(Circulation. 2001;103:664.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Quantitative Assessment of Severity of Ventricular Septal Defect by Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Color Doppler–Imaged Vena Contracta and Flow Convergence Region
From the Department of Pediatrics and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
Correspondence to Masahiro Ishii, MD, Kurume University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830, Japan. E-mail: masaishi{at}med.kurume-u.ac.jp
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
Background—The aim of the present study was to investigate the feasibility and potential value of the computer-controlled, 3D, echocardiographic reconstruction of the color Doppler–imaged vena contracta (CDVC) and the flow convergence (FC) region as a means of accurately and quantitatively estimating the severity of a ventricular septal defect (VSD).
Methods and Results—We performed a 3D reconstruction of the CDVC and the FC region in 19 patients with an isolated VSD using an ultrasound system interfaced with a Tomtec computer. The variable asymmetric geometry of the CDVC and the FC region could be 3D-visualized in all patients. The 3D-measured areas of CDVC correlated well with volumetric measurements of the severity of VSD (r=0.97, P<0.001). Regression analysis between the shunt flow rate (calculated from the product of the area of CDVC and the continuous Doppler–derived velocity time integral) and the corresponding reference results (calculated by cardiac catheterization) demonstrated a close correlation (r=0.95, P<0.001). There was also a good correlation between shunt flow rates calculated using the conventional 2D, 1-axis measurement of the FC isovelocity surface area with the hemispheric assumption (r=0.95, P<0.001); shunt flow rates calculated using 3D, 3-axis measurements of the FC region (r=0.97, P<0.01); and reference results by cardiac catheterization. However, the 2D method substantially underestimated the actual shunt flow rate.
Conclusions—The 3D reconstruction of the CDVC and the FC region may aid in quantifying the severity of VSD.
Key Words: defects • imaging • blood flow • echocardiography
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
In the clinical management of patients with ventricular septal defects (VSDs), quantitative assessment of the severity of the VSD is of major importance.1 2 3 Laminar acceleration flow phenomena for flows toward the cardiac defect (ie, flow convergence [FC] phenomena), detected reproducibly by color Doppler flow-mapping methods, have been studied clinically and experimentally.4 5 6 7 8 More recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that the width of color Doppler–imaged vena contracta (CDVC) measurements (the smallest flow diameter in any part of the flow acceleration field) accurately reflect regurgitant flow.9 10 11 12 13 As of yet, there has been no widely accepted, noninvasive method capable of reliably quantifying the shunt flow rate in patients with VSDs, partly because the evaluation of intracardiac flow events using 2D imaging systems may not be robust enough to characterize these spatially complex, often asymmetric events.10 12 14 Recent developments in ultrasound and computer technology have made dynamic, 3D reconstruction of the flow jets from conventional 2D images possible.15 16 17 18 19 Visualization of flows in 3 dimensions could allow for a better qualitative and quantitative assessment of the severity of VSDs. The aim of our study was to investigate the feasibility and potential value of computer-controlled, 3D, echocardiographic reconstructions of the CDVC and the FC region as a means of accurately and quantitatively estimating the severity of VSDs.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
Study Population
We prospectively studied 19 patients with a median age of 3.9±3.2 years (range, 3 months to 11 years) who had an isolated VSD, as determined by clinical examination and 2D echocardiography. Diagnosis included perimembranous outlet VSDs in 10 patients, doubly committed subarterial VSDs in 7 patients, and inlet VSDs in 2 patients. Patient characteristics are summarized in the Table
.
|
Cardiac Catheterization
All 19 patients underwent cardiac catheterization on
the same day as their echocardiographic studies. The shunt flow rate
and the ratio of pulmonary-to-systemic flow were determined by Fick’s
method.3 5 7
Full ethical approval was given by the Kurume University Ethics
Committee, and informed consent was obtained from each patient or from
the patient’s parents.
