Published online before print September 4, 2001, doi: 10.1161/hc3801.097806
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(Circulation. 2001;104:1464.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Improved Arterial Compliance by a Novel Advanced Glycation End-Product Crosslink Breaker
From the Division of Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md (D.A.K., E.P.S., M.K., A.R.C.); the Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Md (A.S., E.G.L.); and Alteon Inc, Ramsey, NJ (R.C.D.). A. Scuteri is currently located at the INRCA, Rome, Italy.
This article originally appeared Online on September 4, 2001 (Circulation. 2001;104:r8–r14).Correspondence and reprint requests to David A. Kass, MD, Halsted 500, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287. E-mail dkass{at}bme.jhu.edu
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Abstract |
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Background— Arterial stiffening with increased pulse pressure is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the elderly. We tested whether ALT-711, a novel nonenzymatic breaker of advanced glycation end-product crosslinks, selectively improves arterial compliance and lowers pulse pressure in older individuals with vascular stiffening.
Methods and Results— Nine US centers recruited and randomly assigned subjects with resting arterial pulse pressures >60 mm Hg and systolic pressures >140 mm Hg to once-daily ALT-711 (210 mg; n=62) or placebo (n=31) for 56 days. Preexisting antihypertensive treatment (90% of subjects) was continued during the study. Morning upright blood pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, total arterial compliance, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and drug tolerability were assessed. ALT-711 netted a greater decline in pulse pressures than placebo (-5.3 versus -0.6 mm Hg at day 56; P=0.034 for treatment effect by repeated-measures ANOVA). Systolic pressure declined in both groups, but diastolic pressure fell less with ALT-711 (P=0.056). Mean pressure declined similarly in both groups (-4 mm Hg; P<0.01 for each group, P=0.34 for treatment effect). Total arterial compliance rose 15% in ALT-711–treated subjects versus no change with placebo (P=0.015 versus ALT-711), an effect that did not depend on reduced mean pressure. Pulse wave velocity declined 8% with ALT-711 (P<0.05 at day 56, P=0.08 for treatment effect). Systemic arterial resistance, cardiac output, and heart rate did not significantly change in either group.
Conclusions— ALT-711 improves total arterial compliance in aged humans with vascular stiffening, and it may provide a novel therapeutic approach for this abnormality, which occurs with aging, diabetes, and isolated systolic hypertension.
Key Words: ALT-711 • arteries • compliance • aging • glycosylation end products, advanced • hypertension
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Introduction |
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Arterial wall stiffening often occurs with aging and is exacerbated by diabetes and hypertension.1–3 It is the major cause of reduced total arterial compliance (CA) and increased central pulse-wave velocity, changes that both widen the pulse and disproportionately increase systolic pressure. A growing recognition that vascular stiffening and increased pulse pressure (PP) are dominant risk factors for cardiovascular disease,4–8 particularly among the elderly,9–12 is driving the search for novel agents that can specifically enhance CA and reduce pressure pulsatility.13,14
Artery compliance is determined by ambient mean pressure, endothelial function, vessel tone, and artery structure and composition. Current antihypertensive therapies focus on the first 3 factors,13,15 yet this can run the risk of reducing diastolic pressure while inadequately lowering PP.13,15–17 Treatments targeting structural factors remain largely unexplored. Among the latter are alterations in matrix proteins within the vessel wall from nonenzymatic crosslinks between glucose (or other reducing sugars) and amino groups that generate advanced glycation end-products (AGE).18,19 AGE accumulate slowly on long-lived proteins such as collagen and elastin to stiffen both arteries and the heart, and decreasing these crosslinks can enhance vessel and cardiac compliance in experimental animals.20–23
The new thiazolium derivative, ALT-711 (3-phenyacyl-4,5-dimethylthiazolium chloride), which catalytically breaks established AGE crosslinks between proteins,24 reduces arterial stiffening, slows pulse-wave velocity, enhances cardiac output, and improves LV diastolic distensibility in experimental animals.20,22,23 The present study tested whether ALT-711 improves CA and lowers PP in older human subjects with baseline vascular stiffening.
