(Circulation. 2001;103:1434.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Catheter Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter
A Randomized Comparison of 2 Methods for Determining Complete Bidirectional Isthmus Block
From Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France.
Correspondence to Frédéric Anselme, Hôpital Charles Nicolle, 1, rue de Germont, 76031 Rouen, France. E-mail frederic.anselme{at}chu-rouen.fr
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background—Complete bidirectional isthmus conduction block (CBIB) was initially assessed by sequential detailed activation mapping at both sides of the ablation line during proximal coronary sinus and anteroinferior right atrium pacing. Mapping only the ablation line ("on-site" atrial potential analysis) was recently reported as a means of CBIB identification. The study was designed to compare these 2 techniques prospectively regarding the diagnosis of CBIB.
Methods and Results—In 76 consecutive patients (mean age, 63.4±10.5 years), typical atrial flutter ablation was performed using either the activation mapping technique (group I) or on-site atrial potential analysis (group II). Criteria for CBIB using on-site atrial potential analysis was the recording of parallel, widely spaced double atrial potentials along the ablation line. The CBIB criterion was retrospectively searched using the alternative technique at the end of the procedure. In successful patients, the mean radiofrequency delivery duration was longer in group II (845±776 versus 534±363 s; P=0.03). On-site, clear-cut, widely spaced double atrial potentials and activation mapping suggesting CBIB were concomitantly observed in only 47 patients (54%), and ambiguous/atypical double potentials were recorded in 31 patients (39%).
Conclusions—Although feasible, the on-site atrial potential analysis seemed to be inferior to the classic activation mapping technique, mainly because of the ambiguity of electrogram interpretation along the ablation line. However, when combined with the activation mapping technique, it provided additional information regarding isthmus conduction properties in some cases. Therefore, optimally, both methods should be used concomitantly.
Key Words: atrial flutter • catheter ablation • conduction
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Over the past few decades, continuous improvement of intra-cardiac mapping techniques contributed to a better understanding of the typical atrial flutter (AF) circuit.1 2 3 4 Arrhythmia recurrences are now prevented by creating a radiofrequency (RF) linear lesion at the inferior vena cava–tricuspid annulus (IVC-TA) isthmus.5 6 Conduction properties of this critical isthmus were initially studied using sequential detailed activation mapping at both sides of the ablation line during pacing at the proximal coronary sinus (pCS) and anteroinferior right atrium (AIRA).7 This method (here called the activation mapping technique) allows fair differentiation between complete and incomplete isthmus conduction block,8 which is critical to ensure a good clinical outcome, because residual delayed isthmus conduction is associated with a high AF recurrence rate.6 8 It was recently reported that mapping only the ablation site (here called on-site atrial potential analysis) could also identify complete bidirectional isthmus conduction block (CBIB) if parallel, widely spaced, double atrial potentials (WSDP) were recorded all along the line during both AIRA and pCS pacing.9 The present study was thus designed to compare both methods of identifying CBIB prospectively.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Population
From September 1998 to March 2000, 76 consecutive patients (mean age, 63.4±10.5 years) suffering from recurrent (67%) and/or highly symptomatic (54%) AF with the IVC-TA isthmus being part of the tachycardia circuit, as demonstrated by entrainment maneuvers, were included in the study. All patients provided written, informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the hospital ethics committee. AF was present for a mean of 2.5±2.5 years, despite the use of 1.4±0.9 antiarrhythmic medications, including amiodarone, in 30 patients.
Ablation Procedure
Patients were studied in a postabsorptive state and
after all antiarrhythmic drugs except amiodarone had been stopped for
5 half-lives. A multipolar Halo catheter (Irvine Biomedical
Inc), with a distal dipole located close to the anterior lip of
the ablation line, was used to record the right atrial activation
sequence around the TA.