Instrumentation and Data Acquisition
The 2D image acquisition for 3D reconstruction was
performed with a commercially available echocardiographic system (Aloka
SSD 2200) that was coupled with a dedicated 3D image-processing unit
(Echo-scan, Tomtec). The 3D image acquisitions were performed as in
previous
studies.16 17 18 19
Color Doppler imaging was performed with a 5-MHz phase-array transducer. The color Doppler filter was set at 1000 to 1500 Hz. Gain settings were optimized for image quality using a maximal color gain level that would not introduce signals outside areas of flow. Once established, depth and gain settings were not changed during the recording period. Aliasing velocities ranging from 0.33 to 0.72 m/s were selected for obtaining optimized CDVC and a clear isovelocity surface for each patient according to a previously described method.16 17 18 19 In these previous animal and flow model studies, the influences of the color Doppler instrument setting on the transfer of color flow mapping data into a black-and-white video composite data milieu for 3D reconstruction were observed.16 17 18 19 It was determined that a red-to-yellow-to-blue velocity map and nonvariance color encoding produced the most clearly defined vena contracta and proximal flow field FC imaging.16 17 18 19 We used this setting. The video composite data from the color Doppler images were reconstructed and analyzed with the same Tomtec system, which uses a black and white processing milieu and does not separate the colors.
Determination of the Vena Contracta Area by 3D
Reconstruction of VSD Jet
Manipulation of the data set was performed off-line,
as described
previously.16 17 18 19
After image alignment, a process of interpolation allowed the Tomtec
computer to fill in the gaps between slices for reconstruction of the
VSD jet and FC region. The final image was displayed in dynamic or
static mode, reviewed frame by frame, and viewed with different
projections. From the dynamic 3D data set, we determined the CDVC by
cutting the jet zone from distal to proximal, perpendicular to its
origin in the VSD, on the ventricular septal surface plane using the
software from the Tomtec computer
(Figure 1A). This position corresponded to the junction of
the smallest cross-section between the FC zone and the VSD jet spray.
The cross-sectional area of the CDVC in systole was chosen in the
parallel-plane analysis window for review of the 3D data
sets.18 The timing for
measuring the cross-sectional areas of the CDVC was determined using
the ECG and the flow image on the monitor screen of the Tomtec system.
The CDVC cross-sectional area was then measured using a computer
trackball. In addition, continuous-wave (CW) Doppler recordings of the
VSD flow velocity parallel to the direction of the VSD shunt flow were
performed. The velocity-time integral (VTI) was determined by
planimetry of the area under the spectral Doppler velocity curve. At
least 3 sequential measurements of each variable were averaged. The
shunt flow rate (Q) was calculated as the product of the
cross-sectional area of the CDVC and the VTI using the flowing formula:
Q=CDVC areaxVTIxheart rate.3
|
3D Reconstruction of FC Isovelocity
Surface
The shape of the FC isovelocity surfaces was 3D
reconstructed from different bird’s-eye-view perspectives
(Figure 1B
). Gray-scale grading, surface rendering, image
resolution, and thresholding in the Tomtec computer were optimized to
obtain a clear isovelocity surface. Three orthogonal axial distances
from the FC boundary to the center of the orifice (a, b, c) were
measured
(Figure 1B). On the basis of the continuity
concept,20 21
these shunt flow rates were calculated by multiplying the isovelocity
surface area and their corresponding
velocities16 17 22
(Q=SxV, where V indicates aliasing velocity). The isovelocity surface
area (S) and the shunt flow rate were then determined using the
hemielliptic mathematical
equation for the FC isovelocity surface area calculation (shown below) and
compared with the shunt flow rate as determined by Fick’s method. The
2D color flow images used as input to the Tomtec computer were
videotaped, a representative plane with the clearest isovelocity
surface was selected, and the shunt flow rate (Q) was calculated using
a single-axis hemispheric FC calculation
(Q=2
r2 · V, where r indicates
aliasing distance, and V, aliasing velocity) that is commonly used in
clinical and experimental studies.
 |
 |
 |
 |
Statistical Analysis
Data are presented as mean±SD. The 3D CDVC areas
were compared with the reference shunt flow rate as determined by
Fick’s method. Simple linear regression analysis was used to obtain
correlation coefficients between the reference cardiac catheterization
flow data and the values measured or calculated by the 3D method.
