(Circulation. 2001;103:113.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Hydroxy-Methylglutaryl–Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibition Promotes Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation Through a Decrease in Caveolin Abundance
From the Department of Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Louvain Medical School, Brussels, Belgium.
Correspondence to Jean-Luc Balligand, Department of Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, FATH 5349, University of Louvain Medical School, 53 Avenue Mounier, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium. E-mail balligand{at}mint.ucl.ac.be
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Abstract |
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Background—Hypercholesterolemia is causally associated with defects of endothelial nitric oxide (NO)–dependent vasodilation. Increased uptake of cholesterol by endothelial cells (ECs) upregulates the abundance of the structural protein caveolin-1 and impairs NO release through the stabilization of the inhibitory heterocomplex between caveolin-1 and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Therefore, we examined whether the hydroxy-methylglutaryl–coenzyme A reductase inhibitor atorvastatin modulates caveolin abundance, eNOS activity, and NO release through a reduction in endogenous cholesterol levels.
Methods and Results—ECs were incubated with increasing doses of atorvastatin in the absence or in the presence of human LDL cholesterol (LDL-Chol) fractions in the presence of antioxidants. Our results show that atorvastatin (10 nmol/L to 1 µmol/L) reduced caveolin-1 abundance in the absence (-75%) and in the presence (-20% to 70%) of LDL-Chol. This was paralleled by a decreased inhibitory interaction between caveolin-1 and eNOS and a restoration and/or potentiation of the basal (+45%) and agonist-stimulated (+107%) eNOS activity. These effects were observed in the absence of changes in eNOS abundance and were reversed with mevalonate. In the presence of LDL-Chol, atorvastatin also promoted the agonist-induced association of eNOS and the chaperone Hsp90, resulting in the potentiation of eNOS activation.
Conclusions—We provide biochemical and functional evidence that atorvastatin promotes NO production by decreasing caveolin-1 expression in ECs, regardless of the level of extracellular LDL-Chol. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in peripheral cells to correct NO-dependent endothelial dysfunction associated with hypercholesterolemia and possibly other diseases.
Key Words: cholesterol • nitric oxide • endothelium • atorvastatin
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (or statins) were shown to substantially reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in clinical primary and secondary prevention trials.1 Although it was reasonable to attribute most (if not all) of these therapeutic benefits to the reduction in atherogenesis secondary to their effect on serum lipid profile, recent studies suggested otherwise. Indeed, statins reduced clinical end points before any measurable regression in atherosclerotic plaques,2 diminished cardiovascular mortality even in patients with average cholesterol levels,3 4 and restored normal endothelial function independently of their effects on serum cholesterol levels.5 These clinical benefits, apparently unrelated to the central (hepatic) effect of statins in reducing LDL cholesterol (LDL-Chol), have been explained by several mechanisms (the so-called pleiotropic effects of statins), including prevention of intimal thickening through induction of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis6 and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell migration7 and proliferation,8 9 downregulation of monocyte chemotaxis and neutrophil-endothelial interaction,10 increase in fibrinolytic activity,11 plaque stabilization,12 and upregulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression13 14 and/or activity.15 Although in most of these studies, the effect of statins have been ascribed to the inhibition of the mevalonate-dependent geranylgeranylation of Rho GTPase proteins, the causal relationship between this phenomenon and the protective effect of statins on vessel function remains elusive. Nevertheless, these studies highlighted the importance of the cholesterol synthesis pathway in peripheral cells as a target for the therapeutic effect of statins.
In peripheral cells, cholesterol homeostasis is achieved primarily through feedback regulation of the expression of key proteins involved in sterol flux and metabolism, eg, LDL receptor and HMG-CoA synthase and reductase.16 In addition, the balance between external and internal cholesterol is maintained through the efflux of free cholesterol to HDLs, a process involving discrete plasmalemmal microdomains called caveolae.16 17 Recently, we demonstrated in endothelial cells (ECs) that the level of expression of caveolin-1, the main structural component of caveolae, is directly related to the amount of extracellular LDL-Chol and subsequent cholesterol uptake by these cells.18 Importantly, we documented that the increase in caveolin abundance induced by high LDL-Chol promotes its inhibitory interaction with eNOS, resulting in a decrease in NO production.18 This mechanism of cholesterol-induced impairment of NO production may participate in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and in the proatherogenic effects of hypercholesterolemia. One could therefore hypothesize that by reducing circulating LDL-Chol or directly inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in ECs (see above), statins could reverse endothelial dysfunction by decreasing caveolin expression and promoting NO release through the destabilization of the inhibitory caveolin/eNOS complex.
