(Circulation. 1999;100:1056-1064.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Comparison of Candesartan, Enalapril, and Their Combination in Congestive Heart Failure
Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study: The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators
From Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation–General Division, and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (R.S.M., S.Y., D.P., J. Pogue); Dante Pazzanese Cardiology Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil (A.A.); Toronto Hospital–Western Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.J.B.); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Wash (J. Probstfield); University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.T.T.); Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.W., J.R.); Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," Milano, Italy (R.L., A.M.); and The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (J.Y.)
Correspondence to Dr R.S. McKelvie, Canadian Cardiovascular Collaboration Project Office, Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton St E, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada. E-mail mckelrob{at}hamcivhos.on.ca
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Abstract |
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Background—We investigated the effects of candesartan (an angiotensin II antagonist) alone, enalapril alone, and their combination on exercise tolerance, ventricular function, quality of life (QOL), neurohormone levels, and tolerability in congestive heart failure (CHF).
Methods and Results—Seven hundred sixty-eight patients in New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA-FC) II to IV with ejection fraction (EF) <0.40 and a 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) <500 m received either candesartan (4, 8, or 16 mg), candesartan (4 or 8 mg) plus 20 mg of enalapril, or 20 mg of enalapril for 43 weeks. There were no differences among groups with regard to 6MWD, NYHA-FC, or QOL. EF increased (P=NS) more with candesartan-plus-enalapril therapy (0.025±0.004) than with candesartan alone (0.015±0.004) or enalapril alone(0.015±0.005). End-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic (ESV) volumes increased less with combination therapy (EDV 8±4 mL; ESV 1±4 mL; P<0.01) than with candesartan alone (EDV 27±4 mL; ESV 18±3 mL) or enalapril alone (EDV 23±7 mL; ESV 14±6 mL). Blood pressure decreased with combination therapy (6±1/4±1 mm Hg) compared with candesartan or enalapril alone (P<0.05). Aldosterone decreased (P<0.05) with combination therapy (23.2±5.3 pg/mL) at 17 but not 43 weeks compared with candesartan (0.7±7.8 pg/mL) or enalapril (-0.8±11.3 pg/mL). Brain natriuretic peptide decreased with combination therapy (5.8±2.7 pmol/L; P<0.01) compared with candesartan (4.4±3.8 pmol/L) and enalapril alone (4.0±5.0 pmol/L).
Conclusions—Candesartan alone was as effective, safe, and tolerable as enalapril. The combination of candesartan and enalapril was more beneficial for preventing left ventricular remodeling than either candesartan or enalapril alone.
Key Words: cardiac volume • heart failure • natriuretic peptides
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Introduction |
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) reduce angiotensin II (Ang II) levels, mortality, and morbidity in patients with heart failure (CHF).1 2 Despite ACEI treatment, Ang II increases via alternate pathways, while event rates remain high.1 2 3 4
Ang II blockers (ARBs) might be superior to ACEIs by blocking Ang II from all sources without the side effects thought to be due to nonspecific actions of ACEIs.4 Evidence suggests that some benefits of ACEI treatment are derived from elevated levels of bradykinin.5 The combination of ACEI and ARB treatment may have additive actions.
The Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study compared the effects of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination on exercise performance, ventricular function, quality of life (QOL), neurohormones, and tolerability.6 A secondary goal was to identify the optimal dose of candesartan for a larger study.
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Methods |
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Design
This was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial6 of candesartan alone, candesartan plus enalapril, or enalapril alone over 43 weeks. After 19 weeks, eligible patients were randomized to metoprolol or placebo in a partial factorial design; these data will be presented at a later date. No systematic interactions occurred across outcomes between the use of metoprolol with candesartan, candesartan plus enalapril, or enalapril; therefore, overall results are presented. The study received local institutional review board approval, and participants gave written informed consent.
Population
Patients with New York Heart Association functional class
(NYHA-FC) II, III, or IV CHF, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) <500 m,
and ejection fraction (EF) <0.40 were eligible for the study;
exclusion criteria were reported previously.6
Run-In/Eligibility
Run-in included three 1-week phases: enalapril 2.5 mg twice
daily plus placebo candesartan; enalapril 2.5 mg twice daily plus
candesartan 2 mg daily; and enalapril 2.5 mg twice daily plus placebo
candesartan. The third week, duplicate 6MWD and neurohormone levels
were measured, and radionuclide angiography was performed, (Figure 1
).