Agreement with 2 measurements was tested according to the method of
Bland and Altman.23 Two
independent observers (M.I., G.E.) analyzed 20 randomly selected
patients at different times. Each observer individually selected the
frames to measure and had no knowledge of the results obtained by the
other observer. When the color Doppler recordings were analyzed in 20
randomly selected patients by the same observer (M.I.) on separate
occasions, measurements of CDVC area and FC surface area were made.
P<0.05 was considered
statistically significant.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
The variable asymmetric geometry of the CDVC and the FC region could be reconstructed and visualized in all patients (Figure 2
). The asymmetric oval shapes of CDVC were
visualized. The slightly skewed, hemielliptical geometry of the FC
region was also visualized. All patients had a left-to-right shunt
without a significant right-to-left shunt, as determined by cardiac
catheterization. The ratio of pulmonary-to-systemic flow was between
1.4 and 3.9 (median, 2.2;
Table).
|
Relationship Between the 3D-Measured CDVC Area
and the Shunt Flow Rate of VSD
The results of linear regression analysis between the
3D-measured CDVC areas and shunt flow rate, as determined by cardiac
catheterization, are shown in
Figure 3. The 3D-measured CDVC areas correlate well with
volumetric measurements of the shunt flow rate of VSDs
(r=0.97,
P<0.001). The CDVC areas
increased from 0.12 to 1.46 cm2 as shunt
flow rate increased from 0.19 to 3.61 L/min.
|
Use of 3D CDVC With CW Doppler for Estimation
of the Shunt Flow Rate of VSD
Regression analysis between the shunt flow rate, as
determined by cardiac catheterization using Fick’s method, and the 3D
color Doppler estimates, obtained by using the 3D-measured CDVC area
and CW Doppler systolic VTI, also demonstrated a close correlation
(r=0.95,
P<0.001,
Figure 4A). The 3D-color Doppler echocardiography
estimations showed good agreement with the corresponding reference
results by cardiac catheterization using the Bland and
Altman23 analysis (mean
difference, 0.26±0.45;
Figure 4B).
|
Conventional 2D Hemispheric Versus 3D, 3-Axis
FC Isovelocity Surface Method Calculations of Shunt Flow Rate
There was good correlation between the shunt flow rate
calculated using the conventional 2D, 1-axis measurement of the FC
isovelocity surface area with the hemispheric assumption and the rate
determined by cardiac catheterization
(r=0.95,
P<0.001,
Figure 5A). However, the 2D method substantially
underestimated the actual shunt flow rate (mean difference,
-0.59±0.50 L/min;
Figure 5B). In contrast, the 3D, 3-axis measurements of the
FC region determined from and measured on the 3D reconstruction
correlated well with shunt flow rates and underestimated those rates to
a lesser degree (r=0.97,
P<0.001; mean difference,
-0.25±0.30 L/min;
Figure 5C).
|
) and 2D simple hemispherical method (•). B, Agreement between shunt flow rates, as determined by cardiac catheterization, and calculated shunt flow rates by 2D FC method was examined according to method of Bland and Altman.
Reproducibility of Measurement
An excellent correlation was found between CDVC area
measurements made by the 2 independent observers
(r=0.95,
P<0.001; mean difference,
0.011±0.01 cm2). Significant correlation
and agreement were also found between the FC surface area measurements
of the 2 observers (r=0.94,
P<0.001; mean difference,
0.012±0.01 cm2). The CDVC area and the FC
surface area were measured by the same observer on separate occasions,
and these measurements also correlated well (CDVC area:
r=0.98,
P<0.001; FC surface area:
r=0.96,
P<0.001). The mean
intraobserver variance was 0.010±0.01 cm2
for CDVC area and 0.010±0.008 cm2 for FC
surface area.
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
This is the first study quantifying the VSD shunt flow rate in children using 3D color Doppler flow techniques. Our results suggest that a 3D reconstruction of the CDVC and the FC region may aid in quantifying the VSD shunt flow rate.
