(Circulation. 2000;101:590.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communications |
A Randomized Comparison of Clopidogrel and Aspirin Versus Ticlopidine and Aspirin After the Placement of Coronary-Artery Stents
From Herz-Zentrum, Bad Krozingen, Germany.
Correspondence to Dr Heinz J. Büttner, Herz-Zentrum, 79189–Bad Krozingen, Germany.
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Abstract |
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Background—The introduction of an effective antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and ticlopidine after the placement of coronary-artery stents has decreased the risk of thrombotic stent occlusions (TSO) and hemorrhagic complications. However, the use of ticlopidine is limited by hematological and gastrointestinal adverse effects. The safety and efficacy of clopidogrel after stenting remains to be established.
Methods and Results—After successful coronary stenting during elective or emergency percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, 700 patients with 899 lesions were randomly assigned to receive a 4-week course of either 500 mg ticlopidine (n=345) or 75 mg clopidogrel (n=355), in addition to 100 mg aspirin. All the following clinical events reflecting TSO were included in the prespecified primary cardiac endpoint: cardiac death, urgent target vessel revascularization, angiographically documented TSO, or nonfatal myocardial infarction within 30 days. The primary noncardiac endpoint was defined as noncardiac death, stroke, severe peripheral vascular or hemorrhagic events, or any adverse event resulting in discontinuation of study medication. Cardiac events occurred in 17 patients [11 (3.1%) with clopidogrel and 6 (1.7%) with ticlopidine (P=0.24)]. The primary noncardiac endpoint was observed in 16 patients (4.5%) assigned to receive clopidogrel versus 33 patients (9.6%) assigned to receive ticlopidine (P=0.01).
Conclusions—After the placement of coronary-artery stents in unselected patients, antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel seems to be comparably safe and effective as aspirin and ticlopidine. Noncardiac events were significantly reduced with clopidogrel.
Key Words: clopidogrel • ticlopidine • stents • thrombosis • prevention
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The introduction of an effective antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and ticlopidine after the placement of coronary-artery stents has reduced the risk of thrombotic stent occlusion (TSO), as well as hemorrhagic and vascular complications.1 2 3
However, the use of ticlopidine is limited by hematological and gastrointestinal adverse effects.4 5 Clopidogrel is a new thienopyridine derivative with an excellent overall safety profile.6 Experimental studies7 suggest that clopidogrel has a faster onset of action than ticlopidine. Therefore, a combination of clopidogrel and aspirin might reduce complications even further after stenting.
This trial was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of clopidogrel and aspirin versus ticlopidine and aspirin after the placement of coronary-artery stents in unselected patients.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Patient Population
Patients in whom primary or provisional stent implantation was successful (<50% residual stenosis without acute complications in the catheter laboratory resulting in death or emergency bypass grafting) were randomly assigned in equal proportions with the use of a prespecified randomization sequence to one of the antiplatelet regimens.
Cardiogenic shock; mechanical ventilation; known allergy to aspirin, ticlopidine, or clopidogrel; long-term treatment with ticlopidine, clopidogrel, or warfarin; and stenting intended primarily as a bridge to coronary bypass grafting were exclusion criteria.
The study was carried out according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by our local hospital investigational review board. Informed consent was obtained from all participating patients.
Stents and Antiplatelet Regimens
Stents were implanted with high-pressure technique as previously
described.3 Patients were assigned to receive ticlopidine
(250 mg bid) or clopidogrel (75 mg pd) orally for 4 weeks. The first
dose of ticlopidine (500 mg) or clopidogrel (75 mg) was given
immediately after the procedure. All patients received aspirin (100 mg
pd) for the duration of the study. Treatment was not blinded,
but all endpoints were adjudicated by a clinical-events committee whose
members were unaware of the patients treatment assignments.
Endpoint Analysis
The primary cardiac endpoint included death from cardiac causes,
urgent target vessel revascularization,
angiographically evident TSO, or nonfatal myocardial infarction within
30 days.
Death from any noncardiac cause, stroke, a severe peripheral vascular event (false aneurysms requiring surgery or prolonged ultrasound-guided compression and femoral artery dissection or occlusion requiring urgent percutaneous or surgical treatment), a hemorrhagic event requiring transfusion, or any adverse event resulting in the discontinuation of study medication were included in the primary noncardiac endpoint. For quantitative coronary angiography analysis, the CAAS II system (Pie Medical, The Netherlands) was used.