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Randomization/Follow-Up
Patients received either candesartan alone, candesartan plus
enalapril, or enalapril alone. Candesartan patients were further
randomized to 4, 8, or 16 mg daily. Combination-therapy patients
received candesartan at either 4 or 8 mg daily plus enalapril 10 mg
twice daily. Enalapril patients received enalapril 10 mg twice daily.
Medications were blindly titrated upward over 4 to 6 weeks.
Back-titration was allowed. Follow-ups were fortnightly during the
up-titration period and less frequently thereafter.
End Points
End points included the change in 6MWD, EF,
ventricular volumes, neurohormone levels, QOL, and NYHA-FC
at weeks 17 or 18 and 43. Tolerance and adverse and clinical events
were documented, with serious adverse events reviewed centrally.
6MWD tests were performed in duplicate. EF, end-diastolic (EDV), and end-systolic volumes (ESV) were measured by radionuclide angiography.6 Norepinephrine, epinephrine, renin, Ang II, aldosterone, endothelin-I, N-terminal pro–atrial natriuretic peptide (pro-ANP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured in 677 patients.6 The Minnesota Living With Heart Failure questionnaire was used to assess QOL.7
Monitoring
An External Safety and Efficacy Monitoring Committee (ESEMC)
reviewed accumulating data. Because this was a pilot study that was not
powered to assess mortality and morbidity, there were no predetermined
examinations of the data or boundaries for stopping the trial. On June
12, 1997, the ESEMC observed that mortality was 6.1% for the group
receiving candesartan alone (4 mg 6.3%, 8 mg 6.5%, and 16 mg 5.5%),
8.7% for those receiving candesartan plus enalapril (4 mg plus 20 mg
6.1%; 8 mg plus 20 mg 11.4%), and 3.7% for those receiving enalapril
alone (3-way group comparison P=0.15). CHF hospitalizations
were 10.7% with candesartan alone (4 mg 8.1%, 8 mg 16.7%, and 16 mg
7.3%), 7.2% with candesartan plus enalapril (4 mg plus 20 mg 8.5%; 8
mg plus 20 mg 6.0%), and 3.7% with enalapril alone (3-way group
comparison P=0.048). Mortality plus CHF hospitalization
rates were 14.6% for candesartan alone (4 mg 13.5%, 8 mg 18.5%, and
16 mg 11.9%), 15.1% for candesartan plus enalapril (4 mg plus 20 mg
13.9%; 8 mg plus 20 mg 16.2%), and 6.4% for enalapril alone (3-way
group comparison P=0.058).
The ESEMC voiced concern about the use of candesartan. The study executive committee reviewed these and additional RESOLVD data, as well as data from other ARB trials, and did not share the opinions of the ESEMC (data within RESOLVD were internally inconsistent, without a dose-related increase in adverse effects) regarding the safety and efficacy of candesartan. The low event rate observed in patients in the enalapril arm of the study was much lower than previously noted, there was a lack of supportive data from trials of other ARBs, and unpublished candesartan data at Astra (the sponsor of the present study) were unconcerning. However, the study was terminated 6 weeks early. At that time, 695 patients (90%) had completed all visits, and for remaining patients, termination occurred within 10 days. Approximately 9% of patients had a shortened follow-up by a mean of 16 days, and 1% did not undergo final assessments.
Analyses
Repeated-measures ANOVA (ie, baseline, week 17 or 18, and week
43) was conducted across the 3 main groups, followed where appropriate
by a post hoc Tukey test. Dose effect was tested secondarily (6 groups)
by repeated-measures ANOVA. This analysis was exploratory, and
therefore no adjustments to probability values were made for the 2
comparisons (3 groups and 6 groups).
The primary safety end point was the combination of adverse effects
(renal dysfunction, symptomatic hypotension, or effects
causing study medication discontinuation) and tolerability. Clinical
events for patients taking enalapril, candesartan, and candesartan plus
enalapril were analyzed by 
2 testing
across 3 groups. Results are reported as mean±SE unless otherwise
specified.
