(Circulation. 2000;101:2734.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Microvascular Obstruction and Left Ventricular Remodeling Early After Acute Myocardial Infarction
From the Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md, and the Division of Cardiology, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (J.A.M.).
Correspondence to João A.C. Lima, MD, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Cardiology Division, Blalock 569, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287-6568. E-mail jlima{at}mri.jhu.edu
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Abstract |
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Background—The presence of microvascular obstruction (MO) within infarcted regions may adversely influence left ventricular (LV) remodeling after acute myocardial infarction. This study examined whether the extent of MO directly alters the mechanical properties of the infarcted myocardium.
Methods and Results—Seventeen dogs underwent 90 minutes of balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, followed by reperfusion. Gadolinium-enhanced perfusion MRI and 3D-tagging were performed 4 to 6 and 48 hours (8 animals) and 10 days (9 animals) after reperfusion. Early increase in LV end-diastolic volume (from 42±9 to 54±14 mL, P<0.05) between 4 to 6 and 48 hours after reperfusion was predicted by both extent of MO (r=0.89, P<0.01) and infarct size (r=0.83, P<0.01), defined as MRI hypoenhanced and hyperenhanced regions, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that extent of MO had better and independent value to predict LV volume than overall infarct size. A strong inverse relationship existed between magnitude of first principal strain (r=-0.80, P<0.001) and relative extent of MO within infarcted myocardium. Also, infarcted myocardium involved by extensive areas of MO demonstrated reductions of circumferential (r=-0.61, P<0.01) and longitudinal (r=-0.53, P<0.05) stretching. Furthermore, significant reductions of radial thickening (9±6% versus 14±3%, P<0.01) occurred in noninfarcted regions adjacent to infarcts that had increased (>35%) amounts of MO.
Conclusions—In the early healing phase of acute myocardial infarction, the extent of MO in infarcted tissue relates to reduced local myocardial deformation and dysfunction of noninfarcted adjacent myocardium. Such strain alterations might explain the increased remodeling observed in patients with large regions of MO.
Key Words: myocardial infarction • tomography • magnetic resonance imaging • remodeling
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Introduction |
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Reperfusion therapy has been shown to have a salutary effect on postinfarction remodeling. Yet, despite restoration of epicardial blood flow, the infarct core may undergo limited reperfusion at the tissue level because of injury to the microvasculature and its subsequent obstruction by erythrocytes, neutrophils, and debris, a phenomenon also known as the "no-reflow" phenomenon.1 The presence of microvascular obstruction (MO) was shown to predict postinfarct remodeling.2 3 The mechanisms by which MO may influence left ventricular (LV) remodeling, however, are still poorly understood. One possible hypothesis is that MO could directly alter the mechanical properties of infarcted myocardium. Altered stiffness with consequent changes in myocardial strain in the region involved by MO could foster enhanced expansion of infarcted and/or noninfarcted myocardium.
MRI using tissue tagging offers the unique opportunity to study 3D mechanical deformation of the heart noninvasively in vivo. In addition, with gadolinium-enhanced perfusion imaging, infarct size and MO4 may also be quantified and followed up noninvasively over time. Using these novel techniques, we sought to determine whether MO would alter mechanical properties of the infarcted and adjacent noninfarcted tissue and what influence this might have on early myocardial infarct expansion and remodeling. In a canine model of infarction and reperfusion, we thus correlated infarct size and extent of MO with alterations of myocardial strains by MRI tissue tagging.
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Methods |
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Eighteen adult mongrel dogs of either sex (20 to 25 kg) were studied. The animals in this study were handled according to the "Position of the American Heart Association on Research Animal Use," adopted November 15, 1984. Data from these animals have been published in 2 previous studies5 6 reporting on the time course of MO after myocardial infarction (MI).
