Ganz, P. Libby, and for the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggress Effect of Atorvastatin on Risk of Recurrent Cardiovascular Events After an Acute Coronary Syndrome Associated With High Soluble CD40 Ligand in the Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Circulation, July 27, 2004; 110(4): 386 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Schieffer, C. Bunte, J. Witte, K. Hoeper, R. H. Boger, E. Schwedhelm, and H. Drexler Comparative effects of AT1-antagonism and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on markers of inflammation and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 21, 2004; 44(2): 362 - 368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. G. Netea, B. J. Kullberg, L. E. H. Jacobs, T. J. G. Verver-Jansen, J. van der Ven-Jongekrijg, J. M. D. Galama, A. F. H. Stalenhoef, C. A. Dinarello, and J. W. M. Van der Meer Chlamydia pneumoniae Stimulates IFN-{gamma} Synthesis through MyD88-Dependent, TLR2- and TLR4-Independent Induction of IL-18 Release J. Immunol., July 15, 2004; 173(2): 1477 - 1482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. R. Dashwood, R. Anand, A. Loesch, and D. S.R. Souza Hypothesis: A Potential Role for the Vasa Vasorum in the Maintenance of Vein Graft Patency Angiology, July 1, 2004; 55(4): 385 - 395. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Ogawa, S. Ishino, T. Mukai, D. Asano, N. Teramoto, H. Watabe, N. Kudomi, M. Shiomi, Y. Magata, H. Iida, et al. 18F-FDG Accumulation in Atherosclerotic Plaques: Immunohistochemical and PET Imaging Study J. Nucl. Med., July 1, 2004; 45(7): 1245 - 1250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Sugiyama, K. Kugiyama, M. Aikawa, S. Nakamura, H. Ogawa, and P. Libby Hypochlorous Acid, a Macrophage Product, Induces Endothelial Apoptosis and Tissue Factor Expression: Involvement of Myeloperoxidase-Mediated Oxidant in Plaque Erosion and Thrombogenesis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2004; 24(7): 1309 - 1314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Schaar, E. Regar, F. Mastik, E. P. McFadden, F. Saia, C. Disco, C. L. de Korte, P. J. de Feyter, A. F.W. van der Steen, and P. W. Serruys Incidence of High-Strain Patterns in Human Coronary Arteries: Assessment With Three-Dimensional Intravascular Palpography and Correlation With Clinical Presentation Circulation, June 8, 2004; 109(22): 2716 - 2719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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