To test this hypothesis, we incubated ECs with increasing doses of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin and studied the effects on caveolin protein expression levels, caveolin/eNOS interaction, and eNOS activity. These experiments were performed in the absence and in the presence of human LDL-Chol fractions to verify the modulation of NOS activity by the statin in conditions of significant cholesterol influx from an extracellular source. Our results show that very low doses of atorvastatin (0.01 to 0.1 µmol/L) significantly reduced caveolin abundance and restored basal and agonist-stimulated NOS activity by altering the stoichiometry of eNOS complexation with caveolin and heat shock protein (Hsp) 90, thereby underlying a novel regulation of eNOS activity by atorvastatin at the posttranslational level.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Cell Culture and Treatments
Human LDL subfractions and lipoprotein-deprived serum were prepared as previously described.18 Freshly prepared LDL subfractions were supplemented with 50 µmol/L DTPA and used to prepare stock media at final concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/dL cholesterol.
Bovine aortic ECs (BAECs) were cultured to confluence in 3.5-cm dishes in DMEM containing 10% serum and were serum-starved for 24 hours. Cell monolayers were then exposed for 48 hours to atorvastatin (10 nmol/L to 10 µmol/L) in DMEM containing or without LDL subfraction. Incubations were carried out in the presence of 100 µg/mL Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), and medium was replaced every 12 hours. In some experiments, incubations were carried out in the presence of 1 mmol/L mevalonate (Sigma) or 25 µmol/L N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal (ALLN) (Boehringer Mannheim).
Immunoprecipitation and Immunoblotting
ECs were collected and homogenized in an
octylglucoside-containing buffer and processed for immunoblotting or
immunoprecipitation as described
previously.18 19
For eNOS/Hsp90 coimmunoprecipitation experiments, cells were instead
homogenized in the presence of 0.4% Triton X-100 and 20 mmol/L sodium
molybdate as reported by Bender et
al.20
NOx Measurements and NO
Detection
Quantitative analysis of nitrate and nitrite
(NOx) was used as an index of NO production in
our different cell systems. Briefly, aliquots of the medium bathing
intact ECs or cell lysates were collected at different time intervals
and processed through a cadmium-based microreductor chamber (WPI) to
quantitatively reduce nitrate to nitrite. Acidic iodide was then used
to convert nitrite to NO, which was electrochemically measured with an
NO-selective microsensor (WPI), as recommended by the manufacturer. In
some experiments, agonist-stimulated NO release was directly monitored
by the NO sensor positioned above intact cell monolayers, as previously
described.18 All the
experiments were carried out in the presence of 7.5 U/mL SOD, and
adequate controls with either vehicle or NOS inhibitors were routinely
performed in parallel. Data are normalized for the amount of protein in
the dish or in the lysate and are presented for convenience as
mean±SEM. By convention, we have used the term
"NOx" to refer to measurements derived from
nitrate and nitrite estimation and "NO" when release of nitric
oxide was directly determined from the extracellular medium of
agonist-stimulated cells. Statistical analyses were done with
Student’s t test or 1-way
ANOVA where appropriate.
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Results |
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LDL-Chol Upregulates Caveolin and Its Interaction With eNOS in Quiescent ECs
By exposing confluent, serum-starved ECs for 48 hours to culture medium containing or without LDL subfractions isolated from human serum (100 or 200 mg/dL cholesterol content), we examined the extent of the modulatory effect of LDL-Chol on caveolin abundance and caveolin/eNOS interaction. As in our previous study using non–serum-starved ECs,18 we found that although eNOS expression was not altered by the different treatments, caveolin protein expression dose-dependently increased with the levels of LDL-Chol present in the culture medium (Figure 1
). In parallel to the increase in caveolin
abundance, the association between the 2 proteins, as reflected by the
fraction of eNOS immunoprecipitated by caveolin antibodies, was
augmented proportionally to the extracellular LDL-Chol levels
(Figure 1, bottom lane).
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HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition Leads to a
Reduction in Caveolin Expression
We next examined the effects of a reduction in
intracellular cholesterol neosynthesis on the same parameters. Cells
were incubated for 48 hours in the absence of extracellular LDL-Chol
but with increasing doses of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
atorvastatin. As depicted in
Figure 2A (top left), we observed a dramatic reduction in
caveolin expression even with the lowest dose used in this study
(-75±13% with 0.01 µmol/L atorvastatin;
P<0.01, n=3).