Experimental Preparation
The experimental preparation has been described in detail
elsewhere.5 6 In summary, animals were
anesthetized and underwent 90 minutes of closed-chest occlusion
of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD)
with an angioplasty balloon to produce MI. After 90 minutes of
occlusion, the balloon was deflated to allow full reperfusion of the
infarcted myocardium. Animals were allowed to recover and
were kept alive for 2 to 10 days. Two groups of experiments were
performed. Nine animals were studied early (4 to 6 hours and again at
48 hours) after reperfusion. Nine other animals were studied at 48
hours and 10 days after reperfusion. Data from 1 animal of the first
group were subsequently excluded because of the absence of significant
myocardial necrosis at pathology.
MRI Protocol
MRI was performed with a 1.5-T magnet while the animals were
under general anesthesia. Tagged images were acquired with
an ECG-triggered, segmented k-space spoiled gradient recalled (SPGR)
pulse sequence with spatial modulation of magnetization (DANTE-SPAMM).
Contiguous stacks of short-axis images were prescribed to cover the
entire heart from base to apex. Six long-axis slices were then
prescribed radially every 30° (Figure 1
). Imaging parameters were
as follows: tag separation 6 mm, 32-cm field of view, 10-mm slice
thickness, matrix size 256x160, TR 6.5 ms, TE 2.3 ms, flip angle
=15°, and temporal resolution 32 ms.
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After completion of the tagged imaging sequence, an intravenous bolus injection of 0.225 mmol/kg gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist, Berlex) was given. Details of the MRI perfusion pulse sequence are given elsewhere.5 Briefly, it consisted of a fast SPGR acquisition with nonselective preparatory radiofrequency pulses used to drive magnetization to a steady state before and between image acquisition. The same short-axis slice prescription as for the tagged imaging protocol was used. Images were acquired starting 10 seconds after contrast injection and continued up until 15 minutes thereafter.
MRI Data Analysis
Detection of contour and taglines on tagged image sets was
performed with the semiautomated detection program FINDTAGS. 3D strains
were estimated by a field-fitting method7 and reported in
the form of a strain map consisting of 12 circumferential angular
sectors, 3 radial layers, and 4 to 5 longitudinal planes. The
intersection of the anterior and septal walls was used as an anatomic
landmark to coregister strain maps with perfusion image sets. Strains
were expressed as percent change of length between the baseline and the
maximally deformed state. We calculated normal strains in the 3 normal
orthogonal directions (radial, circumferential, and longitudinal). In
addition, we report first principal strain E1
(maximum thickening) as vector magnitude, and angle against the
circumferential (E1C) and longitudinal
(E1L) axis (Figure 2).
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Perfusion image sets were analyzed with NIH Image software. Two
well-described patterns of myocardial contrast enhancement were used to
differentiate noninfarcted regions from infarcted regions with and
without MO.4 Briefly, infarcted tissue is characterized by
persistent hyperenhancement on late images (15 minutes after contrast
injection) compared with normal noninfarcted myocardium.
Tissue with MO can be identified by areas of early (2 to 3 minutes
after contrast injection) hypoenhancement relative to surrounding
myocardium. Extent of hypoenhanced and hyperenhanced
regions was expressed in % LV area, as previously
described.5 LV end-diastolic (EDV) and
end-systolic (ESV) volumes were calculated from planimetered
endocardial and epicardial areas of interleaved short-axis images
reported by the FINDTAGS program by use of a modified Simpson’s rule
according to the following formula:
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Pathology
After completion of the terminal imaging study, 20 mL of 4%
thioflavine S solution was injected into the LV via a pigtail catheter.
Hearts were arrested with KCl, excised, cut into 5 to 6 regularly
spaced short-axis slices, and viewed under ultraviolet light to define
the area of MO (thioflavine-negative myocardium). Slices
were then incubated in 2%
2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)
solution for 20 minutes at 37°C to define infarct size. The extents
of thioflavine- and of TTC-negative regions were planimetered and
expressed as percent of total LV mass.
Statistical Analysis
Values are reported as mean±SD. Paired Student’s t
test was used to assess differences in continuous variables, such
as LV volumes, LV mass, percent infarct size, and percent MO between 6
and 48 hours and between 48 hours and 10 days after reperfusion.