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Methods |
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Patients
A total of 93 individuals aged
50 years, with evidence of vascular stiffening (PP 60 mm Hg, systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg, and large artery compliance 
1.25 mL/mm Hg) were entered into the study. Concomitant antihypertensive treatment was permitted as long as it started at least 4 weeks before screening and was expected to continue unchanged throughout the study. Patients were excluded if they had a history of coronary angina, myocardial infarction, bypass surgery, coronary angioplasty, cerebrovascular accident, valvular disease, malignant hypertension, type 1 or unstable type 2 diabetes mellitus, documented autonomic neuropathy, chronic active pulmonary disease, atrial fibrillation, and New York Heart Association class II to IV heart failure. Laboratory exclusions were serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL, >3+ proteinuria, serum transaminases >1.5x normal, and known seropositivity for HIV, hepatitis C, or hepatitis B. Patients were recruited and screened from hypertension and general medicine clinics and hypertension databases. Subjects provided informed consent, and the Investigation/Ethics Review Board for each participating center approved the protocol.
Design and Procedures
Subjects were randomized to oral ALT-711 (210 mg, once per day) or placebo for 56 days. Randomization favoring ALT-711 (2:1) helped provide additional safety/tolerance data. Tablets containing 70 mg of ALT-711 or placebo of identical appearance were dispensed with instructions to take 3 tablets once a day at 
8 hours after an overnight fast. Both sponsor and investigators were blinded to treatment assignments during the study.
Patients underwent noninvasive cardiovascular testing and safety evaluations at a screening visit (which occurred 21 days before first dosing), at baseline (day 1), and over the subsequent 8-week study period. Physiological evaluations consisted of resting arm-cuff blood pressure, radial arterial tonometry, and echo-Doppler ultrasonography to assess vascular compliance,25,26 cardiac output, stroke volume (SV), peripheral resistance, and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. Full cardiovascular assessments (echo-Doppler and pressure/tonometry) were obtained at baseline, day 28, and day 56. Pressure-only data and clinical assessments were also obtained on day 3, and biweekly. Smoking and caffeine and alcohol consumption were prohibited 8 hours before and during testing.
Arm-cuff blood pressures were recorded in triplicate in an upright/seated position, after an overnight fast and before taking study medication. The average of the 2 latter recordings was used. Duplicate supine radial pulse waveforms and cuff pressures (CR-2000, HDI) were averaged. Pulse-Doppler waveforms (HP Sonos 5500 or equivalent) from the aortic root, right carotid, and femoral artery, with simultaneous ECG and 2D aorta annulus area images were obtained.
Vital signs, 12-lead ECG, clinical laboratory testing, and full physical examination were obtained at each visit. Adverse events were monitored by patient interview and/or observed adverse experiences.
Data Analysis
Mean artery pressure (MAP) was estimated using the following equation: [systolic blood pressure+(2xdiastolic blood pressure)]/3. Radial tracings from 30-second recordings were de-trended and calibrated to match mean and diastolic brachial pressures, on the basis of the similarity of these values to invasive measurements.27 Individual waveforms outside the 95% confidence interval of the mean were excluded, and remaining beats (typically >10) were processed by a 10-term autoregression-exogenous filter to synthesize central pressures.25,26 CA was determined by the area method28 and indirectly evaluated from the quotient of SV to resynthesized central PPs (SV/PP).29 The latter strongly correlates with CA in humans29 and predicts cardiovascular risk for patients with uncomplicated hypertension.30 The analysis used custom software and was blinded to subject, time point, and treatment.
Ultrasound data were recorded on tape and forwarded to a core laboratory (Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Md) for blinded analysis. SV was determined from the aortic annulus area times flow velocity integral. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was the external distance between carotid and femoral artery sites divided by wave propagation time. The latter was the time difference from the R wave of the QRS complex to the foot of each flow wave.