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Results |
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Eight hundred ninety-nine patients entered the run-in phase, with 768 randomized. One protocol violation occurred, and the executive committee (blinded to treatment) excluded this patient.
Fewer patients in the candesartan and candesartan-plus-enalapril groups
than in the enalapril group were receiving ß-blockers; otherwise, the
groups were similar (Table 1).
More than 90% of patients received ACEIs treatment before study entry.
At 18 and 43 weeks, >80% of patients were receiving the target dose
and >90% of patients were taking >80% of study medication, with no
difference (P=NS) among groups.
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Six-Minute Walk Distance
Baseline 6MWD was 379±5 m for candesartan, 386±5 m for
candesartan plus enalapril, and 374±8 m for enalapril patients. There
were no significant changes for candesartan (390±6 m), candesartan
plus enalapril (385±6 m), or enalapril patients (387±11 m) over the
43-week study period.
Ventricular Function
Over 43 weeks, there was a trend toward an increase in EF for
candesartan plus enalapril compared with candesartan or enalapril
patients (P=NS) that was most prominent at 43 weeks with the
higher dose of candesartan plus enalapril (Figure 2).
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), candesartan plus enalapril (
), and enalapril
(
). *P<0.01, +P<0.05 compared with 0
weeks; #P<0.01, xP<0.05 compared with
enalapril. B, Changes in EF, EDV, and ESV at 17 and 43 weeks.
Candesartan 4 mg (C4), 8 mg (C8), 16 mg (C16); candesartan plus
enalapril 4 mg/20 mg (CE4); candesartan plus enalapril 8 mg/20 mg
(CE8); and enalapril (E20). *P<0.01 compared with 0
weeks; #P<0.01 compared with enalapril.
Baseline EDV was 260±7 mL for candesartan, 252±6 mL for candesartan
plus enalapril, and 255±11 mL for enalapril patients. There was a
difference among the groups (P<0.01) in increase in EDV
over time (P=0.007), with candesartan and enalapril patients
showing increases (Figure 2A
). There was no dose-by-time
interaction for the 6 groups (P=0.12) (Figure 2B).
Baseline ESV was 196±6 mL for candesartan, 188±6 mL for
candesartan plus enalapril, and 192±10 mL for enalapril patients.
There was a difference among the groups (P<0.05) in
increase in ESV over time (P=0.006), with candesartan and
enalapril patients showing increases (Figure 2A). There was a
dose effect: patients taking 8 mg of candesartan plus enalapril had a
decline (P<0.01) in ESV, whereas those taking 4 mg of
candesartan plus enalapril had an intermediate effect (P=NS)
compared with patients taking only enalapril, who showed an increase at
43 weeks (Figure 2B).
Neurohormones
Renin levels increased, with the smallest increase occurring with
candesartan use (Table 2). Baseline Ang
II was 30.5±1.2 pg/mL for candesartan, 28.5±1.3 pg/mL for candesartan
plus enalapril, and 27.3±2.0 pg/mL for enalapril patients. Compared
with enalapril use, Ang II increased markedly with candesartan use and
less with combination therapy (Figure 3A). A dose effect was observed in
candesartan patients, with 16 mg producing the greatest increase
(Figure 3B). Baseline aldosterone was 129.8±6.5
pg/mL for candesartan, 114.3±6.1 pg/mL for candesartan plus enalapril,
and 131.9±15.3 pg/mL for enalapril patients. The decrease in
aldosterone at 17 weeks for patients taking both
candesartan and enalapril was greater (P<0.01) than the
decrease for those taking enalapril alone (Figure 3A). There
were progressive decreases in plasma norepinephrine and
epinephrine but no between-group differences (Table 2).
Pro-ANP tended to increase primarily with candesartan and with
enalapril between 17 and 43 weeks (Table 2). Baseline BNP was
58.6±4.0 pmol/L for candesartan, 51.6±3.6 pmol/L for candesartan plus
enalapril, and 49.9±5.6 pmol/L for enalapril patients. BNP (Figure 3A) decreased in patients taking candesartan plus enalapril but
increased in those taking candesartan alone or enalapril alone
(P=0.0002). The greatest effect compared with enalapril
alone (P<0.01) was observed among patients taking 8 mg of
candesartan plus enalapril (Figure 3B). The changes in
endothelin levels were similar among the 3 groups (Table 2).
