(Circulation. 1999;100:899-902.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communication |
Angiotensin II Induces LOX-1, the Human Endothelial Receptor for Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein
Presented at the 71st Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, Dallas, Tex, November 8–11, 1998, and published in abstract form (Circulation. 1998;98[suppl I]:I-521).
From the Institute of Pathophysiology (H.M., U.R., B.N., N.D., J.H.) and the Clinic for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (K.H., H.-R.Z.), Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany; the Clinic of Internal Medicine, University Wuerzburg, Germany (J.G.); and the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan (T.S).
Correspondence to Henning Morawietz, PhD, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Straße 18, D-06097 Halle, Germany. E-mail henning.morawietz{at}medizin.uni-halle.de
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Abstract |
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Background—Oxidatively modified LDL (oxLDL) plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. OxLDL effects, eg, foam cell formation, are mediated in part by the classic scavenger receptor, whereas other effects may involve the recently cloned endothelial oxLDL receptor, LOX-1 (lectinlike oxLDL receptor-1), which is distinct from macrophage scavenger receptors. Because the regulation of LOX-1 must still be defined, we investigated whether LOX-1 is regulated by the potentially proatherosclerotic stimulant angiotensin II (Ang II).
Methods and Results—Using competitive reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we quantified mRNA expression of LOX-1 in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). After treatment with Ang II for 3 hours (1 nmol/L to 1 µmol/L), LOX-1 mRNA was concentration-dependently induced (from 6.9±1.4 to 23.1±5.5 relative units [RU] by 1 µmol/L Ang II; P<0.05). The angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist losartan prevented this induction. Incubation of HUVECs with Ang II (100 nmol/L, 3 hours) induced LOX-1 protein expression (212±21% of control level; P<0.01) and uptake of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI)-labeled oxLDL (209±17% of control level; P<0.05) by an AT1-dependent pathway, reaching its maximum after 24 hours (680±89%; P<0.05). In internal mammary artery biopsy samples from patients with or without ACE inhibitor treatment before coronary artery bypass surgery, LOX-1 mRNA was downregulated by ACE inhibition (6.4±2.0 versus 19.3±5.9 RU; n=12 each; P<0.05).
Conclusions—We conclude that LOX-1 is regulated by Ang II in vitro and in vivo, that induction of LOX-1 is mediated by the AT1 receptor, and that repression of LOX-1 by long-term ACE inhibitor treatment may contribute to the antiatherosclerotic potential of this therapy.
Key Words: angiotensin • atherosclerosis • coronary disease • endothelium • lipoproteins
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Introduction |
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Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been suggested to be involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis is characterized by accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipids, monocyte/macrophage infiltration, foam cell formation, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and accumulation of connective tissue proteins.1
Oxidatively modified LDL (oxLDL) is internalized by macrophages via scavenger receptors, leading to foam cell formation as a hallmark in the development of atherosclerosis.2 Moreover, oxLDL induces potentially proatherosclerotic effects in endothelial cells. These effects include impairment of endothelial NO formation,3 induction of endothelial expression of adhesion molecules4 and smooth muscle growth factors,5 induction of superoxide anion formation from vascular tissue,6 and apoptosis of endothelial cells.7
Recently, a human endothelial receptor that
mediates uptake of oxLDL (lectinlike oxLDL receptor-1 [LOX-1]) has
been cloned.8 This receptor is structurally distinct from
scavenger receptors of macrophages and belongs to the C-type
lectin family. LOX-1 has been shown to be inducible by tumor necrosis
factor-
and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate,9
and it mediates phagocytosis of aged/apoptotic cells in
endothelial cells.10 However, the effect
of Ang II on LOX-1 expression is presently unknown.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of Ang II on expression of LOX-1. We tested whether Ang II induces LOX-1 mRNA and protein expression and oxLDL uptake in human endothelial cells. To provide further evidence that the in vitro findings take place in vivo, we analyzed the effect of long-term ACE inhibitor treatment on vascular expression of LOX-1 in patients with coronary heart disease.
