(Circulation. 1999;100:706-712.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Changes in Intra-Abdominal Visceral Fat and Serum Leptin Levels in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Following Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Therapy
From the Department of Physical Therapeutics (K.C., M.M., Takashi Nakamura), Kyoto University Hospital of Medicine; Department of Experimental Pathology (K.S., Takaya Nakamura, M.O.), Field of Biological Function, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University; Department of Clinical Radiology Service (N.N.), Kyoto University Hospital of Medicine; and Department of Medicine and Clinical Science (H.M., Y.O., K.N.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
Correspondence to Kazuo Chin, MD, Department of Physical Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. E-mail chink{at}kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
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Abstract |
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Background—Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder in obese subjects. Visceral fat accumulation (VFA) is a better predictor of coronary heart disease than body mass index. Leptin is a hormone involved in the control of body weight and fat distribution. The effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) treatment on VFA and serum leptin levels in OSAS patients has not been known.
Methods and Results—VFA and subcutaneous fat accumulation (SFA) were assessed by CT before and after NCPAP treatment in 22 OSAS patients (mean apnea and hypopnea index >50 episodes/h). Serum leptin levels of another 21 OSAS patients were measured before and after 3 to 4 days of NCPAP to gain insight into the mechanism by which NCPAP affects fat distribution. VFA and SFA decreased significantly after 6 months of NCPAP treatment (236±16 to 182±14cm2, P=0.0003 and 215±21 to 189±18 cm2, P=0.003, respectively). VFA decreased significantly in the body weight reduction group (n=9, P<0.01) and the no body weight reduction group (n=13, P<0.03). In contrast, SFA changed significantly in the body weight reduction group only (P<0.01). Leptin levels decreased significantly following 3 to 4 days of NCPAP (P<0.01), whereas body weight, fasting insulin, and cortisol levels did not change significantly.
Conclusions—Correction of sleep disordered breathing by NCPAP may be used to reduce VFA in OSAS patients. OSAS may have significant effects on the serum leptin levels.
Key Words: obesity • sleep • metabolism • lipids • cardiovascular diseases
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Introduction |
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Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder. In fact, 25% of all men 30 to 60 years old meet the minimal criterion for OSAS (apnea and hypopnea index, AHI>5).1 Obesity clearly plays an important role in sleep-disordered breathing, and an increase of 1 SD in any measure of body habitus is associated with a 3-fold increase in the risk of an apnea-hypopnea score of 5 or higher.1 Therefore, >50% of all obese men may have OSAS. Studies suggest that OSA is a risk factor for hypertension2 3 and myocardial infarction.4 However, the increase in the mortality rate in untreated patients with OSAS due to the cardiovascular diseases5 6 is controversial.7
Obesity can be defined as an accumulation of excess body fat and is the most common nutritional disorder in humans. It is a major cause of mortality and morbidity through the development of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. Extensive research into obesity has shown that the location of body fat deposits rather than their size is more important in determining the risk of developing of obesity-linked disorders.8 In fact, the accumulation of intra-abdominal visceral fat in the mesentery and omentum is a better predictor of coronary heart disease than the body mass index (BMI).9 Visceral fat accumulation (VFA) and fat around the neck11 12 are also risk factors for OSAS in obese patients.10
Although the weight of most OSAS patients does not change significantly after nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) treatment,13 the incidence of mortality in OSAS patients can be reduced with NCPAP treatment.5 We hypothesized that the location of body fat deposits in OSAS patients might be altered after long-term NCPAP treatment. Therefore, we investigated changes in the location of body fat in OSAS patients by abdominal CT. We also investigated the effect of NCPAP treatment on blood parameters because they are thought to be closely related to mortality in obese individuals.14
Leptin is a circulating hormone that is expressed abundantly and specifically in adipose tissue,15 16 17 18 although it is also secreted from human placenta.19 Leptin induces a complex response involving control of body weight and energy expenditure.15 It has been reported that leptin selectively decreases visceral adiposity in the rats.20 Because NCPAP treatment significantly reduced the visceral fat in OSAS patients in this study, we expected that serum leptin levels would increase after short-term NCPAP treatment. On the other hand, it has been reported that circulating levels of leptin decreased after 3 months of NCPAP treatment.21 Therefore, the effect of NCPAP treatment on circulating leptin levels is not known. Thus, to better understand the effect of NCPAP on serum leptin levels, serum leptin levels were measured before and after 3 to 4 days and 1 and 6 months of NCPAP treatment.