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NYHA-FC and QOL
There were no significant differences in NYHA-FC or QOL at 18 or
43 weeks among the 3 groups.
Potassium and Creatinine Concentrations
Baseline potassium was 4.48±0.02 mmol/L for candesartan,
4.42±0.02 mmol/L for candesartan plus enalapril, and
4.40±0.04 mmol/L for enalapril patients. Compared with enalapril
(17 weeks 0.00±0.05 mmol/L; 43 weeks -0.01±0.05 mmol/L),
potassium decreased (P<0.05) with candesartan use (17 weeks
-0.21±0.03 mmol/L; 43 weeks -0.23±0.03 mmol/L) and
increased (P<0.05) with candesartan plus enalapril (17
weeks 0.13±0.03 mmol/L; 43 weeks 0.11±0.03 mmol/L). The
proportion of patients with potassium levels 
5.5 mmol/L was not
significantly different among the treatment groups.
No significant differences in creatinine occurred among the 3 groups during follow-up.
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
Baseline systolic blood pressure was 119±1 mm Hg
with candesartan, 120±1 mm Hg with candesartan plus enalapril,
and 121±2 mm Hg with enalapril. Baseline diastolic
blood pressure was 72±1 mm Hg with candesartan, 73±1
mm Hg with candesartan plus enalapril, and 73±1 mm Hg with
enalapril. Baseline heart rate was 76±1 bpm with candesartan, 75±1
bpm with candesartan plus enalapril, and 75±1 bpm with enalapril.
Blood pressures declined similarly with candesartan or enalapril alone
(Figure 4A) but more with candesartan
plus enalapril throughout the study (P<0.01), without an
increase in heart rate (Figure 4A).
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Clinical Events
There were no significant differences in mortality,
hospitalizations for CHF, or hospitalizations for any cause among the 3
groups (Table 3).
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Discussion |
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RESOLVD is the first study to compare an ARB alone (candesartan) with the combination of an ARB plus an ACEI (enalapril) and an ACEI alone in CHF patients. There were 2 main findings. First, candesartan had an effect similar to that of enalapril on 6MWD, ventricular function, NYHA-FC, and QOL. Although there was an increase in Ang II with candesartan use, the impact on aldosterone was similar to that of enalapril. Both drugs appear to be equally well tolerated. Second, candesartan plus enalapril was well tolerated, as well as being most effective in prevention of left ventricular dilatation and suppression of aldosterone and BNP.
That candesartan and enalapril were observed to have similar effects is consistent with previous studies8 9 that observed no significant differences between losartan and enalapril in their effects on 6MWD, symptoms, laboratory evaluation, norepinephrine levels, or N-terminal ANP levels. The Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study (ELITE)10 found no difference in renal function, death, hospitalization for CHF, or NYHA-FC between patients using losartan and those using captopril.
Importantly, our results demonstrated that candesartan plus enalapril may be more beneficial than either drug alone. Few data exist regarding such combination CHF therapy. Hamroff et al11 found that the addition of losartan to treatment for patients already taking an ACEI produced a 15 mm Hg decrease in systolic blood pressure with no impact on creatinine or potassium concentrations. In a pig model of rapid atrial pacing CHF, benazeprilat plus valsartan improved cardiac output, fractional shortening, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and wall stress, with declines in aldosterone more than by use of either drug alone.12
The lack of a significant increase in neurohormonal activation and the similarity of neurohormone concentrations in candesartan groups compared with enalapril groups in RESOLVD is important, because deterioration of clinical status may relate to neurohormonal activation.13 14 Baseline neurohormone measurements were obtained while patients were receiving enalapril 5 mg daily. Changes in neurohormones are consistent with other studies examining ACEIs or ARBs in CHF.8 14 15 16 These studies demonstrated similar effects on most measures, except Ang II. In the present study, candesartan plus enalapril produced the greatest decline in aldosterone at 17 and 43 weeks and the greatest increase in renin, which indicates more complete blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This suggests the mechanisms by which ACEIs and ARBs block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system axis may be independent and complementary. The present study supports that the most favorable of the 6 drug doses was the combination of 8 mg of candesartan with 20 mg of enalapril.