Two-sample Student’s t test was used to compare strains in
infarcts with high and low amounts of MO. Simple linear regression
analysis was used to assess the correlation between infarct
size and the size of MO and cavity volumes. Stepwise regression
analysis was then used to compare the individual and additional
relative values of both of these parameters on LV cavity
volume. All tests were 2-sided, and a value of P<0.05 was
considered indicative of statistical significance.
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Results |
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Infarct Size and Extent of MO
Four to 6 hours after reperfusion, infarct size measured by MRI was 25±10% of LV area (Table 1
).
At that time, 6±8% of the LV mass was involved by MO. Between 4 to 6
and 48 hours, both infarct size and the extent of MO increased
significantly. The increase in the extent of MO was more important (by
89%, from 6±7% to 11±7% LV mass, P<0.01) than the
increase in infarct size (by 17%, from 25±10% to 29±12% LV mass,
P<0.05). Hence, the proportion of infarcted tissue with MO
increased from 21±17% 4 to 6 hours after reperfusion to 34±10% 48
hours after reperfusion (P<0.05). This relative proportion
of infarcted tissue occupied by MO was not significantly related to the
infarct size itself (r=0.28, P=NS). No
significant changes in infarct size or in the proportion of infarcted
myocardium with MO, as measured by MRI, occurred between 48
hours and 10 days. Postmortem measurements of TTC-negative area
(23±14%) and thioflavine-negative area (10±10%) correlated highly
with MRI estimates of infarct size and MO (r=0.89 and 0.91,
P<0.001, respectively).
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LV Volumes After Infarction and Reperfusion
Results of LV volumes and ejection fraction at different time
points after reperfusion are also shown in Table 1
. EDV
increased significantly (P<0.05) between 4 to 6 hours and
48 hours after reperfusion (Figure 3). No change in EDV occurred in
the animals studied between 48 hours and 10 days after reperfusion. The
increase in LV volume between 4 to 6 and 48 hours was accompanied by
reductions in mean diastolic wall thickness in infarcted
(from 10.9±1.3 to 9.6±1.1 mm, P<0.05), adjacent
(from 10.9±1.3 to 9.3±1.3 mm, P<0.005), and
remote (from 10.1±1.5 to 8.3±0.9 mm, P<0.01)
segments. No further decrease in mean wall thickness occurred beyond 48
hours of reperfusion. LV ejection fraction remained unchanged between 4
to 6 and 48 hours and between 2 and 10 days after reperfusion.
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MO, Infarct Size, and Changes in LV Volumes After
Reperfusion
There was no significant relationship between LV volumes and
extent of MO or infarct size early (4 to 6 hours) after reperfusion.
Yet, the extent of MO measured by MRI at that time strongly predicted
the increase in EDV (r=0.89, P<0.005) and ESV
(r=0.69, P=0.05) that occurred between 4 to 6 to
48 hours after infarction. Extent of MO also correlated highly with
both absolute EDV (r=0.77, P<0.001) and ESV
(r=0.70, P<0.001) 48 hours after reperfusion and
at the end of the study (Figure 4).
Similarly, infarct size measured by MRI 6 hours after reperfusion
predicted increases of both EDV (r=0.83, P<0.01)
and ESV (r=0.84, P<0.01).
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The predictive values of extent of MO and infarct size on LV remodeling
were compared relative to each other by multivariate
analysis (Table 2). Extent of MO
had higher value to predict EDVs at the end of the study than overall
infarct size (r=0.84 versus r=0.74). Total
infarct size did not have additional predictive value once MO was
entered into a multivariate model (model 1, Table 2). Because total infarct size contains areas with MO as well as
infarcted regions without MO (fully reperfused, presenting late
hyperenhancement but no early hypoenhancement on MRI), we
analyzed the predictive value of these 2 regions separately and
combined. Extent of infarcted myocardium with MO was found
to have higher predictive value for EDV than extent of infarcted
myocardium without MO. Size of infarcted
myocardium with MO had additional predictive value to the
size of infarcted myocardium without MO (model 2, Table 2), but not vice versa (model 3, Table 2). These findings
reflect that the effects of MO on LV dilatation are stronger than those
of infarcted but persistently reperfused tissue. They indicate the
importance of MO as a determinant of LV remodeling after MI. Findings
were similar when postmortem-defined infarct size (extent of
TTC-negative myocardium) and MO extent
(thioflavine-negative myocardium) were used in lieu of the
in vivo measures by MRI.