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Methods |
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Patients
CT Imaging Study
The diagnosis of OSAS and the selection of NCPAP candidates (AHI>20) were performed as described previously.22 23 A total of 31 patients (29 males and 2 females) with OSAS were recruited for the study. Twenty-two patients received NCPAP treatment and 9 patients served as controls. Twenty-two patients with OSAS were treated with NCPAP for >6 months. Control subjects were also candidates for NCPAP treatment. Polysomnography was performed before NCPAP therapy and again on the first night of NCPAP therapy.
Study of the Serum Leptin Measurement
Serum leptin levels were measured in another 21 patients (all
male) with OSAS (AHI>20), including some members of the
treatment and control groups because the serum leptin measurements were
started after the CT imaging studies. This study was approved by the
local institutional ethics committee, and all of the patients gave
their informed consent before the study.
Measurement of Body Fat Distribution
The amount of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat deposition
was assessed by CT (Figure 1
). The area
of the subcutaneous fat and visceral fat was measured in a single
cross-sectional scan at the level of the umbilicus. An image histogram
was computed for the subcutaneous fat layers in order to determine the
range of CT numbers for the fat tissue. The total fat area was then
calculated by counting the pixels that had intensities within the
selected range of CT numbers. The intraperitoneal
space was defined by tracing its contour on the scan image. The total
area with the same CT numbers was considered to represent the
visceral fat area. Subtraction of the visceral fat area from the total
fat area was defined as the subcutaneous fat
area.24 25
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Protocol
Control and CT Imaging Group Before and After NCPAP
Treatment
Blood was drawn at 8:15 AM after an overnight fast
before and after >6 months of NCPAP treatment. Serum
triglyceride, total cholesterol, and other
lipid measurements were then determined by enzymatic methods using
commercial kits. LDL cholesterol was calculated by the
Friedwald formula.26 Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, A-II, B,
C-II, C-III, and E levels were determined by the tissue immunoactive
method.
A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed before and after >6 months of NCPAP treatment, and blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes for the determination of glucose and insulin levels. Plasma glucose was assayed by the glucose oxidase method, and insulin was assayed by a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA). VFA and subcutaneous fat accumulation (SFA) were assessed by CT before and after >6 months of NCPAP treatment.
Serum Leptin Measurement Group
Serum leptin levels before and after 3 to 4 days (n=21), 1
(n=10), and 6 (n=13) months of NCPAP treatment were determined by the
RIA for human leptin.19 27 The intra- and interassay
coefficients of variation used in the leptin measurements were 5.3%
(n=10) and 5.9% (n=10), respectively.27 At the same time,
serum insulin and cortisol levels were also determined using the
respective RIA. Leptin levels can change with food intake and
BMI.15 Therefore, the leptin levels of the OSAS patients
before the NCPAP treatment were measured after 3 to 4 days of
hospitalization following the first polysomnography. The patients then
returned to their homes and after 2 or 3 days came to our hospital
again to be treated with NCPAP. The second measurement of leptin levels
was taken following 3 to 4 days of NCPAP treatment. The OSAS patients
ingested the same amount of food for the 3- to 4-day period without any
changes in body weight when leptin was measured. As some patients were
lost to follow-up, the leptin levels in the OSAS patients were
measured after 1 (n=10) and 6 (n=13) months of NCPAP treatments. Blood
for the leptin measurements was also drawn at 8:15 AM after
an overnight fast. Previous studies have reported a significant
correlation among serum leptin levels and SFA and total fat
accumulation (TFA), but not with VFA.15 16 Therefore, we
measured the VFA and SFA of all patients in the serum leptin
measurement group before (n=21) and after (n=8) NCPAP treatment to
understand the relation between serum leptin levels and various
measurements of fat accumulation: VFA, SFA, and TFA.
