(Circulation. 2000;101:122.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communications |
Carvedilol Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Leukocytes and Oxidative Damage to Amino Acids
From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, Buffalo, NY.
Correspondence to Paresh Dandona, MD, Director, Diabetes Endocrinology Center of Western New York, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 3 Gates Circle, Buffalo, NY 14209. E-mail pdandona{at}kaleidahealth.org
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Abstract |
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Background—The purpose of this study was to test whether carvedilol has an antioxidant effect in humans in vivo.
Methods and Results—We administered 3.125 mg of carvedilol twice daily to normal subjects for 1 week. ROS generation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells fell from 314±183.43 and 303±116 mV to 185±157 and 189±63 mV (P<0.025), respectively. m-Tyrosine fell from 4.24±0.99 to 4.03±0.97 ng/mL (P=0.01), and o-tyrosine fell from 4.59±1.10 to 4.24±0.99 ng/mL (P=0.004) in the absence of a change in phenylalanine concentrations.
Conclusions—We conclude that carvedilol significantly inhibits ROS generation by leukocytes and oxidative conversion of phenylalanine to m- and o-tyrosine.
Key Words: carvedilol • oxygen • leukocytes • amino acids
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Introduction |
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It has been suggested that carvedilol may provide greater benefit than traditional ß-blockers in chronic heart failure because of its antioxidant actions that synergize with its nonspecific ß- and
-blocking effects.1 Carvedilol has been shown to
inhibit lipid peroxidation of myocardial cell membranes and thus
protect endothelial, neuronal, and vascular smooth
muscle cells from oxygen radical–mediated injury.2
Carvedilol has also been shown to scavenge peroxy and hypochlorous
radicals in chemical systems in vitro.3 In the only study
in humans, carvedilol was shown to have antioxidant actions in patients
treated with moderate doses of 25 mg/d as assessed by suppression of ex
vivo LDL oxidation and reduction of anti–oxidized LDL antibodies in
vivo.4 Ortho-tyrosine (o-tyrosine) and meta-tyrosine (m-tyrosine) have recently been shown to be useful markers of oxidative damage to phenylalanine, because they are formed after reactive oxygen species (ROS) attack on phenylalanine. Thus, their concentration is considered to be an index of oxidative damage to amino acids and proteins.
We undertook this study to investigate the effect of carvedilol administration on ROS generation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) and mononuclear cells (MNCs). We also measured o-tyrosine and m-tyrosine in plasma as indices of oxidative damage to phenylalanine.
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Methods |
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Eight normal subjects 26 to 33 years old volunteered for the study. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the State University of New York at Buffalo. Written, informed consent was obtained from each subject. None of the subjects were on any medications, including NSAIDS, vitamin E, or other antioxidants.
Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline in tubes with EDTA as an anticoagulant. The subjects were given 3.125 mg of carvedilol PO twice a day for 7 days. On day 8, another fasting blood sample was collected as above. ROS generation by PMNLs and MNCs and levels of o-tyrosine and m-tyrosine in plasma were measured at baseline and on day 8.
A group of 6 control subjects, not given any drugs, also had 2 fasting blood samples taken 1 week apart without any drug intervention.
Preparation of PMNLs and MNCs
PMNLs and MNCs were prepared, washed, and suspended in HBSS as
previously described.5
Measurement of ROS Generation
Respiratory burst activity of PMNLs and MNCs was measured by
detection of superoxide radical via chemiluminescence.6
Five hundred microliters of PMNLs or MNCs
(2x105 cells) was delivered into a
Lumiaggregometer (Chronolog) plastic flat-bottom cuvette to which a
spin bar was added. Fifteen microliters of 10 mmol/L luminol was
then added, followed by 1 µL of 10 mmol/L
formylmethionylleucinylphenylalanine (FMLP). Chemiluminescence was
recorded for 15 minutes (a protracted record after 15 minutes
did not alter the relative amounts of chemiluminescence produced by
various cell samples). Our method, developed independently, is similar
to that published by Tosi and Hamedani.7 The interassay
coefficient of variation (CV) for this assay is 6%. We have further
established that in our assay system, there is a dose-dependent
inhibition of chemiluminescence by superoxide dismutase and
catalase: superoxide dismutase inhibited chemiluminescence by
82% at 10 µg/mL, whereas catalase inhibited chemiluminescence by
47% at 40 µg/mL. Chemiluminescence is also inhibited by
diphenyleneiodonium chloride (data not shown), a specific
inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, the enzyme responsible for the
production of superoxide radicals.8 Our assay
system is exquisitely sensitive to diphenyleneiodonium chloride at
nanomolar concentrations.
Assay of o-Tyrosine, m-Tyrosine, and
Phenylalanine
o-Tyrosine, m-tyrosine, and phenylalanine
were measured by high performance liquid chromatography using the
technique described by Ishimitsu et al.9
Statistical Analysis
Comparisons of the ROS generation values at baseline and
on day 8 were carried out by Wilcoxon rank sum test, because
the distribution of the values was not normally distributed. The values
of o-tyrosine and m-tyrosine before and after
carvedilol were compared by paired t test.