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Myocardial Strains in Infarcted, Adjacent, and Remote
Myocardium
The 3 orthogonal normal strains and the first principal strain,
representing maximal thickening, were computed in infarcted
and adjacent noninfarcted myocardium and compared with the
relative amount of MO in infarcted tissue. To make this
parameter independent of infarct size, it was expressed as
a ratio of extent of MO (early gadolinium hypoenhancement) to extent of
infarcted tissue (late gadolinium hyperenhancement), thus expressing
the relative proportion of infarcted tissue occupied by MO.
Animals were separated into 2 groups: group 1, which had infarcts with
>35% of their volume occupied by MO (n=8, mean 42±5% MO); and group
2, which had infarcts with <35% volume occupied by MO (n=9, mean
26±9% of MO). A typical strain map from a
representative animal of each group is shown in Figure 5.
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All 3 orthogonal normal strains and the first principal strain
were similar in the subendocardium of remote myocardium in
both groups (Figure 6). In the
subendocardium of infarcted regions, 48 hours after reperfusion,
animals with >35% MO demonstrated significantly less stretching in
the longitudinal direction than animals that had infarcts with less MO
(+2±5 versus +7±5%, P=0.05). In noninfarcted adjacent
regions, a significant reduction of subendocardial radial thickening
(9±6% versus 14±3%, P<0.01) existed when the adjacent
infarct had >35% MO compared with infarcts with less MO.
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First principal strain was found to be significantly reduced in the
subendocardium of animals with infarcts that had >35% MO than in
animals that had infarcts with less MO (13±4% versus 20±4%,
P<0.001). Differences in the magnitude of first principal
strain could be documented as early as 4 to 6 hours after reperfusion
(12±2% versus 22±7%, P=0.06) in animals with
>35% MO. The orientation of the principal strain vector was expressed
by 2 angles against the longitudinal and circumferential directions
(Table 3). No significant
difference in orientation of principal strain existed between the 2
groups of dogs. However, the reduction of the magnitude of first
principal strain correlated highly, but inversely (r=-0.80,
P<0.001), with the extent of MO 48 hours after reperfusion,
as shown in Figure 7. Reduction of
first principal strain also correlated (r=-0.64,
P<0.01) with the ratio of MO to infarct size by pathology.
In addition, the magnitudes of circumferential (r=-0.61,
P<0.01) and longitudinal (r=-0.53,
P<0.05) stretches were found to correlate inversely with
the degree of MO at pathology, indicating that animals with greater
amounts of MO had reduced systolic stretching in both
directions. No such differences of magnitude or orientation of normal
orthogonal or principal strains could be observed in the subepicardium
of animals with greater or lesser degrees of MO.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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This study examined the relationship between MO, myocardial deformation, and remodeling of the LV during the early healing phase of reperfused MI. Our findings can be summarized as follows. (1) During the early period of reperfusion, the extent of MO predicted LV enlargement after reperfusion independently of infarct size. (2) Increased amounts of MO within infarcted myocardium correlated significantly with altered myocardial strains both in infarcted and in adjacent noninfarcted regions up to 48 hours after reperfusion of MI.
The process of LV enlargement after acute MI involves architectural rearrangement both in the infarcted8 9 10 and in the surrounding noninfarcted myocardium11 over the days after the acute ischemic event. Although the exact mechanisms that govern LV remodeling are still incompletely understood, several recent studies indicate that reperfusion of infarcted myocardium may have beneficial effects on LV remodeling, even at times when no direct benefit in terms of infarct size reduction can be documented.12 13 This hypothesis is currently known as the "open-artery hypothesis."14 Yet, despite restoration of epicardial blood flow, reperfusion at the tissue level may remain impaired because of MO by neutrophils, erythrocytes, and debris.1 It was recently shown that MO may negatively influence LV remodeling early15 and late2 3 after reperfusion. It is currently unknown whether the salutary effects of reperfusion on remodeling result through reduction of injury to the microvasculature. However, preliminary clinical observations using contrast-enhanced MRI suggest that nonreperfused infarcts might have more severe microvascular injury than infarcts with open arteries.4 This could be related to worse LV postinfarct remodeling in patients in whom reperfusion failed or was not attempted.