3D Reconstruction of CDVC
Previous studies have proposed the use of a proximal
VSD jet width to estimate the severity of VSD. Several groups,
including Hornberger et al2
and Teien et al,3 have shown
that the width of the VSD shunt jet is the best predictor of the
severity of VSD. In these previous studies, however, the means by which
this jet width measurement should be made were not clearly defined and
the term "vena contracta" was not used. This is probably because
knowledge of the FC and flow dynamic concepts, as manifested in color
Doppler flow maps, was incomplete at that time. Other studies first
described the location of the CDVC as the smallest connection between
the laminar FC region and the distal turbulent jet spray and identified
its use for more quantitative evaluations of valvular heart
disease.10 11 12
The concept of the vena contracta is now established in hydrodynamic
physics.9 10 11 12 18 24 25
The cross-sectional area of CDVC may correspond to the effective VSD
area. Because the flow velocity at the vena contracta is highest along
the shunt flow profile, multiplying the vena contracta area by the time
integral of CW Doppler velocity through the shunt flow stream can
provide shunt flow
volume.3 25
However, the applicability of this method for determining the shunt
flow volume, as obtained by the 2D-measured width of the CDVC and CW
Doppler velocity, requires the assumption that the shape of the VSD is
relatively uniform in all dimensions and that a single dimensional
measurement can accurately represent all
dimensions.3
Although some morphological alterations of the VSD may conform to this assumption, the majority of pathological changes producing more complex shapes will not (eg, the shape of a doubly committed, subarterial VSD with right coronary cusp prolapse is commonly asymmetrical).26 Theoretically, to define the CDVC cross section, one could attempt to obtain a 2D image in a plane orthogonal to jet propagation, but in this case, the angle would lead to color flow dropout and distortion. The imaging of the CDVC in a single plane parallel to the direction of flow, as has widely been practiced in reported studies, necessitates an assumption of a circular and/or symmetrical shape that may not hold true in clinical practice. In contrast to the 3D method, the method we propose does not require any geometric assumptions when the 3D computed flow image is used as a substrate for measurement.18 Other investigators have demonstrated that the shape of the 3D-reconstructed CDVC corresponds well with the orifice shape in vitro.27 The measurement of the cross-sectional area of the CDVC from a 3D reconstruction should be a useful and potentially accurate method for quantifying the severity of a VSD with complicated geometry in the clinical setting.
3D Reconstruction of FC Regions
According to the continuity principle, the shunt flow
and regurgitant or forward flow rates are given as the product of the
isovelocity surface area and the aliasing velocity that characterizes
the
FC.20 21 28 29 30
Therefore, an accurate measurement of the isovelocity surface area is
required. Many factors may influence the shape of the color Doppler FC
isovelocity surface, including instrumentation, physiological factors
(frame rate, aliasing velocity, angle dependency, and flow rate), and
the geometry of the VSD and surrounding
structures.28 29 30
Because the conventional 2D Doppler flow mapping method provides only
limited views of the FC region, it is possible that the isovelocity
shape appears hemispherical in 1 plane but, in reality, may not be a
true hemisphere. In this study, the 2D method was consistent with a
substantial underestimation of the actual shunt flow rates by the
hemispheric model with a single-axis measurement. The 3D method
eliminates the need for imaginative mental reconstruction, and it
should be helpful in efforts to refine or adjust current FC methods,
especially for asymmetric defects.