Clinical Events
Death, CHF hospitalization, any hospitalization, and their
clusters were not significantly different among the 3 groups. The
mortality rate of 3.7% found in patients taking enalapril over 43
weeks was much lower than that found in patients taking enalapril in a
large trial.2 In the present study, there were only
109 patients in the group taking enalapril alone, and therefore, there
was considerable uncertainty concerning the mortality rates (95% CI of
the rates varied from 0.2% to 7.2%). Two or 3 additional deaths in
the enalapril group would nullify any apparent differences. Therefore,
the RESOLVD data should not be viewed as being reliable in estimating
the effects of candesartan or candesartan plus enalapril versus
enalapril alone on clinical outcomes. The unreliability of small
numbers is illustrated further by the conflicting results from 2 trials
of losartan compared with an ACEI. In ELITE,10
there was a lower mortality rate (not a prespecified end point) with
losartan than with captopril (4.8% versus 8.7%), whereas in
another trial,9 this trend was reversed. These data
suggest that results based on few clinical events should be interpreted
with caution.
The surrogate outcomes used in the present trial are helpful in understanding the physiological mechanisms of the actions of the drug. They cannot reliably predict net clinical effects but do provide a useful guide for larger, more definitive studies evaluating the effects of ARBs on clinical outcomes. The coherence of our data on favorable neurohormonal levels and ventricular function with the use of candesartan plus enalapril suggests that ARBs may add to the effects of ACEIs in CHF.
Conclusions
The present study demonstrated that candesartan was as
effective, safe, and tolerable as enalapril in patients with
symptomatic CHF. The combination of candesartan and
enalapril appears to be more beneficial for preventing left
ventricular dilatation and suppressing neurohormonal
activation than either candesartan or enalapril alone. It would
therefore be appropriate to design larger trials to assess the effects
of combination therapy on major clinical outcomes.
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Appendix |
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Investigators and Committee Members
Clinical Centers
Brazil: W. Cirillo, R. Decanini, O. Rizzi Coelho*, Á. Avezum*, M.S. Pacheco Peixoto, L.S. Piegas, J.M. Rossi Neto, M. Paiva, A.C. Carvalho*, D.R. de Almeida, I.M. Ligori Fernandes, M.C. Malavasi, R. Pavanello*, M. Canesin, S. Ishii, A.C. Pereira Barretto*.
Canada: J. Imrie, R. Moore, K. Woo*, V. Bernstein*, H.F. Mizgala, S. Mooney, D. Hilbich, R. Kuritzky, D.W. Rupka*, M.M. Blackwell, L. Breakwell, J.M. Kornder, S.A. Pearce, P. Polasek*, P.M. Richardson, J. Grant, D. Isaac*, P. Beresford, P. Giannoccaro, D. Roth*, P. Greenwood*, T. Muzyka, A. Prosser, N. Brass, W. Hui*, L. Kvill, M. Goeres, K. MacDonald, M. Senaratne*, L. Hill, D. Humen*, K.K. Teo, N. Habib*, Mrs N. Habib, S. Teekasingh, J. MacKenzie, B. McEwen, A. Morris*, A. Dhair, C. Lai*, K. Kwiatkowski, J. Brugos, S Nawaz*, J. Andrews, G. Moe*, K. Freskiw, B. Gilbert, C.D. Morgan*, B. Bozek, F. Halperin, A.J. Ricci*, N. Singh, G. Cappelli, T. Boyne*, E. Fallen, A. Panju*, G. Woodcock, E. Kent, A.D. Kitching*, H. Sullivan, D. Tomson, R.S. McKelvie*, R.T. Tsuyuki, S. Yusuf, Y.K. Chan*, D. Thomson, J.M.O. Arnold*, G. Hurwitz, R. Miles, A. Baker, A. Haspect, S. Smith*, J. Bedard*, L. Lavoie, L. Dufort, R. Harvey, S. Lepage*, E. Elstein, D. Fitchett*, A. Serpa, L. Day, N. Racine, D. Savard, F. Sestier*, G. Gosselin, J.L. Rouleau, M. White*, L. Whittom, G. Kiwan, S.M. Kouz*, M. Laforest, H. Ouimet, P. Carmichael, J. Lenis*, P. Auger*, F. Grondin, D. Saulnier, J. Campeau, R. Dupuis*, C. Lauzon, M. Genest, N.M. Robitaille*, J. Beaudoin, N. Belanger, G. Houde, P. Talbot*, J. Cossett, C. Koilpillai*, W.J. Sheridan, M. Tobin, B. Sussex*.