Statistical Analysis
As a proof-of-concept trial, there was no single end point and no prior ALT-711 data on which to make precise sample-size estimates. Using published single-center data, we estimated a sample size of 72 for 80% power to detect a 14% difference in PWV. Due to methodology and study design differences and the desire to obtain some additional preliminary data at selected sites, this was adjusted upward to 93. Post hoc analysis confirmed this sample size was adequate to detect an 11% change in PWV or CA at 80% power. The study was not powered for stratification on the basis of the presence or absence of diabetes or other cofactors such as sex, race, or preexisting drug therapy. Only 4 subjects dropped out of the study (2 in each study group); 2 for personal reasons and 2 due to symptoms (transient dizziness or atrial fibrillation, with concerns over potential drug-coumadin interaction; both in the ALT-711 group).
Statistical analysis was based on intention-to-treat, with last-value-carried-forward for missing data (eg, patient dropout, missing or un-interpretable Doppler image data). Drug-mediated effects were tested by a 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA (RMANOVA). Within-group changes were assessed by 1-way RNANOVA, with post hoc testing by paired ttests and Bonferroni correction. Data are presented as mean±SD.
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Results |
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Clinical characteristics and baseline hemodynamics are provided in Table 1. Type II diabetes was present in 25% of each group. Nearly 90% of subjects received at least one antihypertensive agent, usually an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker. There were no significant differences in CA, PWV, SV/PP, systemic vascular resistance, cardiac output, or heart rate. Pulse and diastolic pressures were borderline different between groups (P=0.06 for both).
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Influence of ALT-711 on Blood Pressure
PP declined in the ALT-711 group (P<0.0001 for within-group RMANOVA), but this effect was not observed in placebo (P=0.46). The net drug interaction was significant (P=0.033 for RMANOVA; Figure 1A), with a -5.3±9.9 mm Hg decline with ALT-711 at day 56 versus -0.6±8.2 mm Hg decline with placebo (P=0.02 between groups).
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The disproportionate decline in PP was not due to differences in mean pressure, which fell similarly by 3 to 5 mm Hg in both groups (P<0.015 in placebo, P<0.001 in ALT-711, P=0.34 for treatment-interaction). Systolic pressure (Figure 1C) declined in both groups (P=0.048 in placebo, P<0.0001 in ALT-711), with no significant treatment interaction. However, there was somewhat less decline in diastolic pressure with ALT-711 versus placebo (Figure 1D; P=0.058 for drug interaction) that contributed to the PP disparity.
ALT-711 Effects on CA and PWV
ALT-711 increased CA at day 28 nearly 15% (Figure 2A; P<0.005), and it remained significantly elevated at day 56 (P<0.05). CA was not altered with placebo (P=0.01 for treatment interaction). PWV (Figure 2B) was not significantly altered at day 28 (P>0.25 in both groups); however, it declined at day 56 in the ALT-711 group (-7%; P<0.05 versus baseline) while remaining unchanged in placebo (P=0.08 for treatment-time interaction, P=0.041 by analysis based on paired changes-versus-baseline). This is consistent with an early decline in PP in both groups but a subsequent disappearance of this change in placebo only. The SV/PP ratio (Figure 2C) strongly correlated with CA (r=0.95, P<0.00001), and it also declined in ALT-711 but not placebo-treated subjects (P=0.03). There was no relation between changes in SV/PP and heart rate (P>0.3). Cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, heart rate (Figures 2D through 2F), SV, and aortic root diameter (data not shown for latter two) were unaltered in either study group.
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P<0.01 vs baseline, 
P=0.09 vs baseline.
