(Circulation. 2000;101:1358.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communications |
L-NMMA (a Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor) is Effective in the Treatment of Cardiogenic Shock
From the Cardiology Institute (G.C., E.K., A.B., O.M., A.S., D.A., Z.V.), Clinical Pharmacology Research Unit (G.C., E.K., A.B., O.M., Y.Moshkovitz, R.Z., A.S., D.A., Y.Mihovitz, M.M., Z.V.), and Department of Medicine "A" (A.G.), Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.
Correspondence to Gad Cotter, MD, The Cardiology Institute, Assaf-Harofeh Medical Center, 70300, Zerifin, Israel.
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Abstract |
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Background—The objective was to assess the safety and efficacy of L-NMMA in the treatment of cardiogenic shock.
Methods—We enrolled 11 consecutive patients with cardiogenic shock that persisted after >24 hours from admission, despite coronary catheterization and primary percutaneous transluminal coronary revascularization, when feasible, and treatment with mechanical ventilation, intraaortic balloon pump (IABP), and high doses of catecholamines. L-NMMA was administered as an IV bolus of 1 mg/kg and continuous drip of 1 mg · kg-1 · h-1 for 5 hours. Treatment with catecholamines, mechanical ventilation, and IABP was kept constant throughout the study.
Results—Within 10 minutes of L-NMMA administration, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) increased from 76±9 to 109±22 mm Hg (+43%). Urine output increased within 5 hours from 63±25 to 156±63 cc/h (+148%). Cardiac index decreased during the steep increase in MAP from 2.0±0.5 to 1.7±0.4 L/(min · m2) (-15%); however, it gradually increased to 1.85±0.4 L/(min · m2) after 5 hours. The heart rate and the wedge pressure remained stable. Twenty-four hours after L-NMMA discontinuation, MAP (+36%) and urine output (+189%) remained increased; however, cardiac index returned to pretreatment level. No adverse events were detected. Ten out of eleven patients could be weaned off mechanical ventilation and IABP. Eight patients were discharged from the coronary intensive care unit, and seven (64%) were alive at 1-month follow-up.
Conclusions—L-NMMA administration in patients with cardiogenic shock is safe and has favorable clinical and hemodynamic effects.
Key Words: cardiogenic shock • hypotension • L-NMMA
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Introduction |
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L-NMMA is a nonspecific NO synthase inhibitor. It is 1 of the most potent vasoconstrictors known; therefore, it has been examined in various types of shock. However, L-NMMA has not been examined in cardiogenic shock due to concerns regarding a possible proischemic effect.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Patients
Patients with extensive myocardial infarction complicated with cardiogenic shock were considered for this study. All patients were treated with mechanical ventilation and intraaortic balloon pump (IABP). Immediately upon admission, all patients underwent coronary catheterization and primary percutaneous coronary intervention, when feasible. Patients received aspirin, IV heparin, IV fluids, and IV furosamide drip. IV dopamine and dobutamine were administered to doses of at least 10 µg · kg-1 · min-1 for at least 3 hours before enrollment. Cardiogenic shock was defined as persistent unaugmented systolic blood pressure (systolic blood pressure measured without IABP augmentation) below 100 mm Hg, accompanied by pulmonary congestion determined by chest x-ray, cardiac index <2.5 L/(min · m2), and wedge pressure >15 mm Hg despite the above mentioned treatment.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Patients were enrolled in the study if they experienced
refractory cardiogenic shock (cardiogenic shock that persisted or
worsened >24 hours after admission and coronary
catheterization) and if deemed beyond treatment by the
heads of cardiology and coronary intensive care
unit (ICU). Subsequent to patients selection, patients and families
were required to sign an informed consent form.
Patients with significant tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia, significant valvular heart disease, or other mechanical complications (secondary heart failure, fever >38°C, or creatinine >200 µmol/mL) were excluded.
Treatment Protocol
An arterial line and Swan-Ganz catheter were
inserted at least 3 hours before L-NMMA administration. Throughout
treatment, O2 saturation, pulse, blood pressure,
urine output, wedge pressure, and cardiac output were all continuously
monitored.
L-NMMA (Clinalfa, Cal-Biochem) was administered as 1 mg/kg bolus and then continued as drip of 1 mg · kg-1 · h-1 for 5 hours. During L-NMMA administration, treatment with fluids, catecholamines, mechanical ventilation, and IABP was kept constant. The study was approved by the hospital and Ministry of Health Ethical Review Board.
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcome
Changes in hemodynamic variables during
L-NMMA administration.
Secondary Outcome
(1) Clinical outcome during 1-month of follow-up. (2) Adverse
events during the treatment period.
Statistical Methods
The 2-tailed Student’s t test with paired
measurements was used to compare continuous variables. Changes
within a given parameter over the period of the study were
analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures. Probability values of
<0.05 were considered significant.
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Results |
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Eleven patients were recruited for this study. Baseline characteristics of the study population are given in Table 1
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Hemodynamic Changes
Changes in pulse, pulmonary pressure and vascular
resistance, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) are
presented in Table 2.
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Mean Arterial Blood Pressure and Urine Output
Baseline unaugmented mean arterial pressure (MAP) was
76±9 mm Hg, and urine output was 63±25 cc/h. Both increased
steeply in response to L-NMMA administration (Figure 1).
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Cardiac Index
Baseline cardiac index (Figure 2)
was 2.0±0.5 L/(min · m2). It decreased by
15% during the first hour of treatment, whereas MAP and SVR
dramatically increased (P=0.001); however, despite no
further change in MAP after 3 hours of treatment, cardiac index started
to recover, increasing to above baseline level at 24 hours of
follow-up.