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To examine whether the effect of atorvastatin on caveolin
expression was maintained in the presence of an extracellular source of
cholesterol, we repeated the above experiments with ECs exposed to
either 100 or 200 mg/dL LDL-Chol. In cells exposed to 100 mg/dL
LDL-Chol, we observed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of
atorvastatin on caveolin expression
(Figure 2A
, middle left). At 200 mg/dL LDL-Chol
(Figure 2A, bottom left), despite the higher starting level
of caveolin expression, a reduction in caveolin abundance was clearly
detectable (see frame in
Figure 2A, left). Furthermore, when densitometric analyses
of immunoblots were performed on exposure-matched films, the absolute
decrease in caveolin abundance was not significantly different in each
LDL-Chol condition tested
(Figure 2B). Importantly, atorvastatin (up to 1 µmol/L) did
not induce any significant increase in eNOS abundance, which was
observed only at the highest dose of the drug (10 µmol/L)
(Figure 2A, right).
Caveolin Expression Is Regulated by Endogenous
Cholesterol Synthesis and Is Sensitive to the Inhibition of SREBP
Catabolism
To examine whether these effects of atorvastatin were
directly mediated through inhibition of cholesterol neosynthesis, which
could transcriptionally regulate caveolin expression through sterol
regulatory elements (SRE) present in its promoter
region,17 2 complementary
sets of experiments were designed. First, ECs incubated in the absence
or in the presence of LDL-Chol were exposed to 1 µmol/L atorvastatin
or 25 µmol/L ALLN, a nonspecific inhibitor of SRE binding protein
(BP) catabolism, and the extent of inhibition of caveolin expression
was compared. In cells incubated in the absence of extracellular
cholesterol, atorvastatin and ALLN inhibited caveolin expression to a
similar level
(Figure 3, top). By contrast, when cells were exposed to 200
mg/dL LDL-Chol, atorvastatin did reduce caveolin expression, but to a
lesser extent than ALLN, whereas at 100 mg/dL LDL-Chol, the effect of
atorvastatin was intermediate (see
Figure 3, top). In subsequent series of experiments, we
examined whether mevalonate, the downstream product of HMG-CoA
reductase, reversed these effects. As shown in
Figure 3, bottom, although mevalonate had no effect on the
repression of caveolin expression by ALLN, it completely reversed the
inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on the expression level of caveolin
in every condition tested and even led to an increase over basal
amounts of caveolin in some experiments (compare, for instance, lanes 1
and 2 or 7 and 8 in
Figure 3, bottom).
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HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition Leads to a
Reduction in the Inhibitory Caveolin/eNOS Interaction in ECs and
Promotes NO Production
We previously demonstrated, in the same
model,18 that the extent of
caveolin/eNOS interaction is proportional to the abundance of caveolin
(see also
Figure 1). Therefore, we next verified whether the effect of
atorvastatin on caveolin expression was associated with a reduction in
its association with eNOS, in the absence of any detectable change in
eNOS abundance.
Figure 4A, top, shows that on coincubation with 0, 0.1, or 1
µmol/L atorvastatin and 100 mg/dL LDL-Chol, atorvastatin reduced the
amounts of eNOS bound to caveolin in ECs, as reflected by the extent of
eNOS coimmunoprecipitated by caveolin antibodies. Accordingly, more
free, unbound eNOS was found in the supernatant of the
coimmunoprecipitation
(Figure 4A, bottom).
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We also examined whether these changes in the extent of
caveolin/eNOS interaction directly accounted for changes in eNOS
activity in the same conditions. Therefore, we measured eNOS activity
from total lysates and caveolin IP supernatants, ie, in
caveolin-depleted lysates. As shown in
Figure 4B, atorvastatin treatment led to a significant
increase in NOx production in the same
proportion in supernatants and total lysates, consistent with the
hypothesis that in this cell model, all of the enzymatic activity is
supported by the fraction of caveolin-free eNOS.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition Increases Both
Basal and Stimulated eNOS Activity in Intact Cells
We next determined whether the decrease in caveolin
abundance after statin treatment was paralleled by increases in basal
and stimulated eNOS activity in intact ECs. Basal
NOx production measured from cells exposed to
LDL-free medium was 0.98±0.12
nmol·h-1·10-6
cells (n=6). In this condition, coincubation with increasing doses of
atorvastatin produced a 45% to 60% increase at concentrations between
0.01 and 1 µmol/L and a further 35% increase at the highest drug
concentration (10 µmol/L)
(Figure 5A, solid bars). Of note, when cells were coincubated
with mevalonate, statin exposure failed to induce any increase in basal
NOx production (not shown). In the absence of
drug treatment, the 48-hour incubation in the presence of 100 or 200
mg/dL LDL-Chol led to an average 25% and 53% decrease in basal
NOx production, respectively
(Figure 5A). When cells were coincubated with atorvastatin,
we observed a restoration of basal NOx
production in cells exposed to the lower dose of LDL-Chol (100 mg/dL)
but no significant increase in basal eNOS activity in cells exposed to
200 mg/dL LDL-Chol
(Figure 5A).
