This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kounis, N. G. Articles by Goudevenos, J. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kounis, N. G. Articles by Goudevenos, J. A.

(Circulation. 1999;100:e156.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.

Circulation Electronic Pages

Unstable Angina, Allergic Angina, and Allergic Myocardial Infarction

Nicholas G. Kounis, MD, FESC, FACC; Nicholas D. Grapsas, MD; John A. Goudevenos, MD, FESC, FACC

School of Health and Social Sciences, Patras Technological and Educational Institute, Patras, Greece, and, University of Ioannina, School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece

	Introduction

Top Introduction References

 
To the Editor:

Nonocclusive thrombus on preexisting plaques, dynamic obstruction, progressive obstruction, inflammation and/or infection, and secondary unstable angina seem to be the 5 not mutually exclusive causes of the unstable angina syndrome. These were suggested in the excellent editorial by E. Braunwald.¹ In this editorial, it was pointed out that vasospastic angina, which is a form of unstable angina, is rarely caused by allergic reactions via mediators such as histamine or leukotrienes acting on coronary vascular smooth muscle.

We have suggested that the coincidental occurrence of chest discomfort with characteristic clinical symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings of angina pectoris together with acute or chronic allergic processes constitutes a new clinical entity, which was named allergic angina.² Furthermore, this can progress to acute myocardial infarction, which was named allergic myocardial infarction.³

We believe that allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction represent a magnificent natural paradigm that might have profound clinical and therapeutic implications. This is based on clinical and laboratory findings.

It is almost certain today that the majority of cases of unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction are the result of combined coronary artery spasm and atheromatous plaque erosion or rupture followed by thrombus formation.

Allergic or hypersensitivity reactions are associated with mast cell degranulation and release of mediators including histamine, leukotrienes, and neutral proteases, such as tryptase and chymase. Histamine and leukotrienes are powerful coronary vasoconstrictors, and tryptase and chymase are metalloproteinase activators that can trigger degradation of collagen and induce plaque erosion or rupture, thus initiating an acute coronary event. Indeed, plasma histamine concentration in coronary circulation was found to be elevated in patients with variant angina,⁴ and infiltration of activated mast cells at the site of erosion or rupture was shown in patients with recent acute myocardial infarction.⁵ Therefore, the same substances released during allergic episodes are found in patients with acute coronary episodes. The reported causes to date that are capable of inducing allergic angina and allergic myocardial infarction include conditions such as food allergy; bronchial asthma; serum sickness; urticaria; angioedema; drugs such as antibiotics, contrast media, corticosteroids, dextran, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, skin disinfectants, streptokinase, tetanus toxoid, glaphenine, and zomepirac; and wasp stings and viper venoms. If we consider that these causes are commonly encountered, then one can think that a common pathogenetic basis might exist.

In 2 studies we have in progress, we have preliminarily seen that mast cell content is elevated in blood plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction and that coronary events are reduced in patients receiving mast cell–stabilizing drugs for bronchial asthma.

Is therefore allergic angina nature’s own experiment, manifesting a magnified mast cell degranulation effect implicated in acute coronary syndromes? If this is so, then drugs that stabilize the mast cell membrane should prevent acute coronary events, at least in some instances. We urge the research community to act in this direction.

	References

Top Introduction References

 

1. Braunwald E. Unstable angina: an etiologic approach to management. Circulation. 1998;98:2219–2222.[Free Full Text]
   
2. Kounis NG, Zavras GM. Histamine-induced coronary artery spasm: the concept of allergic angina. Br J Clin Pract. 1991;45:121–128.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
3. Kounis NG. Cardiovascular disease and allergy: angina pectoris, myocardial infarction. In: Hamilton K, Simpson K eds. The Experts Speak: The Role of Nutrition in Medicine. Sacramento, Calif: IT Services; 1997:36.
   
4. Sakata Y, Komamura K, Hirayama A, Nanto S, Kitakaze M, Hori M, Kodama K. Elevation of plasma histamine concentration in the coronary circulation in patients with variant angina. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:1121–1126.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
5. Constantinides P. Infiltrates of activated mast cells at the site of coronary atheromatous erosion or rupture in myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995;92:1083.[Free Full Text]
   

This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kounis, N. G. Articles by Goudevenos, J. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kounis, N. G. Articles by Goudevenos, J. A.