Although study treatment was fully randomized and blinded, baseline diastolic pressure was borderline higher in placebo, and PP was slightly lower. This is unlikely to reflect round-up bias, because that would apply to all patients equally. However, it raises a concern for a contribution of regression to the mean. We tested this by reanalyzing the data after excluding patients with a resting diastolic pressure 100 mm Hg and a PP 90 mm Hg (eliminating 4 patients in placebo and 8 in ALT-711 groups). The resulting subset had no significant (or borderline) baseline differences in diastolic pressure (84.9 versus 82.9 mm Hg; P>0.25), systolic pressure (155.7 versus 156.1 mm Hg; P>0.8), PP (70.7 versus 73.2 mm Hg; P>0.12), SV/PP ratio (1.38 versus 1.34; P>0.6), or CA (0.998 versus 0.928 mL/mm Hg; P>0.35). Despite this, all the primary findings remained the same: there were significant increases in CA and SV/PP in ALT-711 versus placebo (P=0.009 and P<0.03 respectively), a decline of 5 to 6 mm Hg in PP in ALT-711 (P<0.001) but not placebo (P=0.83, P=0.06 for interaction), and a fall in PWV by day 56 in ALT-711 (P<0.05) but not placebo.
ALT-711 Effects on CA Are Independent of Mean Pressure
Figure 3A displays the absolute change in CA versus the corresponding change in MAP in the same subject. To enhance display clarity, data from days 28 and 56 were bin-averaged over incremental 
MAP ranges. Covariance analysis of these relations was based on the raw (nonaveraged) data for combined and individual study day results. There was a significant negative correlation between the parameters in both study groups (P<0.05 for ALT-711; P<0.0005 for placebo) as expected, because vascular stiffness increases at higher MAPs. However, ALT-711 treatment shifted this data upward (P=0.001), demonstrating a greater rise in CA for any given change in MAP. This drug-interaction effect was significant at day 28 (P<0.001) and at day 56 (P<0.05), as well as for the combined analysis shown in Figure 3A.
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The ALT-711 effect on CA was particularly notable in those individuals in who MAP declined modestly (<3 mm Hg), was unchanged, or rose (Figure 3A; region noted by bracket). Compared with baseline, CA declined at day 28 and day 56 in placebo group, but increased with ALT-711. This occurred despite similar net increases in MAP for both groups (Figure 3B). The CA response difference was also not associated with differential responses in PP (P>0.4 at both time points).
Tolerability and Safety
ALT-711 was well tolerated, with a similar proportion of patients reporting an adverse experience in ALT-711 (n=34; 54.8%) and placebo (n=19; 61.3%) groups. Adverse experiences reported by at least 5% of patients are provided in Table 2. More serious events included 2 instances of atrial fibrillation, and one each of noncardiac chest pain, dizziness, uncontrolled hypertension, and lung neoplasm (the latter two occurred in placebo group). There was a modest increase in serum triglyceride levels in the ALT-711 (mean change, increase of 33.5 mg/dL at day 56 versus increase of 3.5 mg/dL in placebo group). There were no changes in any other laboratory parameters or ECGs during the study, including glycosylated hemoglobin.
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Discussion |
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Pharmacological Profile of ALT-711
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study shows that ALT-711 favorably impacts measures of vascular stiffening in older human subjects. The pharmacological profile of ALT-711 is fairly unique in that CA, PWV, and PP all changed without an apparent disproportionate decline in mean pressure, systemic resistance, cardiac output, or heart rate. The ALT-711 effect on CA was particularly striking (directionally opposite placebo) in individuals in whom mean pressure declined little or rose, again despite a lack of corresponding disparities in mean pressure.
The rapid onset of PP decline with ALT-711 was somewhat surprising, although it should be noted that differences between ALT-711 and placebo groups did not reach statistical significance until day 42. Experimental data do support AGE-crosslink breaker activity as early as 1 week,20 and unpublished in vitro results show substantial ALT-711 effects within hours. The apparent early decline in PP should also be considered in light of concomitant reductions in pulse and mean pressure in the placebo group. Such responses are common in hypertension trials and may relate to familiarization with the clinical environment.31 The early fall in PP with ALT-711 also likely included this effect, making the true drug-related time course more gradual.