Methodological Considerations
By design, this study was limited to the early post-MI period (10
days after acute MI), and its findings may not apply to later periods
of postinfarct remodeling. Other potential limitations of this article
may relate to the use of noninvasive MRI techniques for measurements of
infarct size and of extent of MO. These limitations have been discussed
in detail elsewhere,5 and because no differences were
found for measurements of infarct size and of MO made in vivo by MRI
and for measurements performed in postmortem pathological studies, they
most likely have not influenced our results. Our study documents a
covariation of myocardial strains with the extent of MO in infarcted
tissue and also a covariation of MO with LV remodeling. Although we
cannot prove a direct causal relationship between these factors, we
demonstrate a temporal relationship between the appearance of MO, the
development of altered myocardial strains, and the onset of LV
remodeling, as documented by LV cavity enlargement and wall thickening.
However, other confounding factors that might have influenced this
covariation cannot be excluded.
MO and LV Remodeling
In the present study, we followed increases in LV cavity size
early after acute MI, from 4 to 6 hours up to 10 days after
reperfusion. Increases in LV volume were accompanied by decreases in
wall thickness in both infarcted and adjacent regions, indicating that
remodeling occurred in both regions. Our data are consistent
with previous observations12 16 17 showing that early
increases in LV volumes depend on infarct size. We also demonstrated a
relationship between LV enlargement and the extent of MO, confirming
previous observations by Ito et al15 and Wu et
al.3 We assessed the effects of infarcted
myocardium with and without MO on LV enlargement
separately, using multivariate analysis. Our
results indicate that infarcted myocardium with MO has
greater predictive power in LV enlargement than infarcted tissue with
patent microvasculature. To investigate whether this might be due to a
direct influence on regional myocardial mechanics, we analyzed
myocardial strains in the infarcted and adjacent regions and related
them to the presence and extent of MO.
As in earlier work,18 19 we documented a reduction in magnitude and redirection of myocardial strains in infarcted myocardium. These alterations in myocardial strain correlated strongly with the degree of MO present in the infarcted segment, yet were not influenced by infarct size itself. In particular, the maximum vector of the first principal strain was found to be significantly reduced when the infarcted tissue had increased amounts of MO 48 hours after reperfusion. Similarly, an inverse linear relationship existed between the magnitude of longitudinal and circumferential stretches in the infarcted myocardium and the extent of MO as measured by the ratio of thioflavine-negative myocardium to the total necrotic area. A possible explanation for the observed reductions in myocardial stretch would be enhanced stiffness of infarcted tissue with MO. Such increased stiffness could result from intramyocardial hemorrhage,20 as often observed in infarcted tissue with microvascular injury.21 22 It might also result from greater intramyocardial edema, possibly contributing to greater MO, or from other unknown mechanisms. Therefore, our results suggest that myocardial stiffening in regions with MO may have an adverse effect on LV geometry and segmental function, ultimately resulting in increased LV remodeling. Interestingly, this possibility has been suggested previously by other authors.23
Myocardial strain alterations were also found in noninfarcted adjacent myocardium, corroborating earlier work.11 24 25 Radial thickening was found to be reduced in the adjacent region of infarcts that had increased amounts of MO. Moreover, mechanical alterations in adjacent regions were found to occur later (at 48 hours after reperfusion) than alterations of strains within infarcted regions, which occurred as soon as 4 to 6 hours after reperfusion, and thus, before LV enlargement. A potential mechanism would be increased local wall stress25 in adjacent regions secondary to the reduced elasticity of infarcted segments with widespread MO. Indeed, in this study, we demonstrated reduced radial thickening in adjacent regions when infarcts have increased degrees of MO. This might result in lengthening of noninfarcted segments, which has been documented to occur early in the LV remodeling process.25
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that the extent of MO predicts LV
dilatation in the early healing phase of acute MI over and above the
effects of infarct size. In addition, our results demonstrate decreased
systolic myocardial deformation in regions of MO compared with
infarcts with patent microvasculature and greater impairment of
function in noninfarcted myocardium adjacent to infarcts
containing large regions of microvessel damage. The latter findings on
myocardial strain alteration provide important mechanistic insight into
the pathophysiological link between microvascular
occlusion and LV postinfarct remodeling.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by Grant-in-Aid 92-10-26-01 from the American Heart Association, Dallas, Tex, and NHLBI grants HL-45090 and P50-HL-52315 (SCOR in Ischemic Heart Disease), NIH, Bethesda, Md.