Statistical Analysis
The primary analysis consisted of a comparison of major
noncardiac events within 30 days. Study size was calculated on the
assumption that clopidogrel reduces noncardiac events by 50%. If a
patient reached more than 1 endpoint, only the most severe endpoint was
counted for the final analysis.
Discrete variables were expressed as counts, continuous
variables as means±SD. Comparisons were made among continuos
variables using ANOVA for independent samples. Comparison of
discrete variables were made by 
2
test. All hypothesis testing was 2-tailed.
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Results |
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Baseline Patient Characteristics and Procedural Details
Among 793 consecutive patients who underwent stent implantation from September 1998 through April 1999, 700 patients with 899 lesions were randomly assigned to receive either ticlopidine (n=345) or clopidogrel (n=355). As shown in Table 1
, baseline clinical,
angiographical, and procedural characteristics were similar in both
groups. Approximately 50% of cases were performed in acute
coronary syndromes. Half of all lesions were type B2 or C
lesions.
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Cardiac and Noncardiac Endpoints
Clinical follow-up was complete for 699 patients (99.9%). A
primary cardiac event occurred in 17 patients [11 (3.1%) with
clopidogrel and 6 (1.7%) with ticlopidine (P=0.24, Tables 2 to 3)].
TSO developed in 7 patients (2.0%) with clopidogrel but in only 2
patients (0.6%) with ticlopidine (P=0.10). In 5 of these
patients (4 and 1, respectively), TSO resulted in nonfatal myocardial
infarction. Altogether, 7 patients (2.0%) with clopidogrel and 4
patients (1.2%, P=NS) with ticlopidine suffered a nonfatal
myocardial infarction.
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A primary noncardiac endpoint was observed in 16 patients (4.5%) assigned to receive clopidogrel versus 33 patients (9.6%) assigned to receive ticlopidine (P=0.01). Hemorrhagic and vascular complications were not significantly different between clopidogrel and ticlopidine. However, intolerance resulting in the discontinuation of study medication (2.0% versus 5.8%, P<0.01) and hematological abnormalities (0% versus 0.9%, P=0.07) were reduced with clopidogrel.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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This randomized trial showed that after the placement of coronary-artery stents in unselected patients, antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel seems to be comparably safe and effective as aspirin and ticlopidine. Noncardiac events were significantly reduced with clopidogrel. The reduced incidence of allergic exanthema, diarrhea, and hematological abnormalities accounted for most of the difference. This confirms the findings of an observational study in 1689 consecutive patients.8
Our data showed more cardiac events with clopidogrel, exclusively due to a higher incidence of TSO. Although the difference failed to reach statistical significance and the incidence of TSO was low with either clopidogrel or ticlopidine, this finding raises concern. The finding that 6 of the 9 TSOs occurred on or before day 2 may support the role of pretreatment or loading for both regimens.
The aim of this trial was to compare clopidogrel and ticlopidine in
"real world stenting" to make the results easily transferable to
everyday practice. Therefore, no target lesion exclusion criteria was
used. Multivessel interventions, vessels <3 mm, vessels with
additional inflow or outflow obstructions, and suboptimal stent results
with residual dissections all were included. Thus it is not surprising
to find several of these high-risk features in those patients
developing TSO (Table 3
).
However, given the high percentage of acute coronary syndromes and complex lesion anatomy, as well as the restricted use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists, the low rate of major adverse cardiac events demonstrates the effectiveness of both antiplatelet regimens.
It is important to note that ticlopidine and clopidogrel were used without a loading dose. However, a loading dose (especially a loading dose of clopidogrel) may enhance its antithrombotic efficacy without necessarily increasing its side effects.
Study Limitations
This study was not performed to show a statistical significant
difference in cardiac events. However, the finding of a higher TSO
incidence in patients assigned to receive clopidogrel raises concern
and should soon be examined in a large scale randomized trial.
Conclusions
The present study demonstrates that after the placement of
coronary artery stents, antiplatelet therapy with aspirin
and clopidogrel seems to be comparably safe and effective as aspirin
and ticlopidine. Noncardiac events were significantly reduced with
clopidogrel. However, the more favorable safety profile of clopidogrel
might have to be balanced against a slightly lower antithrombotic
efficacy if used without a loading dose.
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Acknowledgments |
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We are indebted to Kika Peitz and her team for assistance in the catheter laboratories, Anita Abels for help in data acquisition, and Dr Hans Peter Bestehorn for QCA analysis.
Received October 20, 1999; revision received December 15, 1999; accepted December 22, 1999.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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