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We next examined the effect of atorvastatin on
agonist-evoked eNOS activation. ECs were or were not preincubated with
LDL-Chol and/or atorvastatin and then exposed for 5 minutes to the
calcium ionophore A23187 (5 µmol/L), a receptor-independent agonist
known to promote the binding of
Ca2+-activated calmodulin to
eNOS.18 19 In the
absence of atorvastatin
(Figure 5B, open bars), cell exposure to extracellular
LDL-Chol led to a dramatic decrease in A23187-stimulated NO release
consistent with the higher levels of caveolin and its inhibitory
interaction with eNOS. Atorvastatin treatment (0.1 µmol/L) increased
the level of agonist-induced NO release, but the relative extent of
this augmentation (see
Figure 5B, solid bars) differed greatly in each condition
tested, ie, from 5% in cells not exposed to LDL-Chol up to 17% and
107% in cells coincubated with 100 and 200 mg/dL LDL-Chol,
respectively.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition Promotes
eNOS/Hsp90 Interaction
The data presented in
Figure 5B prompted us to examine whether long-term
activation of eNOS led to similar differences. We therefore measured
the amounts of NOx accumulated in the
extracellular medium of ECs during 30 minutes after a 5-minute exposure
to A23187 (and extensive washing). At 200 mg/dL LDL-Chol, the effect of
atorvastatin was even more pronounced (than on acute NO release, see
Figure 5B), with the NOx accumulation
reaching 
500% of the value observed in the absence of the statin,
whereas NOx production increased to 1.2 and 1.6
times the control value at 0 and 100 mg/dL LDL-Chol, respectively (not
shown).
Hsp90 has been proposed to act as a molecular chaperone facilitating long-term activation of eNOS.21 We therefore compared the amount of Hsp90 coimmunoprecipitated by eNOS antibodies from lysates of cells incubated or not incubated with atorvastatin in the presence or in the absence of LDL-Chol.
We first confirmed that Hsp90/eNOS interaction was promoted
on agonist stimulation, as shown by the increased amount of Hsp90
detected in the eNOS immunoprecipitate from lysates of A23187-simulated
ECs (see lanes 1 and 3 in
Figure 6, top). Of interest, atorvastatin promoted the
interaction between Hsp90 and eNOS at the basal level in ECs exposed or
not exposed to high levels of LDL-Chol (see
Figure 6, lanes 5 and 6 or 1 and 2, respectively). More
importantly, our data show that on stimulation with calcium ionophore,
the Hsp90/eNOS interaction was minimally influenced by atorvastatin in
the absence of LDL-Chol (see
Figure 6, lanes 3 and 4) but was increased 5-fold by
atorvastatin in the presence of 200 mg/dL LDL-Chol in the extracellular
medium (see
Figure 6, lanes 7 and 8). There was no change in total Hsp90
expression in any condition
(Figure 6, bottom), suggesting that the observed changes in
the amount of Hsp90 recruited with eNOS were determined only by changes
in unbound, caveolin-free eNOS.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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We identified a cholesterol-dependent mechanism of endothelial dysfunction that involves the posttranslational regulation of eNOS in the absence of changes in absolute eNOS abundance. Instead, cholesterol modulates the abundance in ECs of caveolin-1, which acts as an inhibitor of eNOS activation. Importantly, this study shows that the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin restores eNOS activity through downregulation of caveolin-1 expression. This occurs at concentrations as low as 10 to 100 nmol/L and is fully reversed by addition of excess mevalonate, confirming the specific effect of the drug on the mevalonate pathway. Recent studies (see introduction) had highlighted the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the mevalonate pathway in peripheral cells through the reduction of downstream isoprenoid intermediates, regardless of the effect of statins on cholesterol neosynthesis. By contrast, our results directly implicate the inhibition by atorvastatin of cholesterol synthesis in ECs as the mechanism promoting NO release. This is consistent with the previous identification of SRE in the promoter sequence of the caveolin-1 gene17 and the observation by us (this study and Feron et al18 ) and others17 that ALLN, a nonspecific inhibitor of SREBP catabolism, fully abrogates caveolin-1 expression in cultured cells.