Received October 28, 1999; revision received December 21, 1999; accepted January 25, 2000.
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M. C. Silva, Z. M. A. Meira, J. Gurgel Giannetti, M. Zatz, and C. E. Rochitte Reply J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 13, 2007; 50(20): 2020 - 2020. [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Liu, Y. Huang, P. Pokreisz, P. Vermeersch, G. Marsboom, M. Swinnen, E. Verbeken, J. Santos, M. Pellens, H. Gillijns, et al. Nitric Oxide Inhalation Improves Microvascular Flow and Decreases Infarction Size After Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 21, 2007; 50(8): 808 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Cheung, D. A. Bluemke, R. Klein, A. R. Sharrett, F.M. A. Islam, M. F. Cotch, B. E.K. Klein, M. H. Criqui, and T. Y. Wong Retinal Arteriolar Narrowing and Left Ventricular Remodeling: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 3, 2007; 50(1): 48 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Habis, A. Capderou, S. Ghostine, B. Daoud, C. Caussin, J.-Y. Riou, P. Brenot, C. Y. Angel, B. Lancelin, and J.-F. Paul Acute Myocardial Infarction Early Viability Assessment by 64-Slice Computed Tomography Immediately After Coronary Angiography: Comparison With Low-Dose Dobutamine Echocardiography J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 20, 2007; 49(11): 1178 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Baks, F. Cademartiri, A. D. Moelker, W. J. van der Giessen, G. P. Krestin, D. J. Duncker, and P. J. de Feyter Assessment of Acute Reperfused Myocardial Infarction with Delayed Enhancement 64-MDCT Am. J. Roentgenol., February 1, 2007; 188(2): W135 - W137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. L. Raff, W. W. O'Neill, R. E. Gentry, A. Dulli, K. G. Bis, A. N. Shetty, and J. A. Goldstein Microvascular Obstruction and Myocardial Function after Acute Myocardial Infarction: Assessment by Using Contrast-enhanced Cine MR Imaging. Radiology, August 1, 2006; 240(2): 529 - 536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. L. Gerber, B. Belge, G. J. Legros, P. Lim, A. Poncelet, A. Pasquet, G. Gisellu, E. Coche, and J.-L. J. Vanoverschelde Characterization of Acute and Chronic Myocardial Infarcts by Multidetector Computed Tomography: Comparison With Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 823 - 833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Baks, R.-J. van Geuns, E. Biagini, P. Wielopolski, N. R. Mollet, F. Cademartiri, W. J. van der Giessen, G. P. Krestin, P. W. Serruys, D. J. Duncker, et al. Effects of Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction on Early and Late Infarct Size and Left Ventricular Wall Characteristics J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 3, 2006; 47(1): 40 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Lyseggen, H. Skulstad, T. Helle-Valle, T. Vartdal, S. Urheim, S. I. Rabben, A. Opdahl, H. Ihlen, and O. A. Smiseth Myocardial Strain Analysis in Acute Coronary Occlusion: A Tool to Assess Myocardial Viability and Reperfusion Circulation, December 20, 2005; 112(25): 3901 - 3910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Baks, R.-J. van Geuns, E. Biagini, P. Wielopolski, N. R. Mollet, F. Cademartiri, W. J. van der Giessen, G. P. Krestin, P. W. Serruys, D. J. Duncker, et al. Effects of Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction on Early and Late Infarct Size and Left Ventricular Wall Characteristics J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 13, 2005; (2005) j.jacc.2005.09.008v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Tarantini, L. Cacciavillani, F. Corbetti, A. Ramondo, M. P. Marra, E. Bacchiega, M. Napodano, C. Bilato, R. Razzolini, and S. Iliceto Duration of Ischemia Is a Major Determinant of Transmurality and Severe Microvascular Obstruction After Primary Angioplasty: A Study Performed With Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 4, 2005; 46(7): 1229 - 1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. A. Krombach, C. B. Higgins, M. Chujo, and M. Saeed Gadomer-enhanced MR Imaging in the Detection of Microvascular Obstruction: Alleviation with Nicorandil Therapy Radiology, August 1, 2005; 236(2): 510 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Baks, R.