(Figure 1
). A multipolar catheter was inserted within the CS,
with a proximal bipole located at its ostium. The ablation catheter
with either a 4-mm (n=23) or 8-mm tip (n=53) was placed close to the
ventricle within the isthmus. Stepwise withdrawal of the ablation
catheter was performed during RF delivery.
|
The RF generator (Irvine Biomedical Inc) was preset to deliver 50 or 100 Watts while using a 4- or 8-mm tip ablation catheter, respectively, with a common target temperature of 70°C. During RF pulses, appropriate filters allowed on-site atrial potential analysis and movement of the ablation catheter according to atrial potential morphology. Initially or after AF termination and after each RF pulse, pacing was elicited from pCS and AIRA at a cycle length of 600 ms. Electrograms from all catheters were filtered between 30 and 250 Hz, recorded, and stored on a computerized, multichannel system (Prucka Engineering). The end point of the procedure was achievement of an atrial activation sequence suggesting CBIB, as assessed by the activation mapping technique. Procedural success was based on this criteria, which we considered for the purpose of end point definition as the reference method.
Randomization into 2 Groups
In group I, ablation was conducted using only the
activation mapping technique to determine CBIB, as previously reported.
Complete anteroposterior mapping of the ablation line using the
ablation catheter was performed only at the end of the
procedure.
In group II, ablation was conducted during AIRA pacing, and only atrial potentials were recorded along the ablation line and pCS electrograms and surface leads II and V1 were displayed. When WSDP were recorded along the full ablation line from TA to IVC, CBIB was said to be present, and electrograms from the Halo catheter were then visualized. Ablation was pursued if the atrial activation sequence suggested residual isthmus conduction.
A retrospective analysis of all pulses was performed by 2 experienced physicians (N.S. and F.A.) in a blinded fashion. Particular attention was paid to the presence or absence of concordance between local on-site recording of WSDP and atrial activation sequence at IVC-TA isthmus.
Definitions
The complete clockwise isthmus block pattern was
defined as a purely craniocaudal atrial activation sequence along the
Halo catheter during pCS pacing. The distal bipole of the Halo catheter
should be depolarized later than more proximal bipoles. An incomplete
clockwise isthmus block pattern was indicated by partial craniocaudal
AIRA activation with atrial depolarization at the distal bipole of the
Halo catheter recorded simultaneously or earlier than those recorded at
one of the more proximal bipoles during pCS pacing.
A complete counterclockwise isthmus block pattern was defined as depolarization of the pCS area recorded later than that at the His bundle region during AIRA pacing. CBIB was indicated by an association of clockwise and counterclockwise isthmus block patterns.
WSDPs were defined as 2 distinct atrial potentials,
separated by a clear isoelectric line. Positional pacing was indicated
by pacing that was successively delivered at the pCS, posterior lip of
the ablation line, and posteroinferior right atrial wall at the same
cycle length (600 ms;
Figure 1
).
Statistical Analysis
Unpaired ttests, 
2 tests, and Fisher’s
exact test were used to compare the 2 groups. For all tests, a 2-sided
P
0.05 was considered
statistically significant. Results are expressed as
mean±SD.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Each group included 38 patients. No differences were found in relevant clinical data before ablation in the 2 groups (Table 1
). CBIB was obtained in all group I patients. In 3
of the 38 group II patients, the ablation procedure failed, with
absence of CBIB in 2 patients and achievement of only incomplete
isthmus block in 1 patient. The use of both techniques for CBIB
assessment did not lead to an increase in fluoroscopy time compared
with a previous series using 1 technique
only.8 10
In successful patients, procedure duration, x-ray exposure, and
number of RF pulses were similar in the 2 groups. However, the mean
total duration of RF delivery was longer when the recording of WSDP was
used to guide the procedure
(Table 2).
|
|
Group I
On-Line Analysis
In 4 patients, stabilizing the inferior portion of the
Halo catheter close to the ablation line was difficult and required
frequent repositioning during the procedure. In one of these patients,
because of an inability to correctly position this catheter, ablation
was performed using on-site recording (crossover of 1 patient). Perfect
concordance between clockwise and counterclockwise isthmus block was
observed in all patients.