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Methods |
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Cell Culture
Cell culture reagents and chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co except when otherwise specified. Primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated with collagenase IV and grown in medium M199 (Life Technologies) supplemented with 20% fetal serum. Confluent cell cultures were incubated with medium containing 0.5% fetal serum for 24 hours and subsequently treated with Ang II (1 nmol/L to 1 µmol/L) or with Ang II (100 nmol/L) and the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist losartan (1 µmol/L, Merck; Sharpe & Dohme).
Patients
Distal remnant specimens of the left internal mammary artery
(arteria thoracica interna) obtained after informed consent from 24
patients undergoing elective CABG surgery were used for this study. The
use of human tissue was approved by the local ethics committee.
Long-term ACE inhibitor treatment before surgery was
evaluated in a retrospective manner. ACE inhibitor dosages
prescribed by referring physicians were 31±5% of respective target
dosages in recent heart failure megatrials. Twelve consecutive patients
without ACE inhibitor pretreatment were matched with
12 patients with ACE inhibitor treatment according to
New York Heart Association functional classification (2.2±0.2 for both
groups). The groups showed no significant differences in
systolic (116.3±5.1 mm Hg without ACE inhibition versus
113.1±5.1 mm Hg with ACE inhibition; P=0.66) or
diastolic blood pressure (59.9±3.0 versus 62.2±2.7
mm Hg, respectively; P=0.57). In addition, no differences
in central venous pressure, heart rate, left ventricular
ejection fraction, age, sex, weight, or concomitant therapy with
calcium antagonists, ß-blockers, diuretics, NO
donors, antidiabetics, or lipid-lowering drugs were found.
Quantification of Human LOX-1 mRNA and Protein Expression
Total RNA from HUVECs and internal mammary artery biopsy samples
was isolated by guanidinium thiocyanate/cesium chloride
centrifugation. LOX-1 mRNA expression was quantified by
standard calibrated competitive reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) by use of a linker primer, PCR-generated,
internal-deleted, and in vitro–transcribed LOX-1 standard cRNA.
Western analysis of proteins from HUVECs (50 µg/lane) with or
without Ang II stimulation with a LOX-1 monoclonal antibody was
performed as described previously.9
Uptake of DiI-OxLDL in Human Endothelial Cells
LDL was isolated by sequential
ultracentrifugation from human plasma, and oxidative
modification of LDL with cupric ion was performed as previously
described.11 Oxidized LDL was labeled with
1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine
perchlorate (DiI; Molecular Probes), and uptake of DiI-oxLDL for 3
hours was quantified as described.8 12
Statistical Analysis
Data are shown as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was
performed with the ANOVA procedure followed by Dunnett's method
(multiple comparison) or Student t test (SigmaStat software,
Jandel Corp). Differences were taken as statistically significant at
P<0.05.
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Results |
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Induction of LOX-1 Expression and OxLDL Uptake by Ang II in HUVECs
In HUVECs, Ang II maximally induces LOX-1 mRNA after 3 hours (Figure 1A
; control: 6.9±1.4 relative
units [RU]; 1 nmol/L Ang II: 8.0±2.6 RU; 10 nmol/L Ang II:
19.8±3.0 RU [P<0.05 versus control]; 100 nmol/L Ang II:
21.5±3.7 RU [P<0.05 versus control]; and 1 µmol/L
Ang II: 23.1±5.5 RU [P<0.05 versus control]). This
induction of LOX-1 mRNA was completely prevented by the
AT1 antagonist losartan
(1 µmol/L) (control: 6.9±1.4 RU; 100 nmol/L Ang II: 21.5±3.7
RU [P<0.05 versus control]; 100 nmol/L Ang II plus 1
µmol/L losartan: 6.6±1.0 RU) (Figure 1B). In
addition, incubation of HUVECs with Ang II (100 nmol/L, 3 hours)
induced LOX-1 protein expression (212±21% of control level; n=6;
P<0.01) (Figure 1C).