Atorvastatin treatment potentiated both basal and
agonist-stimulated NO production. Our use of SOD allowed us to
reasonably rule out indirect effects on NO oxidation, although the
application of SOD in the extracellular medium cannot prevent a
potential decrease (by oxidative stress) in the bioavailability of
intracellularly released NO. Likewise, indirect effects on endothelial
receptor coupling to eNOS can be excluded in our experiments using the
receptor-independent calcium ionophore A23187. Of note, the statin was
effective both in the absence and in the presence of exogenously added
LDL-Chol, but with different efficiency in resting and stimulated cells
(see
Figure 5A and 5B). Accordingly, in unstimulated cells, ie,
at low activated calcium-calmodulin levels, eNOS activity appeared to
be determined primarily by the abundance of caveolin available for its
inhibitory binding to eNOS. Indeed, we documented a stronger
potentiation of basal NO release at zero extracellular LDL-Chol, ie,
when the (low) caveolin pool is maximally sensitive to inhibition of
endogenous cholesterol synthesis by atorvastatin (see
Figure 5A). Conversely, in agonist-stimulated cells, in
which large amounts of activated calcium-calmodulin may compete with
caveolin for eNOS binding, the beneficial effect of atorvastatin on
eNOS activity was more prominent in cells expressing high levels of
caveolin (ie, in the presence of high levels of LDL-Chol) (see
Figure 5B). Moreover, these small changes appeared to be
sufficient to alter the ability of the enzyme to interact with other
modulators as well, as demonstrated with the chaperone Hsp90 in the
present study, resulting in substantial increases in eNOS sensitivity.
More generally, our demonstration of the effect of atorvastatin to
decrease caveolin-1 expression leaves additional possibilities to
impact on disease processes involving the interaction of caveolin with
a variety of signaling molecules, eg, tyrosine kinases, adenylyl
cyclase, or G protein–coupled
receptors.22
Clinical Implications
A deficient NO-dependent vasorelaxation is central to
coronary and peripheral ischemic diseases secondary to
hypercholesterolemia and may result from either a decreased production
of NO or an increase in NO
catabolism.23 Interestingly,
both processes can be restored (albeit not uniformly) by
supplementation with
l-arginine or
tetrahydrobiopterin in vivo (for references, see Wever et
al23 ), suggesting that eNOS
is still expressed in the dysfunctional endothelium but is somehow
inactivated. In this regard, the eNOS-"sensitizing" effect of
atorvastatin may already operate at very early stages of endothelial
dysfunction, at a time when the activation (but not the abundance) of
the enzyme is downregulated. Our results suggest that this peripheral
effect may occur at very low concentrations of the drug, ie, close to
those achieved therapeutically in vivo. In addition, our observation of
a marked potentiation of basal NO production at zero extracellular
LDL-Chol may extend the clinical usefulness of atorvastatin (and
perhaps other statins as well) to NO-dependent endothelial dysfunctions
secondary to diseases other than hypercholesterolemia, such as
hypertension or heart
failure.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by grants from the French Community of Belgium (Action de Recherche Concertée), the FNRS (Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research), and the Belgian Lipid Club. Dr Feron is a FNRS Research Associate.
Received June 27, 2000; revision received July 25, 2000; accepted July 31, 2000.