In 7 patients, incomplete clockwise isthmus block pattern
was observed. In 4 of these 7 patients, posterior lip pacing led to a
greater spike-to-distal Halo atrial potential interval, therefore
excluding residual isthmus conduction. In those particular patients,
the spike-to-distal Halo atrial potential interval dramatically
shortened during posteroinferior right atrial wall pacing
(Figure 2). These observations were thought to be due to
transverse conduction crossing the crista terminalis, and ablation was
stopped. Conversely, in 3 patients, posterior lip pacing led to a
shorter spike-to-distal Halo atrial potential interval, identifying the
presence of residual isthmus conduction, and ablation was continued
(Figure 3).
|
|
Retrospective Analysis
Concomitant with an activation mapping sequence
suggesting CBIB, clear-cut WSDP were present in 24 patients (63%)
(Figure 4). In the remaining patients (n=14; 37%), local
atrial potentials were considered atypical
(Figure 5 and
Table 3).
|
|
|
In 2 patients, an incomplete isthmus block pattern was
identified using activation mapping, although clear-cut WSDP were
recorded by the ablation catheter. After subsequent RF pulses, CBIB was
recorded, and the interval duration between the 2 atrial components of
the WSDP further lengthened (Figure
I).
Group II
On-Line Analysis
Control of isthmus conduction properties using
activation mapping was achieved after recording clear-cut WSDP in 20
patients. CBIB was confirmed in 17 of these patients (85%). In the
remaining patients, ablation was pursued based on an analysis of
activation mapping. In 17 patients, WSDP were considered atypical
(Table 3), although they possibly correlated with
CBIB. This was confirmed using activation mapping and positional pacing
in all patients except one. In another patient, atrial potentials
recorded along the ablation line were so ambiguous that isthmus
conduction properties could not be determined using this criteria, and
ablation was continued after crossover. Overall, crossover to the
activation mapping technique was required in 5
patients.
Retrospective Analysis
In 4 patients, 3.25±1.7 (range, 1 to 5) RF pulses
(403±270 s) were delivered after the atrial activation sequence had
shown CBIB. At that moment, on-site atrial electrogram analysis did not
show WSDP. It was only later that WSDP were thought atypical but
suggestive enough to correlate with CBIB. In another patient, although
the atrial activation sequence recorded in the Halo catheter was that
of complete clockwise block, a multicomponent potential was recorded
close to the IVC. Subsequent RF delivery was followed by splitting this
potential into 2 separate atrial components, without modification of
the sequence of atrial activation in the Halo catheter during pCS
pacing (Figure II).
Overall Population
Concordance between CBIB pattern using activation
mapping and typical WSDP was observed in 41 patients (54%). In
patients with clear-cut WSDP, the mean intervals between the 2 atrial
components measured close to the TA were 138±39 ms (range, 80 to 239
ms) and 115±22 ms (range, 78 to 179 ms) during AIRA and pCS pacing,
respectively. An interval <90 ms was recorded in only 2 patients with
CBIB.
Positional Pacing and Transcristal
Conduction Capabilities
In the last 11 patients, positional pacing was
systematically performed. Evidence for transverse conduction across the
crista terminalis was found in 10 (91%). An incomplete clockwise
isthmus block pattern was recorded in 4 of these 10 patients (40%),
although posterior lip pacing excluded residual isthmus conduction
(Figure 2).
Follow-Up
Over a mean follow-up of 9±6 months (range, 1 to 20
months), one successful group I patient had a recurrence of AF 3 months
after the initial procedure. A subsequent reablation was successfully
performed.
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This is the first study that prospectively compares, in a randomized fashion, 2 methods of analyzing the flutter isthmus conduction properties during AF ablation. Our results show that although recording WSDP along the ablation line can predict the achievement of CBIB, the analysis of on-site atrial potentials is often difficult. Concomitant observation of clear-cut WSDP and activation mapping suggesting CBIB was present in only 54% of the patients.
Comparison Between the 2 Techniques
Activation Mapping Technique
Because identifying CBIB using the activation mapping
technique correlates with long-term
success,8 11 this
technique was chosen as the reference method. Correct positioning of
the Halo catheter is a critical prerequisite to identify residual
isthmus conduction. Difficulties in accurately positioning this
catheter were encountered in 10% of the cases. Theoretically, very
slow yet persistent conduction can be limited to the ablation line and,
therefore, be misdiagnosed, despite optimal Halo placement. In only one
group II patient, fractionated potentials were recorded posteriorly on
the ablation line when the AIRA activation sequence during pCS pacing
showed complete isthmus block. After the delivery of an additional RF
pulse, WSDP were recorded without AIRA activation sequence
modification. This can suggest local residual conduction confined to
the ablation line10 or, more
likely, ablation of a local dead-end pathway, because the
spike-to-second component of the WSDP interval did not change after RF
delivery (Figure II). Finally, the most difficult issue was the
interpretation of incomplete clockwise isthmus conduction block
patterns, which will be discussed later.