A 3-axis, 3D-hemielliptic method was used in the present study, which resulted in a better estimation of actual flow rates; however, underestimation still existed. This 3-axis, 3D method was superior to the 2D method because any intricate or unusually shaped surface area could be measured, and it provided a better estimation of actual flow rates. However, this method still requires hemielliptical assumption.16 The method of directly measuring the FC surface areas was superior to the 3-axis, 3D method because any intricate or unusually shaped surface area could be measured, and it provided the best estimation of the actual flow rate in animals17 and in a flow model study.19 However, in some patients, the FC region may be very small, which would make a direct, 3D measurement of the FC surface area difficult. Further study is necessary to investigate the feasibility of directly measuring 3D-reconstructed FC surface areas using a digital color 3D method that does not require any geometric assumptions for quantitative evaluation of the VSD shunt flow rate.17 19
Study Limitations
The limitations of our method as used in the present
study included the fact that the color Doppler shunt flow images were
transferred into the Tomtec 3D computer as video composite gray-scale
images. Thus, the FC region and the shunt flow jet, including the CDVC,
were depicted as black-and-white images with various gray scales in the
Tomtec system. This may have resulted in a loss of resolution in the
image acquisition and reconstruction method. This loss might cause some
difficulties with achieving adequate differentiation of the CDVC or
shunt flow jet from tissue on the left ventricular surface. Despite
these limitations, the contour of the CDVC could be visualized
satisfactorily and analyzed quantitatively in our study. When measuring
shunt flow by the 3D CDVC method versus the shunt flow measured at
catheterization, there seemed to be an overestimation at the higher
flow rate in the present study. In a previous animal
study,11 the 2D CDVC
estimation of aortic regurgitant flow rate showed a tendency for
overestimation of the corresponding electromagnetic flowmeter as a
reference result at the higher flow rates. At the higher flow rate, the
limitation of lateral resolution of a conventional echocardiography
system might lead to artifactual widening of the flow signal and yield
an erroneous overestimation of the shunt flow volumes. This limitation
inherent in color Doppler flow mapping for imaging CDVC was extended to
the 3D reconstructed flow images. In the future, these problems should
be overcome through the use of the digital 3D Doppler flow
maps.
|
Conclusions |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
Measuring 3D-reconstructed CDVC areas and 3D proximal isovelocity FC surface areas provided more accurate shunt flows than did conventional 2D color Doppler methods. Three-dimensional echocardiographic extraction of intracardiac flow phenomena may aid in quantifying the severity of VSDs.
Received June 21, 2000; revision received September 26, 2000; accepted October 3, 2000.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
|---|
-
Hoffman
JIE, Rudolph AM. The natural history of ventricular septal defects in
infancy. Am J Cardiol. 1965;16:634–653.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Hornberger LK, Sahn
DJ, Krabill KA, et al. Elucidation of the natural history of
ventricular septal defects by serial Doppler color flow mapping study.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:1111–1118.[Abstract]
-
Teien D, Karp K,
Wendel H, et al. Quantification of left to right shunts by echo Doppler
cardiography in patients with ventricular septal defect.
Acta Pediatr Scand. 1991;80:355–360.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Bargiggia GS,
Tronconi L, Sahn DJ, et al. A new method for quantitation of mitral
regurgitation based on color flow Doppler imaging of flow convergence
proximal to regurgitant orifice.
Circulation. 1991;84:1481–1489.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Moises VA, Maciel
BC, Hornberger LK, et al. A new method for noninvasive estimation of
ventricular septal defect shunt flow by Doppler color flow mapping:
imaging of the laminar flow convergence region on left septal surface.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:824–832.[Abstract]
-
Shiota T, Jones M,
Yamada I, et al. Evaluation of aortic regurgitation with digitally
determined color Doppler-imaged flow convergence acceleration: a
quantitative study in sheep. J Am
Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:203–210.[Abstract]
-
Kurotobi S, Sano T,
Matsushita T, et al. Quantitative, non-invasive assessment of
ventricular septal defect shunt flow by measuring proximal isovelocity
surface area on colour Doppler mapping.
Heart. 1997;78:305–309.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Breburda CS,
Griffin BP, Pu M, et al. Three-dimensional echocardiographic planimetry
of maximal regurgitant orifice area in myxomatous mitral regurgitation:
intraoperative comparison with proximal flow convergence.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:432–437.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Grayburn PA, Fehske
W, Omran H, et al. Multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic
assessment of mitral regurgitation by Doppler color flow mapping of the
vena contracta. Am J
Cardiol. 1994;74:912–917.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Ishii M, Jones M,
Shiota T, et al. Evaluation of eccentric aortic regurgitation using
color Doppler jet and Color Doppler imaged vena contracta measurements:
an animal study with quantified aortic regurgitation.
Am Heart J. 1996;132:796–803.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Ishii M, Jones M,
Shiota T, et al. Quantifying aortic regurgitation using the color
Doppler imaged vena contracta: a chronic animal model study.