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3
separate experiments. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 vs control (con) or indicated bar.
To verify this induction of LOX-1 at a functional level, HUVECs were
incubated with Ang II (100 nmol/L), and uptake of DiI-labeled oxLDL was
quantified (Figure 1D
). Ang II stimulated uptake of oxLDL in
human endothelial cells after 3 hours (209±17% of
control level; P<0.05) by an
AT1-dependent pathway (100±3% with
losartan), reaching its maximum after 24 hours (680±89%;
P<0.05). The level of oxLDL uptake (
2-fold induction
after 3 hours) was similar to induction of LOX-1 mRNA and protein
expression by Ang II.
Downregulation of LOX-1 mRNA by ACE Inhibitor Treatment
Because Ang II induces LOX-1 mRNA in vitro, we analyzed
LOX-1 mRNA expression in internal mammary artery biopsy samples of
patients with coronary heart disease with or without ACE
inhibitor treatment (Figure 2). Long-term ACE inhibitor
treatment causes significant downregulation of LOX-1 mRNA in internal
mammary artery (without ACE inhibitor, 19.3±5.9 RU; ACE
inhibitor, 6.4±2.0 RU; P<0.05; n=12 in
each group). No significant correlation of LOX-1 mRNA expression with
other medications could be found.
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Discussion |
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Activation of oxLDL uptake is thought to play a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.1 2 A major risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease is hypertension. It is associated with an activated tissue renin-angiotensin system. Our data show Ang II–mediated increased expression of the endothelial oxLDL receptor LOX-1 and augmented oxLDL uptake in human endothelial cells. These findings suggest a new mechanism to explain how hypertension might promote early initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Increased Ang II levels would lead to stimulated uptake of proatherogenic oxLDL in endothelial cells. This could result in endothelial dysfunction by impaired endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation,3 infiltration of vessel wall with monocytes/macrophages by increased endothelial expression of adhesion molecules,4 and secretion of growth factors for vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in vascular hypertrophy.5 Other early proatherosclerotic effects of oxLDL would include delay of endothelial wound healing, eg, by inhibition of migration of aortic endothelial cells into endothelial lesions; cytotoxicity to vascular cells, eg, through induction of oxidative stress; and induction of apoptosis in endothelial cells.2 6 7 Therefore, Ang II–stimulated oxLDL uptake into endothelial cells would accelerate early proatherosclerotic processes, before macrophage participation in the progression of atherosclerosis.
Recently, expression of LOX-1 also has been demonstrated in mature human monocyte–derived macrophages.13 Increased Ang II levels might therefore promote foam cell formation by LOX-1–mediated oxLDL uptake into both endothelial cells and macrophages.
The induction of LOX-1 by Ang II can be completely prevented by AT1 receptor blockade. This finding suggests an antiatherosclerotic potential of pharmacological interventions in the renin-angiotensin system. This view is supported by the downregulation of LOX-1 expression by long-term ACE inhibition in internal mammary arteries of patients with coronary heart disease. This effect seems to be specific for the renin-angiotensin system, because neither group of patients showed a significant difference in blood pressure or concomitant therapy. Therefore, this effect might represent an antiatherosclerotic mechanism contributing to the vasoprotective potential of ACE inhibitors and the improved survival of patients in recent ACE inhibitor megatrials.
Conclusions
The endothelial receptor for oxLDL is upregulated
by the renin-angiotensin system in vitro and in vivo. The
downregulation of Ang II–stimulated LOX-1 expression might
represent a novel mechanism contributing to the
antiatherosclerotic potential of long-term ACE inhibitor
treatment or AT1 receptor blockade.
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Acknowledgments |
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We are grateful to E. Heinke, R. Gall, and R. Busath for excellent technical assistance. We deeply appreciate the cooperation and continuous support of patients and staff of the Clinic for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg.
Received May 3, 1999; revision received July 7, 1999; accepted July 12, 1999.
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