On-Site Atrial Potential Analysis
Double potentials separated with an isoelectric
interval have been considered the result of local conduction
block.12 This concept was
first applied in patients in whom AF recurred after an initial
successful ablation.9 Then,
recording WSDP along the ablation line was proposed as a direct
criterion for CBIB.10 In
this study, several limitations appeared when using this criteria.
Although clear-cut WSDP were recorded in 58% of the cases, activation
mapping suggested persistent isthmus conduction in 11% of them. One
could hypothesize that the site of residual conduction was missed
during ablation line mapping. However, it is a classic observation that
2 Hisian potentials separated by a flat isoelectric line are recorded,
despite persistent atrioventricular conduction, in patients with
advanced intra-Hisian conduction disturbances. By analogy, very slow
conduction across the ablation line cannot totally be excluded, even in
the presence of WSDP. Lack of correlation between the mere observance
of WSDP and isthmus block was suggested in our earlier study of isthmus
block
description.8
Recording clear-cut WSDP was often not possible, and double
potentials were considered atypical in 31 patients. In extreme cases,
this led to unnecessary RF delivery (4 cases). Misdiagnosis of CBIB is
possible in the presence of a wide electrically silent area, unless the
catheter is sequentially moved on the anterior side of the line, which
is the equivalent of activation mapping. This phenomenon should be
differentiated from residual small and fragmented atrial potentials by
a high-quality recording system with a high-gain setting. Recording
multiple atrial potentials during AIRA pacing and WSDP during pCS
pacing suggests unidirectional residual conduction or the presence of a
dead-end pathway connected to the anterior lip of the ablation line
(Figure 5). Because of great interindividual variability, no
minimal value of an interatrial potential interval duration above which
one could consider the presence of CBIB highly likely has been reported
in the literature.9 The lack
of this cut-off value was one of the factors which made on-site atrial
potential analysis difficult. Our results suggest that an
interpotential interval <90 ms may indicate residual isthmus
conduction.
Isthmus Conduction Block and Transverse
Conduction Across the Crista Terminalis
In early
studies,5 6 the
AIRA activation sequence was shown to result from 2 wavefronts during
pCS pacing: one traveling clockwise through the IVC-TA isthmus and the
other traveling counterclockwise around the TA. After isthmus block,
the latter becomes predominant, giving rise to a purely
counterclockwise AIRA activation sequence. This is valid only if a
permanent line of conduction block is present posteriorly between the
vena cava ostia. The crista terminalis was initially identified as the
anatomical structure supporting posterior transverse conduction block
during AF.13 Recent
studies14 15 16
have shown that transverse conduction block at the crista terminalis
was mainly functional and that the line of block may be at the
posteromedial right atrium (sinus venosa
region).4 In lower loop
reentry, a recently described variant of AF, the circuit encircles the
IVC and crosses the crista
terminalis.17 Both
transcristal conduction and/or residual isthmus conduction can
therefore lead to the incomplete isthmus conduction
pattern.16
In our study, positional pacing allowed differentiation between both mechanisms without the need for concomitant crista terminalis mapping. Along with Arenal et al,14 we noticed that transcristal conduction was frequently observed at a pCS pacing cycle length of 600 ms. However, the incomplete clockwise isthmus block pattern related to it was seen in only 4 of 10 patients. The remote location of the CS ostium with regard to the ablation line and crista terminalis, as well as the conduction properties across the latter, certainly conditioned these observations. A pattern of incomplete clockwise isthmus block was observed in 16 patients, but residual isthmus conduction was identified in only half of them. This could explain the known lack of recurrence in some patients, despite apparent incomplete isthmus block at the end of the procedure.8
Limitations
For historical reasons, we have used the activation
mapping technique for many years. Because on-site atrial potential
analysis is rather new, a learning curve may be required. However, we
performed the ablation procedure with the new technique in a pilot
series of patients before starting the randomized study. Because
on-site potential analysis required a precise analysis of limited areas
along the ablation line, one could hypothesize that a 4-mm electrode
would be more appropriate than an 8-mm electrode for atrial potential
definition. However, we did not find any significant difference between
either type of catheter in the ability to appropriately identify WSDP.