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Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure
Similar to cardiac output, the wedge pressure (Figure 2
)
increased during the first hour of treatment by 13%. However, by the
second hour of treatment, wedge pressure decreased to pretreatment
baseline and was unchanged at 24 hours.
Clinical Results
Ten out of eleven patients could be weaned off mechanical
ventilation and IABP after L-NMMA administration. Eight patients were
discharged from the coronary ICU. Seven patients were
discharged to home. They were alive at 1 to 3 months of follow-up.
Ejection fraction at the 1-month visit was 30.8±4.5%. The 4 patients
that had died succumbed to multiorgan failure, sepsis, sepsis and
hemorrhage, and cholesterol emboli at 1, 2, 3, and
6 days after L-NMMA administration, respectively.
Safety
No patient died during L-NMMA administration. We were unable to
detect any clinical or laboratory adverse effect of L-NMMA
treatment.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The ideal pharmacological treatment of cardiogenic shock is elusive. Treatments designed to improve myocardial contractility of patients with cardiogenic shock have repeatedly failed in clinical studies. This might be explained by the finding that cardiac function parameters (cardiac index, ejection fraction) in the range found in most patients with cardiogenic shock are commonly found in patients without shock. However, as demonstrated in the present study, SVR measurements in most patients with cardiogenic shock are only slightly above normal. Therefore, it is possible that maladaptive mechanisms, rather than the decreased cardiac function per se, may contribute to the high morbidity and mortality in cardiogenic shock.
In the present study, we have found that L-NMMA administration to patients with cardiogenic shock induces a selective and significant vasoconstriction leading to a steep increase in MAP without clinical signs of further cardiac or other ischemia. This increase in SVR (afterload) was accompanied by a small and transient decrease of cardiac index and virtually no change in pulse rate and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (preload), implying that myocardial contractility increases during L-NMMA administration. Accordingly, L-NMMA induced a brisk diuresis and allowed for rapid weaning of mechanical ventilation and IABP. Seven out of eleven patients deemed by 2 senior cardiologists to be beyond treatment are alive and well at 1 month of follow-up. The results of the present study could be explained by the following mechanisms:
Improved Myocardial Perfusion
Review of the literature shows conflicting data regarding the
effect of L-NMMA on coronary blood flow. In some studies, it
was demonstrated that L-NMMA actually increases coronary blood
flow after ischemia, thus improving
contractility.1 In a further study,
myocardial perfusion was not restored despite successful
revascularization of the infarct related artery in
patients with acute ischemia.2 Therefore, it is
possible that a viscous cycle exists, starting with a decrease in
cardiac contractility not compensated by sufficient
peripheral vasoconstriction, which leads to decreased MAP.
In the presence of ischemia, the autoregulation of
coronary flow in the infarct related myocardium is
lost; therefore, the decreased MAP leads to impaired myocardial
perfusion, inducing more ischemia, stunning, and further
decrease in cardiac performance. Accordingly, the significant
increase in MAP achieved by L-NMMA might improve myocardial perfusion,
thus relieving ischemia and stunning and improving myocardial
performance.
Direct Effect on Myocardial Contractility
Recent experimental data have shown that NO has a biphasic effect
on the myocardium3 : at low levels NO induces a
beneficial effect in coupling of local myocardial
contractility to coronary supply and on
myocardial relaxation, hence maintaining the Frank-Starling
mechanism.4 Therefore, too little NO release may lead to
self-perpetuating ischemia and pulmonary edema. Indeed,
we have demonstrated that in patients with severe pulmonary
edema not complicated by hypotension, administration of high-dose
nitrates improves control of pulmonary edema and prevents
myocardial infarction.5 However, at higher
concentrations, NO decreases myocardial contractility,
an effect that can be reversed with L-NMMA
administration.6 7 This effect is especially important in
the context of the present study because it has been demonstrated
that NO levels increase substantially during acute cardiac
decompensation.8
Two further mechanisms may explain the beneficial effect of L-NMMA. First, NO inhibits the positive inotropic response to ß-adrenergic stimulation in humans. Therefore, L-NMMA may augment the effect of catecholamines. Second, NO might have some negative effects on the ischemic myocardium glucose metabolism, which can be blocked by L-NMMA
In the present preliminary study, we were unable to determine which mechanism is responsible for the observed beneficial effect of L-NMMA. However, one important conclusion emerges from our data, as well as recent studies of cardiogenic shock. It seems that drugs that increase cardiac performance have a negative effect in such patients; IABP has only a transient effect on hemodynamic variables without improving outcome and even immediate coronary revascularization was shown lately to produce only a modest effect on immediate survival.9 Therefore, increasing cardiac contractility per se should no longer be regarded as the only target in the treatment of cardiogenic shock. It is possible that in acute heart failure, similar to chronic heart failure, the effect of neurohormonal vascular mediators may be an equally important determinant of clinical outcome, and specific targeting of these deleterious mediators should take precedence to nonspecific and possibly harmful attempts to increase cardiac output and blood pressure. Manipulation of the NO pathway could be one of these new treatment strategies.
Limitations of the Present Study
The results of the present study are only a preliminary report
of L-NMMA in a small number of patients with the most extreme form of
cardiogenic shock. Larger, prospective, placebo-controlled studies are
required to examine the effect of different doses of L-NMMA in patients
with cardiogenic shock of various etiologies and different degree of
severity.
Received October 11, 1999; revision received January 25, 2000; accepted January 28, 2000.
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References |
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