These data are the first to suggest that AGE-crosslinks contribute to arterial stiffening in humans, supporting experimental studies performed in diabetic and nondiabetic models.20–23 These animal studies have also reported declines in systemic arterial resistance with ALT-711 (ranging from 25% to 40%), resulting in elevated cardiac output,20,22,23 and this change was not observed in the present study. Although a modest decline in systemic vascular resistance may have occurred yet been undetected due to measurement noise, it is highly unlikely that changes of the magnitude observed in animals were missed in error because our sample size provided more than adequate power to detect even 10% changes. Other potential causes for the disparity in systemic vascular resistance response may have been greater large-vessel stiffening in humans and the lack of anesthesia, which can influence baroreflexes. Finally, none of subjects had symptomatic ventricular hypertrophy or diastolic dysfunction, so whether ALT-711 enhances cardiac chamber distensibility in humans, as reported in several animal studies,22,23 remains unknown.
Methodological Limitations
We used an oscillometric device to assess arm cuff pressure. This commonly used method displays somewhat higher reproducibility than other approaches,32 which is an important consideration for our study. However, data also suggest that vascular stiffening can lead to overestimated systolic and diastolic pressures with the technique, particularly when compared with zero-reference sphygmomanometry.33 With lowered stiffening, one might observe a greater apparent decline in both blood pressures and a slight rise in PP.33 However, we found the opposite, with PP declining more and diastolic pressure falling less than with placebo.
We did not assess regional vascular distensibility (ie, pressure-dimension analysis) and although the parameters obtained are certainly influenced by central conduit stiffness,34,35 they are also sensitive to changes in small vessel capacitance and resistance. Clarification of the site(s) of ALT-711 effects awaits further study. Importantly, the parameters obtained provide important markers of cardiovascular risk.6,10,11,30 PWV was obtained using image-based nonsimultaneous analysis, which reflected practical concessions for this multicenter study. However, this likely contributed to increased signal noise.
Carotid tonometry was not performed because few centers had experience with the method, but this limited the analysis of wave reflections. Reconstructed central pressures cannot be used for this purpose, because there is insufficient high-frequency detail after band-pass filtering.26 We used radial (as opposed to brachial) tonometry to enhance signal reliability and standardization among centers. One drawback is that waveform calibration becomes indirect, requiring an assumed fixed weighting of systole/diastole to estimate mean pressure from arm cuff data. Real changes in wave-shape can alter this weighting, and assuming it constant might result in underestimation of MAP decline or overestimation of CA rise. However, for this to have contributed to a directional bias between groups requires an undetected, greater decline in systemic vascular resistance with ALT-711. As noted, our study was adequately powered to detect modest changes in systemic vascular resistance, so a substantial yet undetected disparity was unlikely. Finally, although the HDI radial-pulse waveforms seem similar to those obtained by applanation tonometry,25 they has not been directly compared with intra-arterial recordings.
The 2:1 randomization to ALT-711 provided additional safety/tolerance data, and it also enhanced the statistical power for revealing within-subject changes in the larger group. However, it did not necessarily favor revealing between-group treatment effects, which was our major focus. Because most subjects were concomitantly treated with various antihypertension therapies, the subset without treatment was too small to test the impact of therapy per se on the ALT-711 response. The study was also not powered to test the effect of diabetes mellitus on the ALT-711 response. Furthermore, inclusion of diabetes as an additional categorical variable did not alter the significance of drug treatment on any of the affected parameters. Only one dose of ALT-711 was studied, and short- and long-term safety data and identification of the full range of side effects awaits further study. Finally, ALT-711 may have sustained effects21,22 that could ultimately influence optimal dosing for humans, and this too remains to be determined.