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U. Landmesser, N. Engberding, F. H. Bahlmann, A. Schaefer, A. Wiencke, A. Heineke, S. Spiekermann, D. Hilfiker-Kleiner, C. Templin, D. Kotlarz, et al. Statin-Induced Improvement of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Mobilization, Myocardial Neovascularization, Left Ventricular Function, and Survival After Experimental Myocardial Infarction Requires Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Circulation, October 5, 2004; 110(14): 1933 - 1939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Davignon and P. Ganz Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis Circulation, June 15, 2004; 109(23_suppl_1): III-27 - III-32. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. P. Mason, M. F. Walter, and R. F. Jacob Effects of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors on Endothelial Function: Role of Microdomains and Oxidative Stress Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21_suppl_1): II-34 - II-41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. Girgis, D. Li, X. Zhan, J. G. N. Garcia, R. M. Tuder, P. M. Hassoun, and R. A. Johns Attenuation of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by simvastatin Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 7, 2003; 285(3): H938 - H945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pelat, C. Dessy, P. Massion, J.-P. Desager, O. Feron, and J.-L. Balligand Rosuvastatin Decreases Caveolin-1 and Improves Nitric Oxide-Dependent Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Variability in Apolipoprotein E-/- Mice In Vivo Circulation, May 20, 2003; 107(19): 2480 - 2486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Mason and R. F. Jacob Membrane Microdomains and Vascular Biology: Emerging Role in Atherogenesis Circulation, May 6, 2003; 107(17): 2270 - 2273. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Skaletz-Rorowski, M. Lutchman, Y. Kureishi, D. J. Lefer, J. R. Faust, and K. Walsh HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors promote cholesterol-dependent Akt/PKB translocation to membrane domains in endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2003; 57(1): 253 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. van Haperen, M. de Waard, E. van Deel, B. Mees, M. Kutryk, T. van Aken, J. Hamming, F. Grosveld, D. J. Duncker, and R. de Crom Reduction of Blood Pressure, Plasma Cholesterol, and Atherosclerosis by Elevated Endothelial Nitric Oxide J. Biol. Chem., December 6, 2002; 277(50): 48803 - 48807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Ichihara, M. Hayashi, M. Ryuzaki, M. Handa, T. Furukawa, and T. Saruta Fluvastatin prevents development of arterial stiffness in haemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2002; 17(8): 1513 - 1517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Homma, R. L. Sacco, M. R. Di Tullio, R. R. Sciacca, J.P. Mohr, and for the PFO in Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) In Effect of Medical Treatment in Stroke Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale: Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Stroke Study Circulation, June 4, 2002; 105(22): 2625 - 2631. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-L. Balligand Heat Shock Protein 90 in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Signaling: Following the Lead(er)? Circ. Res., May 3, 2002; 90(8): 838 - 841. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Fontana, D. Fulton, Y. Chen, T. A. Fairchild, T. J. McCabe, N. Fujita, T. Tsuruo, and W. C. Sessa Domain Mapping Studies Reveal That the M Domain of hsp90 Serves as a Molecular Scaffold to Regulate Akt-Dependent Phosphorylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and NO Release Circ. Res., May 3, 2002; 90(8): 866 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Dechend, D. Muller, J. K. Park, A. Fiebeler, H. Haller, and F. C. Luft Statins and angiotensin II-induced vascular injury Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2002; 17(3): 349 - 353. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Nickenig and D. G. Harrison The AT1-Type Angiotensin Receptor in Oxidative Stress and Atherogenesis: Part II: AT1 Receptor Regulation Circulation, January 29, 2002; 105(4): 530 - 536. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Piech, P. E. Massart, C. Dessy, O. Feron, X. Havaux, N. Morel, J.-L. Vanoverschelde, J. Donckier, and J.-L. Balligand Decreased expression of myocardial eNOS and caveolin in dogs with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2002; 282(1): H219 - H231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. O. Cheng, M. Egred, J.C. Patel, and S. Walton Management of Paradoxical Coronary Embolism Circulation, December 11, 2001; 104 (24): e153 - e153. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D.Y Li, H.J Chen, and J.L Mehta Statins inhibit oxidized-LDL-mediated LOX-1 expression, uptake of oxidized-LDL and reduction in PKB phosphorylation Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2001; 52(1): 130 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. STULAK, A. LERMAN, M. R. PORCEL, J. A. CACCITOLO, J. C. ROMERO, H. V. SCHAFF, C. NAPOLI, and L. O. LERMAN Renal Vascular Function in Hypercholesterolemia Is Preserved by Chronic Antioxidant Supplementation J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2001; 12(9): 1882 - 1891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Davis and D. G. Harrison Cracking Down on Caveolin: Role of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors in Modulating Edothelial Cell Nitric Oxide Production Circulation, January 2, 2001; 103(1): 2 - 4. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Brouet, P. Sonveaux, C. Dessy, S. Moniotte, J.-L. Balligand, and O. Feron Hsp90 and Caveolin Are Key Targets for the Proangiogenic Nitric Oxide-Mediated Effects of Statins Circ. Res., November 9, 2001; 89(10): 866 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Fontana, D. Fulton, Y. Chen, T. A. Fairchild, T. J. McCabe, N. Fujita, T. Tsuruo, and W. C. Sessa Domain Mapping Studies Reveal That the M Domain of hsp90 Serves as a Molecular Scaffold to Regulate Akt-Dependent Phosphorylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and NO Release Circ. Res., May 3, 2002; 90(8): 866 - 873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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