Although the distal ablation dipole was displayed during the ablation
procedure in group I, we did not use it to look for WSDP until the end
of the procedure. The predictive value of CBIB achievement in the
presence of WSDP was not calculated because the activation mapping
technique could (although only rarely) misdiagnose residual isthmus
conduction. Newly developed techniques for high-density
mapping18 19 were
not used to validate transverse conduction across the posterior wall of
the right atrium. According to the methodology used in group II, Halo
depolarization was visualized before ruling out fast transcristal
conduction, which could theoretically artificially increase the number
of pulses in this group. However, in patients who received unnecessary
RF pulses, the atrial activation sequence was that of complete
clockwise isthmus block, which does not suggest fast transcristal
conduction.
Clinical Implications
As was already reported, on-site atrial potential
analysis is a feasible way to determine the presence of CBIB after RF
ablation. However, it seemed to be more difficult to perform than the
classic activation mapping technique, mainly because of its frequent
difficulty in electrogram analysis. However, on-site atrial potential
analysis brought additional information in some cases. We think that
concomitant use of both techniques should improve specificity in the
determination of CBIB. Even with the use of both techniques, a wrong
diagnosis of incomplete isthmus block can still be made in the presence
of fast transverse conduction across the crista terminalis. In this
situation, positional pacing allowed differentiation between true
incomplete clockwise isthmus block and CBIB with fast transcristal
conduction.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Figures I and II can be found Online Only at http://www.circulationaha.org
Received August 1, 2000; revision received November 17, 2000; accepted November 18, 2000.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Puech P, Latour H, Grolleau R. Le flutter et ses limites. Arch Mal Coeur. 1970;63:116–144.
2.
Kalman JM, Olgin
JE, Saxon LA, et al. Activation and entrainment mapping defines the
tricuspid annulus as the anterior barrier in typical atrial flutter.
Circulation. 1996;94:398–406.
3.
Olgin JE, Kalman
JM, Fitzpatrick AP, et al. Role of right atrial endocardial structures
as barriers to conduction during human type I atrial flutter:
activation and entrainment mapping guided by intracardiac
echocardiography. Circulation. 1995;92:1839–1848.
4.
Friedman PA, Luria
D, Fenton AM, et al. Global right atrial mapping of human atrial
flutter: the presence of posteromedial (sinus venosa region) functional
block and double potentials: a study in biplane fluoroscopy and
intracardiac echocardiography.
Circulation. 2000;101:1568–1577.
5. Cosio FG, Lopez-Gil M, Goicolea A, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of the inferior vena cava-tricuspid valve isthmus in common atrial flutter. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:705–709.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
6. Saoudi N, Poty H, Anselme F, et al. Evolution of concepts and techniques in radiofrequency catheter ablation for the common type of atrial flutter. In: Saoudi N, Schoels W, El Sheriff N, eds. Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation: From Basic to Clinical Applications. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing Company, Inc; 1998:269–291.
7. Cosio FG, Anderson RH, Kuck KH, et al. ESCWGA/NASPE/P Experts consensus statement: living anatomy of the atrioventricular junctions: A guide for electrophysiologic mapping. J Cardiovascular Electrophysiol. 1999;10:1162–1170.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8.
Poty H, Saoudi N,
Nair M, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial flutter:
further insights into the various types of isthmus block: application
to ablation during sinus rhythm.
Circulation. 1996;94:3204–3213.
9.
Shah DC,
Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, et al. Simplified electrophysiologically
directed catheter ablation of recurrent common atrial flutter.
Circulation. 1997;96:2505–2508.
10. Shah DC, Takahashi A, Jais P, et al. Local electrogram-based criteria of cavotricuspid isthmus block. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1999;10:662–669.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
11.
Anselme F, Saoudi
N, Poty H, et al. Catheter ablation of common atrial flutter:
significance of palpitations and quality of life evaluation in patients
with proven isthmus block.