Data Analysis
The data were presented as mean±SEM and were tested by
nonparametric methods. The differences in the VFA of OSAS
patients before and after >6 months of NCPAP treatment were tested for
significance with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. As body weight
reduction has a significant effect on the VFA and SFA,28
we divided the CT imaging group into 2 groups: those who showed a
significant body weight reduction (BWR; a decrease in BMI 
1
kg/m2, n=9), and those with no weight reduction
(No-BWR; a change of BMI <1 kg/m2, n=13).
Differences among the values obtained from the 3 groups (control, BWR,
and No-BWR groups) were tested for significance by the Kruskal-Wallis
test, and the intergroup differences among 3 groups were evaluated with
the Mann-Whitney U test with a Bonferroni correction for
multiple group comparison. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was
used to compare the results of VFA and SFA between first and second CT
measurements in the OSAS controls. The Wilcoxon signed-rank
test was also used to compare the results in the OSAS patients between
before and after NCPAP treatment. Spearman rank correlation
coefficients were calculated to analyze the correlation among
leptin levels and VFA, SFA, TFA, insulin, and cortisol levels. A
P<0.05 was considered to be significant.
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Results |
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CT Imaging Study
Patient Characteristics
There were no significant differences between control OSAS and OSAS with NCPAP treatment with respect to age, BMI, blood pressure before the study, and respiratory parameters during sleep. Although we recommended that all patients reduce their body weight, some patients lost a significant amount of body weight (BMI change
1
kg/m2, n=9) and others did not (BMI change <1
kg/m2, n=13). Because this difference in body
weight could affect the results, the OSAS patients with long-term NCPAP
treatment were divided into 2 groups: BWR and No-BWR. The
parameters of the 3 (control, BWR, and No-BWR) groups are
shown in Table 1. The only
significant difference between the BWR and the No-BWR group was the
value of the lowest SaO2 during sleep. None of
the other parameters showed any significant differences
among the 3 groups. Antihypertensive drugs were prescribed in 3 of 9
patients in the BWR group and 3 of 13 patients in the No-BWR group.
During the study, none of the medications were changed in any of the
patients.
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Body Fat Distribution Before and After NCPAP Treatment
In the control group without NCPAP treatment, the amount of
VFA and SFA did not change significantly over a period of >1 month
(36±5.7 days; Figure 2). After >6
months of NCPAP therapy, VFA and SFA in OSAS patients decreased
significantly (236±16 cm2 to
182±14cm2, P=0.0003 and 215±21
cm2 to 189±18 cm2,
P=0.003, respectively), whereas body weight also decreased
significantly after >6 months of NCPAP treatment. The VFA after NCPAP
(BWR group: 236±21 days, No-BWR group: 237±10 days) decreased
significantly in both the BWR and the No-BWR groups, whereas SFA did
not decrease significantly in the No-BWR group (Table 2 and Figure 2).
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1 month (36±5.7 days). B, After >6
months of NCPAP therapy, in the No-BWR group (237±10 days), only VFA
decreased significantly. C, BWR group (236±21 days), amount of VFA and
SFA decreased significantly. Dotted line represents the
mean±SEM.
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75 g OGTT and Other Parameters
Serum glucose levels in 7 of 9 patients in the BWR group and 8 of
13 patients in the No-BWR group exceeded 200 mg/dL during the glucose
tolerance test. In the BWR group, glucose levels during the glucose
tolerance test, triglyceride levels, and several other
serum lipid parameters decreased significantly but without
any concomitant changes in the insulin levels, except for insulin
levels at 180 minutes (Figure 3 and Table 2
).
In contrast, there were no changes in glucose and insulin
levels during OGTT (n=12) or other lipid parameters in the
No-BWR patients, although HDL and LDL cholesterol levels
improved significantly. (Table 2).
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P<0.01.
Serum Leptin Level Study
The serum leptin levels were measured in 21 OSAS patients (Age
52.2±3.3 y, BMI 29.3±1.1kg/m, AHI before NCPAP treatment: 52.2±3.3
episodes/h, and after 3 to 4 days: 2.9±0.8 episodes/h). Five of the 21
OSAS patients were also in the CT imaging group. The 21 OSAS patients
ingested the same amount of food during the 3 to 4 day treatment period
without any changes in body weight. Serum leptin levels decreased
significantly following 3 to 4 days of NCPAP treatment (before NCPAP:
26.2±3.3 ng/mL, after NCPAP: 21.7±3.0 ng/mL, P=0.0096)
(Figure 4).