Italy: G. Ascoli, A. Fraticelli, E. Paciaroni*, C.O. Como, R. Belluschi*, F. Ruffa, F. Tettamanti, F. Cobelli*, F. Salvucci, R. Arpesella, C. Campana, A. Gavazzi*, V. Cirrincione*, F. Ingrilli, E. Sciortino, A. Boccanelli*, G. Cacciatore, M. Menichelli, E. Bosimini, P. Giannuzzi*, C. Marcassa, M. Porcu, S. Salis, A. Sanna*, G. Comerio, E. Gronda*, M. Mangiavacchi.
Switzerland: T. Moccetti*, E. Pasotti, F. Sessa.
United States: W.C. Levy, J. Probstfield*, J. Thompson, M. Gramberg, J. Grover*, D. Towery, K. Ogunyankin, B.N. Singh*, J. Celano, S. Graham, R.M. Kohn*, P. Pande*, A. Sass, R.S. Wiener, S. Rydzinski, R.C. Starling, J. Young*, L. Hays, A. Naftilan*, A. Miller*, A. Varga, R. Wofford.
Regional Monitors: S. Barnhill, R. de Paula Brito, L. Harris, A. Haspect, T. Cristina, M. Jarosz, J. Kellen, C. Kingry, R. Letterer, D. La Forge, C. Liuni, J. MacKenzie, A. Magi, K. Stevens, P. Squires.
Steering Committee: S. Yusuf (chair), J.L. Rouleau (cochair), A. Maggioni (cochair), J.M.O. Arnold, Á. Avezum, R. Burns, J. Floras, A. Gavazzi, P. Held, Å. Hjalmarson, D. Isaac, R. Latini, E. Lindgren, R.S. McKelvie, L.S. Piegas, D. Pericak, J. Pogue, J. Probstfield, S. Smith, K. Swedberg, K.K. Teo, R.T. Tsuyuki, C. Vint-Reed, Y. Wang, M. White, E.M. Wiecek, J. Young.
External Safety and Efficacy Monitoring Committee: D. Johnstone (chair), P.W. Armstrong, M. Packer, H. Wedel.
Substudies Committee: K.K. Teo (chair), A. Gavazzi, R.T. Tsuyuki, M. White, R. McKelvie.
Canadian Cardiovascular Collaboration Project Office, Hamilton: M. Anderson, I. Holadyk-Gris, K. Kucemba, J. MacKay, R.S. McKelvie, M. Micks, D. Pericak, J. Pogue, S. Reeve, L. Robinson, R.T. Tsuyuki, J. Tucker, E.M. Wiecek, Y. Wang, S. Yusuf.
Core Laboratories: Neurohormones: P. Cernacek, M. Joyal, N. Poitras, J.L. Rouleau, P. Sirois, Montréal; M. Bevilacqua, R. Latini (coordinator), S. Masson, M. Torri, Milano; C. Hall, Norway.
Nuclear Cardiology: R.J. Burns, T. Heeney, S. Tadros, Toronto.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by Astra Hässle, AB, Mölndal, Sweden.
Received December 31, 1998; revision received June 7, 1999; accepted June 14, 1999.