Circulation. 1999;99:534–540.
12. Shimizu A, Nozaki A, Rudy Y, et al. Characterization of double potentials in a functionally determined reentrant circuit: multiplexing studies during interruption of atrial flutter in the canine pericarditis model. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:2022–2032.[Abstract]
13. Olgin JE, Kalman JM, Fitzpatrick AP, et al. Role of right atrial endocardial structures as barriers to conduction during human type I atrial flutter: activation and entrainment mapping guided by intracardiac echocardiography. Circulation. 1995;92:1839–1848.
14.
Arenal A,
Almendral J, Alday JM, et al. Rate-dependent conduction block of the
crista terminalis in patients with typical atrial flutter.
Circulation. 1999;99:2771–2778.
15.
Shumacher B, Jung
W, Schmidt H, et al. Transverse conduction capabilities of the crista
terminalis in patients with atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:363–373.
16. Scaglione M, Riccardi R, Calo L, et al. Typical atrial flutter ablation: conduction across the posterior region of the inferior vena cava orifice may mimic unidirectional isthmus block. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2000;11:387–395.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17.
Cheng J, Cabeen
WR, Scheinman M. Right atrial flutter due to lower loop reentry:
mechanism and anatomic substrate.
Circulation. 1999;99:1700–1705.
18.
Gepstein L, Hayam
G, Ben-Haim SA. A novel method for nonfluoroscopic catheter-based
electroanatomical mapping of the heart.
Circulation. 1997;95:1611–1622.
19.
Schilling RJ,
Peters NS, Davies DW. Simultaneous endocardial mapping in the human
left ventricle using a noncontact catheter: comparison of contact and
reconstructed electrograms during sinus rhythm.
Circulation. 1998;98:887–898.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. Da Costa Catheter ablation procedures: role of nation-wide registries Europace, February 1, 2009; 11(2): 133 - 134. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Da Costa, J. Thevenin, F. Roche, C. Romeyer-Bouchard, L. Abdellaoui, M. Messier, L. Denis, E. Faure, R. Gonthier, G. Kruszynski, et al. Results From the Loire-Ardeche-Drome-Isere-Puy-de-Dome (LADIP) Trial on Atrial Flutter, a Multicentric Prospective Randomized Study Comparing Amiodarone and Radiofrequency Ablation After the First Episode of Symptomatic Atrial Flutter Circulation, October 17, 2006; 114(16): 1676 - 1681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Da Costa, C. Romeyer-Bouchard, V. Dauphinot, D. Lipp, L. Abdellaoui, M. Messier, J. Thevenin, J.-C. Barthelemy, and K. Isaaz Cavotricuspid isthmus angiography predicts atrial flutter ablation efficacy in 281 patients randomized between 8 mm- and externally irrigated-tip catheter Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2006; 27(15): 1833 - 1840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Additional Information JAMA, March 15, 2006; 295(11): E7 - E14. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Da Costa, E. Faure, J. Thevenin, M. Messier, S. Bernard, K. Abdel, C. Robin, C. Romeyer, and K. Isaaz Effect of Isthmus Anatomy and Ablation Catheter on Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of the Cavotricuspid Isthmus Circulation, August 31, 2004; 110(9): 1030 - 1035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-J. Lin, C.-T. Tai, J.-L. Huang, T.-Y. Liu, P.-C. Lee, C.-T. Ting, and S.-A. Chen Characteristics of virtual unipolar electrograms for detecting isthmus block during radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial flutter J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2004; 43(12): 2300 - 2304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E Bertaglia, F Zoppo, A Bonso, A Proclemer, R Verlato, L Coro, R Mantovan, D D'Este, F Zerbo, and P Pascotto Long term follow up of radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial flutter: clinical course and predictors of atrial fibrillation occurrence Heart, January 1, 2004; 90(1): 59 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Andronache, C. de Chillou, H. Miljoen, I. Magnin-Poull, M. Messier, P. Dotto, D. Beurrier, T. Doan, P. Houriez, A. Bineau-Jorisse, et al. Correlation between electrogram morphology and standard criteria to validate bidirectional cavotricuspid block in common atrial flutter ablation Europace, January 1, 2003; 5(4): 335 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||