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There were no significant differences between the CT imaging group (n=22) and the leptin measurement group (n=21) with respect to age, BMI, and AHI before and after NCPAP treatment. Serum leptin levels correlated positively with the SFA and TFA before (n=21, r=0.81, P=0.0003 and r=0.75, P=0.0008, respectively) and after (r=0.71, P=0.0016 and r=0.66, P=0.0034, respectively) 3 to 4 days of NCPAP treatment. However, leptin levels did not correlate with the VFA before (r=0.23, P=NS) or after (r=0.18, P=NS) 3 to 4 days of treatment. Also, after 6 months of NCPAP treatment, the VFA in OSAS patients (n=8) decreased significantly (P=0.012) and serum leptin levels correlated significantly with SFA (n=8, r=0.79, P=0.038) but not with VFA (n=8, r=0.17, P=NS).
The relation between the serum leptin levels and the fasting insulin
levels or cortisol levels were as follows (n=21 for both):
before NCPAP treatment, insulin: r=0.56, P=0.012;
cortisol: r=-0.79, P=0.0004, and after 3 to 4
days, insulin: r=0.48, P=0.03; cortisol:
r=-0.63, P=0.0052. Neither fasting insulin
levels nor cortisol levels changed significantly after NCPAP treatment
(Figure 4).
After 1 month of NCPAP treatment, serum leptin levels decreased
significantly without significant changes in BMI (n=10, leptin: before,
27.4±4.4 ng/mL; after, 20.8±4.1 ng/mL, P=0.028; BMI:
before, 29.8±2.2 kg/m2; after, 28.7±1.8
kg/m2, P=NS). After 6 months of NCPAP
treatment, serum leptin levels decreased significantly (n=13, leptin:
before, 26.7±3.6 ng/mL; after, 14.0±2.4 ng/mL, P=0.0046)
in 6 of 13 patients who had significant weight reduction (BMI change
1 kg/m2). In addition, the leptin levels in 7
of 13 patients whose weight did not change significantly after 6 months
of NCPAP treatment also decreased significantly (n=7, leptin: before,
23.3±3.7 ng/mL; after, 9.2±1.9 ng/mL, P=0.028, BMI:
before, 27.4±0.9 kg/m2; after, 27.3±0.9
kg/m2, NS).
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Discussion |
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This is the first study to suggest that NCPAP treatment may be used to reduce VFA in OSAS patients with or without significant changes in body weight. Excess VFA is associated with numerous metabolic and cardiovascular complications.8 9 29 Recent data suggest that OSAS is a common disorder and that >50% of all obese individuals have OSAS.1 Therefore, using NCPAP therapy to reduce VFA may lower the risk of VFA-associated diseases in large numbers of obese individuals.
A reduction in VFA has been reported to occur in conjunction with body weight reduction following diet and exercise.28 NCPAP treatment in OSAS patients results in an immediate increase in activity with an improvement in hypersomnolence during the day.13 This increase in activity may mimic the effects of exercise in OSAS patients.