Circulation. 1997;96:2009–2015.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Ishii M, Jones M,
Shiota T, et al. Temporal variability of vena contracta and jet areas
using color Doppler in aortic regurgitation: a chronic animal model
study. J Am Soc
Echocardiogr. 1998;11:1064–1071.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Kizilbash AM,
Wikkett DL, Brickner ME, et al. Effects of afterload reduction on vena
contracta width in mitral regurgitation.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:427–431.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Shiota T, Jones
M, Teien D, et al. Color Doppler regurgitant jet area for evaluating
eccentric mitral regurgitation: An animal study with quantified mitral
regurgitation. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 1994;24:813–819.[Abstract]
-
Delabays A,
Sugeng L, Pandian NG, et al. Dynamic three-dimensional
echocardiographic assessment of intracardiac blood flow jets.
Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:1053–1058.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Shiota T,
Sinclair B, Ishii M, et al. Three-dimensional reconstruction of color
Doppler flow convergence region and regurgitant jets: an in vitro
quantitative study. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 1996;27:1511–1518.[Abstract]
-
Shiota T, Jones
M, Delabays A, et al. Direct measurement of three-dimensionally
reconstructed flow convergence surface area and regurgitant flow in
aortic regurgitation: in vitro and chronic animal studies.
Circulation. 1997;96:3687–3695.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Mori Y, Shiota T,
Jones M, et al. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the color
Doppler-imaged vena contracta for quantifying aortic regurgitation:
studies in a chronic animal model.
Circulation. 1999;99:1611–1617.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Li X, Shiota T,
Delabays A, et al. Flow convergence flow rates from 3-dimensional
reconstruction of color Doppler flow maps for computing transvalvular
regurgitant flows without geometric assumptions: an in vitro
quantitative flow study 1999,12:1035–1044.
-
Richards KL,
Cannon SR, Miller JF, et al. Calculation of aortic valve area by
Doppler echocardiography: a direct application of the continuity
equation. Circulation. 1986;73:964–969.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
DeGroff CG,
Shandas R, Valdes-Cruz L. Analysis of the effect of flow rate on the
Doppler continuity equation for stenotic orifice area calculations: a
numerical study. Circulation. 1998;97:1597–1605.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Utsunomiya T,
Ogawa T, Doshi R, et al. Doppler color flow "proximal isovelocity
surface area" method for estimating volume flow rate: effects of
orifice shape and machine factor. J
Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:1103–1111.[Abstract]
-
Bland JM, Altman
DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of
clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307–310.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Reimold SC, Ganz
P, Bittl JA, et al. Effective aortic regurgitant orifice area:
description of a method based on the conservation mass.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:761–768.[Abstract]
-
Reimold SC, Byrne
JG, Caguioa ES, et al. Load dependence of the effective regurgitant
orifice area in a sheep model of aortic regurgitation.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:1085–1090.[Abstract]
-
Momma K, Toyama
K, Takao A, et al. Natural history of subarterial infundibular
ventricular septal defect. Am Heart
J. 1984;108:1312–1317.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Shandas R,
DeGroff CG, Kwon J, et al. Utility of three-dimensional ultrasound
Doppler flow reconstruction of the proximal jet to quantify effective
orifice area: in vitro steady and pulsatile flow stream.
J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1998;11:313–321.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Deng YB, Shiota
T, Shandas R, et al. Determination of the most appropriate velocity
threshold for applying hemispherical flow convergence equation to
calculate flow rate according to the transorifice pressure gradient:
digital computer analysis for Doppler color flow convergence region.
Circulation. 1993;88:1699–1708.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Shandas R, Gharib
M, Liepmann D, et al. Experimental studies to define the geometry of
the flow convergence region: laser Doppler particle tracking and color
Doppler imaging.
Echocardiography. 1992;9:43–50.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Zhang J, Shiota
T, Shandas R, et al. Effects of adjacent surfaces of different shapes
on regurgitant jet sizes: An in vitro study using color Doppler imaging
and laser-illuminated dye visualization.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:1522–1529. [Abstract]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M. S. Minette and D. J. Sahn Ventricular Septal Defects Circulation, November 14, 2006; 114(20): 2190 - 2197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G. DeGroff Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Color Doppler-Imaged Flow Convergence Region: Limitations Circulation, November 13, 2001; 104 (20): e106 - e106. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||