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Results |
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ROS generation by PMNLs at baseline was 313.75±183.43 mV (mean±SD). After carvedilol administration, ROS generation fell to 185.00±156.98 mV. The mean fall was 43.75±15.31% (range, 20% to 65%; P=0.025) (Figure 1
). The
mean ROS generation by PMNLs in the control group was 544±85 mV at
baseline, and it was 515±80 mV 1 week later (P=NS).
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ROS generation by MNCs at baseline was 302.50±115.70 mV
(mean±SD). After carvedilol administration, ROS generation fell to
189.25±63.09 mV. The mean fall was 34.77±14.58% (range, 21% to
57%; P=0.025) (Figure 2).
Mean ROS generation by MNCs in control subjects was 336±45 mV at
baseline and 330±42 mV a week later (P=NS).
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Plasma phenylalanine concentration did not change after carvedilol. Plasma m-tyrosine concentration fell from 4.24±0.99 to 4.03±0.97 ng/mL (P=0.01). The ratio of m-tyrosine to phenylalanine changed from 0.35±0.07 to 0.33±0.07 mmol/mol phenylalanine (P=0.005).
Plasma o-tyrosine concentration fell from 4.59±1.10 to
4.24±0.90 ng/mL (P=0.004). The ratio of
o-tyrosine to phenylalanine changed from 0.37±0.08 to
0.35±0.07 mmol/molphenylalanine (P=0.002)
(Tables 1 and 2).
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Discussion |
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Our data demonstrate clearly that ROS generation by both PMNLs and MNCs is significantly diminished by the administration of carvedilol at a small dose (6.25 mg/d) to normal subjects. One week of carvedilol treatment resulted in a 44% reduction in ROS generation by PMNLs and a 35% reduction in that by MNCs. In contrast, ROS generation by leukocytes in normal subjects not given any drugs did not change significantly over a period of 1 week. Whether other cells in the body also respond to carvedilol by reducing ROS generation is not clear from our study. If this effect of carvedilol is indeed extended to other cells and tissues, the total oxidative load of individuals on carvedilol should diminish markedly after treatment with this drug. This would be reflected in the reduction of oxidative damage to the body as measured by such indices as o- and m-tyrosines. Oxidative damage may be an important mechanism underlying several pathophysiological states, eg, atherosclerosis due to oxidative modification of LDL10 ; diabetic complications due to oxidative damage of lipids, proteins,11 and DNA12 ; aging due to oxidative damage of proteins; and myocardial damage/loss through oxidative injury.
Our data also demonstrate that o-tyrosine and m-tyrosine concentrations fall without a change in phenylalanine concentrations. Because o- and m-tyrosine are formed by ROS attack on phenylalanine, our data indicate that ROS-induced oxidative damage to amino acids and proteins falls in association with the decline in ROS generation by PMNLs and MNCs. This has implications for cellular and extracellular proteins, including enzymes, and their physiological functions. It is possible that apoprotein and lipoprotein molecules may also be involved in ROS-induced damage.
The magnitude of ROS inhibition by MNCs and PMNLs (35% and 44%)
was comparable to that observed after administration of vitamin E (1200
IU/d) for 8 weeks, a reduction of 
50% in superoxide radical
generation and H2O2
production by monocytes.13
Carvedilol has been shown to improve outcomes in congestive heart failure by reducing morbidity and mortality and the rate of hospital admissions.1 Although the reduction in sudden death in such patients may be a function of the antiarrhythmic effects of carvedilol, the reduction of deterioration of congestive heart failure may be due to its antioxidant effects, possibly through the protection of the myocardium from ROS damage.
The mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect of carvedilol on ROS generation is not clear from our data. Carvedilol has been shown to possess antioxidant properties in various animal models.9 10 The experimental data have been focused on carvedilol as a chemical antioxidant. There is only 1 report based on a human study, which demonstrates that the ex vivo oxidizability of LDL prepared from sera of patients treated with carvedilol is significantly diminished.11 Our assay system determines actual ROS generation by leukocytes, thus focusing on the biological antioxidant property of carvedilol. It is possible that carvedilol exerts its antioxidant effect by both chemical and biological mechanisms.
In conclusion, we have demonstrated that carvedilol inhibits ROS generation by PMNLs and MNCs significantly, even after a short-term treatment at a relatively small dose. This reduction in ROS generation probably contributes to the diminished conversion of phenylalanine to o- and m-tyrosine and to the previously described antioxidant effects and related clinical benefits.
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Acknowledgments |
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The authors thank Dr Rajesh Garg, DM, for his critical comments in relation to this work and Pamela Maher for preparation of the manuscript.
Received June 22, 1999; revision received October 20, 1999; accepted November 2, 1999.
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References |
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1. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, Shusterman NH (for US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group). The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1349–1355.
2. Feuerstein G, Shusterman NH, Ruffolo RR Jr. Carvedilol update IV: prevention of oxidative stress, cardiac remodeling and progression of congestive cardiac failure. Drugs Today. 1997;33:453–473.
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