The mechanisms underlying the decrease in VFA and the decrease in serum leptin levels without changes in body weight in OSAS patients are not clear at present. The relation observed among serum leptin levels and TFA, SFA, VFA, and serum fasting insulin levels corresponds to previous reports.15 16 No previous studies have examined the short-term effects of NCPAP treatment on serum leptin levels in OSAS patients. Circulating levels of leptin have been reported to decrease after 3 months of NCPAP treatment.21 However, the changes in BMI were not accounted for in this study, and the number of study subjects (n=10) was small.21 Recently, it has been reported that leptin given to rats by osmotic minipumps for 8 days selectively decreases visceral adiposity.20 Because the VFA decreased following NCPAP treatment in our experiment, we expected leptin levels to increase. Instead, serum leptin levels decreased significantly after 3 to 4 days of NCPAP treatment. Three or 4 days of NCPAP treatment is too short a time interval to have any significant effects on body fat or the distribution of body fat. In this study, the OSAS patients ingested the same amount of food for a 3- to 4-day period without any changes in body weight. A more likely explanation for the reduction in serum leptin concentrations over this brief period would be the effects of NCPAP on sympathetic activation.30 Indeed, it has been reported that NCPAP decreases muscle nerve sympathetic activity and blood pressure during sleep.30 In addition, there is a report that muscle nerve sympathetic activity levels have a significant positive correlation with leptin concentration.31 On the basis of the results of our study, the decrease in sympathetic nerve activity from NCPAP therapy30 may decrease the leptin levels. Contrary to our results, several reports showed that leptin administration increased the sympathetic nerve activity.32 33 Therefore, the relation between sympathetic nerve activity and leptin levels in OSAS patients before and after NCPAP treatment should be studied further. NCPAP treatment may also evoke reflexes associated with increases in lung volume or increases in abdominal pressure and perhaps visceral blood flow.34 The increase in splanchnic venous volume,34 decrease in nocturnal blood pressure,30 and improvement in cardiac function35 may change blood flow in the body and this would have an effect on the leptin clearance.36 Another possible mechanism for the decrease in leptin levels after NCPAP treatment is the effect of the circadian rhythm on leptin levels.37
In this study, the decrease in leptin levels continued after 1 and 6 months of NCPAP treatment and without significant changes in body weight. These results suggest that leptin resistance38 39 in obese OSAS patients may improve after NCPAP treatment. However, the mechanism for this improvement could not determined in this study.
Studies suggest that VFA is closely correlated with HDL and LDL
cholesterol levels.29 Patients with high VFA
had low HDL and high LDL cholesterol levels.29
In this study, VFA decreased significantly following >6 months of
NCPAP treatment while HDL increased significantly without a
significant body weight change (Table 2). Thus, repetitive
obstructive sleep apnea might have a significant effect on
cholesterol metabolism during
sleep,40 41 in addition to its effect on VFA (Table 2).
The effect of NCPAP treatment on glucose intolerance is unclear. One study reported that glucose intolerance in OSAS patients improved after long-term NCPAP treatment.42 Another report indicated that the relation between insulin resistance and sleep-disordered breathing was entirely dependent on body mass.43 The results of our experiment support the latter study.
The mechanisms that cause the differences between the BWR and No-BWR
groups are unclear. Understanding this mechanism is very important
because a significant BWR after NCPAP treatment could benefit patients
by changing apolipoprotein levels and improving insulin sensitivity and
hyperlipidemia in addition to changes in VFA (Table 2 and Figures 2 and 4). As reported in Pima
Indians,44 long-term follow-up of serum leptin levels and
body weight is important to understand the mechanisms that lead to the
differences between the BWR and No-BWR groups in OSAS patients
following NCPAP treatment.
This study has several limitations. The first major limitation was that this study had 2 groups: a CT imaging group without the serum leptin measurement and a leptin measurement group with NCPAP treatment. The members of each group were not the same. Therefore, a comparison of the 2 groups may be difficult to interpret. However, there were no significant differences between the CT imaging group (n=22) and the leptin measurement group (n=21) with respect to age, BMI, or AHI before and after NCPAP treatment. Therefore, these results would apply to all OSAS patients (AHI>20) who were candidates for NCPAP treatment.
Secondly, leptin levels were measured only once after 3 to 4 days of NCPAP treatment. However, our interassay coefficients of variation were within 6%,27 and the leptin levels after 1 and 6 months of NCPAP treatment decreased significantly as those after 3 to 4 days of NCPAP treatment. Therefore, the decrease in the leptin levels over 3 to 4 days of NCPAP treatment should be significant, although the leptin levels change periodically.45 46
In this study, NCPAP treatment in OSAS patients specifically reduced VFA. This reduction in VFA in these patients may lead to improvement of VFA-associated diseases. In the investigation of obesity-linked disorders, it is important to consider the existence of OSAS in obese patients not only because the prevalence of OSAS is so high but also because OSAS may have significant effects on adipocyte-derived signaling factors such as leptin.
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Acknowledgments |
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We thank ShigeoYura and Hidenori Iwai for measuring the serum leptin levels. This study was supported in part by grant No. 09670608 from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture and the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Received March 8, 1999; revision received May 13, 1999; accepted May 18, 1999.
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