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R. S. McKelvie, J.-L. Rouleau, M. White, R. Afzal, J. B. Young, A. P. Maggioni, P. Held, and S. Yusuf Comparative impact of enalapril, candesartan or metoprolol alone or in combination on ventricular remodelling in patients with congestive heart failure Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2003; 24(19): 1727 - 1734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Matsumori and on behalf of the assessment of response to candesa Efficacy and safety of oral candesartan cilexetil in patients with congestive heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2003; 5(5): 669 - 677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. P. Coletta, J. G.F. Cleland, N. Freemantle, H. Loh, A. Memon, and A. L. Clark Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology: CHARM, BASEL, EUROPA and ESTEEM Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2003; 5(5): 697 - 704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. N. Cohn, I. S. Anand, R. Latini, S. Masson, Y.-T. Chiang, and R. Glazer Sustained Reduction of Aldosterone in Response to the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Valsartan in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Results From the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Circulation, September 16, 2003; 108(11): 1306 - 1309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. I. Jugdutt and V. Menon Upregulation of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor and Limitation of Myocardial Stunning by Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers during Reperfused Myocardial Infarction in the Rat Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2003; 8(3): 217 - 226. [Abstract] [PDF]
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B. Pitt, C. T Stier Jr, and S. Rajagopalan Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade: new insights into the mechanism of action in patients with cardiovascular disease Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2003; 4(3): 164 - 168. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. Ostergren and J. J. McMurray Angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2003; 4(3): 171 - 175. [Abstract] [PDF]
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H. Sato, H. Yaoita, K. Maehara, and Y. Maruyama Attenuation of heart failure due to coronary stenosis by ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 5, 2003; 285(1): H359 - H368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A Weber Review: Angiotensin II receptor blockers and cardiovascular outcomes: what does the future hold? Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2003; 4(2): 62 - 73. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. Schafer, D. Fraccarollo, S. K Hildemann, P. Tas, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Addition of the selective aldosterone receptor antagonist eplerenone to ACE inhibition in heart failure: effect on endothelial dysfunction Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2003; 58(3): 655 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. J. Brown Eplerenone: Cardiovascular Protection Circulation, May 20, 2003; 107(19): 2512 - 2518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Bozkurt and D. L. Mann Use of Biomarkers in the Management of Heart Failure: Are We There Yet? Circulation, March 11, 2003; 107(9): 1231 - 1233. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. V. Linseman and M. R. Bristow Drug Therapy and Heart Failure Prevention Circulation, March 11, 2003; 107(9): 1234 - 1236. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Manohar and I. L. Pina Therapeutic Role of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers in the Treatment of Heart Failure Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2003; 78(3): 334 - 338. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. M. Bailey, K. A. Tanaka, and J. H. Levy Cardiac Surgical Pharmacology Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 85 - 118. [Full Text]
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M. Bartnik, K. Malmberg, and L. Ryden Diabetes and the heart: compromised myocardial function -- a common challenge Eur. Heart J. Suppl., January 1, 2003; 5(suppl_B): B33 - B41. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. Latini, S. Masson, I. Anand, D. Judd, A. P. Maggioni, Y.-T. Chiang, M. Bevilacqua, M. Salio, P. Cardano, P. H.J.M. Dunselman, et al. Effects of Valsartan on Circulating Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Norepinephrine in Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure: The Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT) Circulation, November 5, 2002; 106(19): 2454 - 2458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. R. Heyen, E. R. Blasi, K. Nikula, R. Rocha, H. A. Daust, G. Frierdich, J. F. Van Vleet, P. De Ciechi, E. G. McMahon, and A. E. Rudolph Structural, functional, and molecular characterization of the SHHF model of heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): H1775 - H1784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Krum, H. Nolly, D. Workman, W. He, B. Roniker, S. Krause, and K. Fakouhi Efficacy of Eplerenone Added to Renin-Angiotensin Blockade in Hypertensive Patients Hypertension, August 1, 2002; 40(2): 117 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S. Mihailidou, M. Mardini, J. W. Funder, and M. Raison Mineralocorticoid and Angiotensin Receptor Antagonism During Hyperaldosteronemia Hypertension, August 1, 2002; 40(2): 124 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Naruse, A. Tanabe, A. Sato, S. Takagi, K. Tsuchiya, T. Imaki, and K. Takano Aldosterone Breakthrough During Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist Therapy in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, July 1, 2002; 40(1): 28 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Nikolaidis, A. Doverspike, R. Huerbin, T. Hentosz, and R. P. Shannon Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Improve Coronary Flow Reserve in Dilated Cardiomyopathy by a Bradykinin-Mediated, Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanism Circulation, June 11, 2002; 105(23): 2785 - 2790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A Sica Review: The practical aspects of combination therapy with angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2002; 3(2): 66 - 71. [Abstract] [PDF]
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W. Johnson, T. Omland, C. Hall, C. Lucas, O. L. Myking, C. Collins, M. Pfeffer, J.-L. Rouleau, and L. W. Stevenson Neurohormonal activation rapidly decreases after intravenous therapy withdiuretics and vasodilators for class IV heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 15, 2002; 39(10): 1623 - 1629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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