-J. van Geuns, E. Biagini, P. Wielopolski, N. R. Mollet, F. Cademartiri, E. Boersma, W. J. van der Giessen, G. P. Krestin, D. J. Duncker, et al. Recovery of left ventricular function after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2005; 26(11): 1070 - 1077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. P. Furber, F. Prunier, H. C. P. Nguyen, S. Boulet, S. Delepine, and P. Geslin Coronary Blood Flow Assessment After Successful Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction Predicts the Risk of Long-Term Cardiac Events Circulation, December 7, 2004; 110(23): 3527 - 3533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J. Pennell, U. P. Sechtem, C. B. Higgins, W. J. Manning, G. M. Pohost, F. E. Rademakers, A. C. van Rossum, L. J. Shaw, and E. K. Yucel Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2004; 25(21): 1940 - 1965. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. C. Amado, D. L. Kraitchman, B. L. Gerber, E. Castillo, R. C. Boston, J. Grayzel, and J. A. C. Lima Reduction of "no-reflow" phenomenon by intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in a randomized magnetic resonance imaging experimental study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 7, 2004; 43(7): 1291 - 1298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Bolognese, N. Carrabba, G. Parodi, G. M. Santoro, P. Buonamici, G. Cerisano, and D. Antoniucci Impact of Microvascular Dysfunction on Left Ventricular Remodeling and Long-Term Clinical Outcome After Primary Coronary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction Circulation, March 9, 2004; 109(9): 1121 - 1126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Beek, H. P. Kuhl, O. Bondarenko, J. W. R. Twisk, M. B. M. Hofman, W. G. van Dockum, C. A. Visser, and A. C. van Rossum Delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of regional functional improvement after acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 3, 2003; 42(5): 895 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Pislaru, P. C. Anagnostopoulos, J. B. Seward, J. F. Greenleaf, and M. Belohlavek Higher myocardial strain rates duringisovolumic relaxation phase than duringejection characterize acutely ischemic myocardium J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 16, 2002; 40(8): 1487 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Genda, T. Miura, T. Miki, Y. Ichikawa, and K. Shimamoto KATP channel opening is an endogenous mechanism of protection against the no-reflow phenomenon but its function is compromised by hypercholesterolemia J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 2, 2002; 40(7): 1339 - 1346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. H. Rezkalla and R. A. Kloner No-Reflow Phenomenon Circulation, February 5, 2002; 105(5): 656 - 662. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. L. Gerber, C. E. Rochitte, D. A. Bluemke, J. A. Melin, P. Crosille, L. C. Becker, and J. A.C. Lima Relation Between Gd-DTPA Contrast Enhancement and Regional Inotropic Response in the Periphery and Center of Myocardial Infarction Circulation, August 28, 2001; 104(9): 998 - 1004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Pislaru, M. Belohlavek, R. Y. Bae, T. P. Abraham, J. F. Greenleaf, and J. B. Seward Regional asynchrony during acute myocardial ischemia quantified by ultrasound strain rate imaging J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 15, 2001; 37(4): 1141 - 1148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. E. Rochitte, R. J. Kim, H. B. Hillenbrand, E.-l. Chen, and J. A. C. Lima Microvascular Integrity and the Time Course of Myocardial Sodium Accumulation After Acute Infarction Circ. Res., October 13, 2000; 87(8): 648 - 655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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