(Circulation. 2000;101:e160.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Circulation Electronic Pages |
Is Asymmetric Dimethylarginine a Novel Marker of Atherosclerosis?
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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To the Editor:
In their article, Miyazaki et al1 demonstrate a correlation between the plasma concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and carotid artery intima-media thickness in humans. In multivariate regression analyses, ADMA was the only significant predictor of carotid intima-media thickness besides age and impaired glucose tolerance. However, one critical factor must be carefully evaluated in the interpretation of these data: dimethylarginines are a pair of endogenous, dimethylated L-arginine analogues. ADMA inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthase,2 whereas its stereoisomer, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), is biologically inactive.2 Unfortunately, Miyazaki et al1 gave only a brief description of the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method they used to quantify ADMA levels.
When examining the article to which they refer for a description of their method,3 it seemed that the investigators could not distinguish between ADMA and SDMA with the HPLC system. This is unfortunate because SDMA probably plays no role in vascular lesion formation and, thus, it may have unnecessarily blurred the results of Miyazaki et al.1 An even greater correlation coefficient between ADMA and carotid artery intima-media thickening might have been found using an analytical method that could unequivocally differentiate between both stereoisomers. Alternatively, there could have been no correlation at all.
Several HPLC methods have been published for the quantitation of methylarginines since the discovery of their biological importance. A major portion of these methods have been unable to differentiate between ADMA and SDMA. Using a recently developed, specific HPLC method that allowed us to clearly separate ADMA and SDMA, we showed that an elevated ADMA concentration is associated with reduced nitrate and cyclic GMP excretion (2 markers for endogenous NO elaboration in vivo) in atherosclerotic humans.4 Moreover, an elevated ADMA concentration is a risk factor for endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic humans.5 Because in animal models of hypercholesterolemia, the pharmacological inhibition of NO synthase accelerates atherosclerosis but the enhancement of vascular NO activity slows the progression of the disease, a defect in the L-arginine/NO pathway may indeed play a decisive role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In this respect, the study by Miyazaki et al1 may bring our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of vascular disease an important step further. Studies like those of Miyazaki et al1 must be performed using more specific analytical methods to confirm (or reject) their potentially important results. Only then will we know whether ADMA is a novel marker of atherosclerosis.
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1. Miyazaki H, Matsuoka H, Cooke JP, Usui M, Ueda S, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a novel marker of atherosclerosis. Circulation.. 1999;99:1141–1146.
2. Vallance P, Leone A, Calver A, Collier J, Moncada S. Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet.. 1992;339:572–575.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3.
Matsuoka H, Itoh S, Kimoto M, Kohno K, Tamai O, Wada
Y, Yasukawa H, Iwami G, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Asymmetrical
dimethylarginine, an endogenous nitric oxide synthase
inhibitor, in experimental hypertension.
Hypertension.. 1997;29:242–247.
4.
Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Thiele W, Junker
W, Alexander K, Frölich JC. Biochemical evidence for impaired
nitric oxide synthesis in patients with peripheral
arterial occlusive disease. Circulation.. 1997;95:2068–2074.
5.
Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Szuba A, Tsao PS,
Chan JR, Tangphao O, Blaschke TF, Cooke JP. Asymmetric
dimethylarginine: a novel risk factor for endothelial
dysfunction: its role in hypercholesterolemia.
Circulation.. 1998;98:1842–1847.
Response
Department of Internal Medicine III, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
Falk Cardiovascular Center Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif
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Introduction |
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We appreciate the comments of Böger and Bode-Böger. They raise an important issue regarding the assay for asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor. As they mention, it is critical to distinguish between ADMA and its stereoisomer, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), because SDMA accounts for
25% to 33% of
dimethylarginines and it has no effect on NO synthase activity.
Therefore, to investigate the pathophysiological
role of ADMA in cardiovascular diseases, it is clear
that differentiation between ADMA and SDMA is indispensable. We
apologize for the brief description of the ADMA assay in our previous
works.R1 R2 R3 We did separate ADMA from SDMA. We used the following analytical method for separation. We used a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that measured ADMA using column-switching; orthophthalaldehyde (OPA) was employed for fluorescence determination. Samples and standards were deproteinized with ethanol. Supernatants were incubated for 3 minutes with an OPA reagent (2.3 mg/mL OPA in borate buffer, pH 9.7, containing 2.3 mg/mL N-acetylcysteine) before automatic injection (injection volume, 15 µL) into the HPLC column (temperature, 49°C). HPLC was performed on the Hitachi L-6300 system equipped with an F-1080 fluorescence detector for excitation at 348 nm and emission at 450 nm. In the extraction column (anion exchanged column; Shodex NH2P50, 4.6 mm I.D.x30 mm), the mobile phase consisted of 75 mmol/L sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 3% acetonitrile at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The analytical column (ODS column [4]) (L-column ODS, 5 µm, 4.6 mm I.D.x250 mm, Chemical Inspection and Testing Institute) had a mobile phase consisted of 75 mmol/L sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 2.5% tetrahydrofuran at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The variability of the methods was <3%, and the detection limit of the assay was 0.02 nmol/mL.
The major difference from the method of Böger et alR5 is column-switching; this constitutes 2-step chromatography: by extraction column, the crude peak of dimethylarginines was separated, and by analytical column (using ODS),R4 the fine peaks of both ADMA and SDMA were clearly detected. Measurements of ADMA in a large population will further elucidate the importance of this endogenous NO synthase inhibitor in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases.
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References |
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TopIntroductionReferencesIntroduction References |
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1. Miyazaki H, Matsuoka H, Cooke JP, Usui M, Ueda S, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a novel marker of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1999;99:1141–1146.
2. Matsuoka H, Itoh S, Kimoto M, Kohno K, Tamai O, Wada Y, Yasukawa H, Iwami G, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Asymmetrical dimethylarginine, an endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, in experimental hypertension. Hypertension. 1997;29:242–247.
3. Usui M, Matsuoka H, Miyazaki H, Ueda S, Okuda S, Imaizumi T. Increased endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor in patients with congestive heart failure. Life Sci. 1998;62:2425–2430.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Pettersson A, Uggla L, Backman V. Determination of dimethylated arginines in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci App. 1997;692:257–262.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
5. Böger RH, Bode-Böger SM, Szuba A, Tsao PS, Chan JR, Tangphao O, Blaschke TF, Cooke JP. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA): a novel risk factor for endothelial dysfunction: its role in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation. 1998;98:1842–1847.
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