Clinical Implications and Future Directions
ALT-711 seems to target larger compliance arteries by interacting with the structural molecules in the vessel wall. Its ability to reduce age-associated vascular stiffening without lowering systemic resistance, even in subjects with no change or an increase in mean pressure, suggests it may offer a novel therapeutic option to reduce PP. Nearly half of individuals older than 60 years have systolic pressures >160 mm Hg and diastolic pressures <90 to 95 mm Hg. In such patients, increased arterial stiffness interacts with even modest changes in systemic resistance to elevate systolic pressure and PP. Current treatment often focuses on lowering vascular volume or reducing smooth muscle tone, which can reduce both systolic and diastolic pressures, resulting in less fall in PP and suboptimal therapeutic benefit.13,15,16 Nitrates can selectively affect systolic pressures,36 although hysteresis and other factors have limited their use. ACE inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers, and nonpharmacological interventions such as exercise also improve large vessel compliance37–39; however the independence of these effects from mean pressure is less certain. The present data show that ALT-711 can be effective, even in the presence of concomitant use of an ACE inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker or calcium channel blocker. Thus, ALT-711 exerts additive effects by a presumably different mechanism.
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Conclusion |
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In summary, ALT-711, an agent that reverses AGE crosslinking, improves CA and reduces arterial PP in older individuals with a stiffened vasculature. The likely ability of ALT-711 to target large vessel stiffness represents a novel hemodynamic profile and offers a promising new approach to reduce vascular stiffening and PP.
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Appendix |
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Study Investigators
David Kass, Baltimore, Md, Principal Investigator; George Bakris, Chicago, Ill; Alan Bank, St Paul, Minn; Deanna Cheung, Long Beach, Calif; Stephen Glasser, Minneapolis, Minn; Edward Lakatta, Baltimore, Md; Joel Neutel, Orange, Calif; Leopoldo Raij, Minneapolis, Minn; Elijah Saunders, Baltimore, Md; and Edward Shapiro, Baltimore, Md.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by a National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program and a grant from Alteon Inc. The authors acknowledge the assistance of John Egan and Jan Lessem in developing the study protocol, Margaret Douglas for data analysis, and Patricia Fitzgerald for clinical coordination.
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Footnotes |
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Dr deGroof is employed by and received stock options from Alteon, Inc, and Dr Kass was recently asked to consult for Alteon.
A complete list of study investigators can be found in the Appendix.
Received August 16, 2001; accepted August 17, 2001.
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References |
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J. S. Orr, A. L. Dengo, J. M. Rivero, and K. P. Davy Arterial Destiffening With Atorvastatin in Overweight and Obese Middle-Aged and Older Adults Hypertension, October 1, 2009; 54(4): 763 - 768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Nilsson, P. Boutouyrie, and S. Laurent Vascular Aging: A Tale of EVA and ADAM in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and Prevention Hypertension, July 1, 2009; 54(1): 3 - 10. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Karalliedde, A. Smith, L. DeAngelis, V. Mirenda, A. Kandra, J. Botha, P. Ferber, and G. Viberti Valsartan Improves Arterial Stiffness in Type 2 Diabetes Independently of Blood Pressure Lowering Hypertension, June 1, 2008; 51(6): 1617 - 1623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Osranek, J. H. Eisenach, B. K. Khandheria, K. Chandrasekaran, J. B. Seward, and M. Belohlavek Arterioventricular Coupling and Ventricular Efficiency After Antihypertensive Therapy: A Noninvasive Prospective Study Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 275 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. O'Rourke and J. Hashimoto Mechanical Factors in Arterial Aging: A Clinical Perspective J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 3, 2007; 50(1): 1 - 13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Lee, C. Shirodaria, C. E Jackson, M. D Robson, C. Antoniades, J. M Francis, F. Wiesmann, K. M Channon, S. Neubauer, and R. P Choudhury Multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging quantifies atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, March 1, 2007; 4(1): 44 - 48. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. Laurent, J. Cockcroft, L. Van Bortel, P. Boutouyrie, C. Giannattasio, D. Hayoz, B. Pannier, C. Vlachopoulos, I. Wilkinson, H. Struijker-Boudier, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2006; 27(21): 2588 - 2605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Payne and D. J. Webb Arterial Blood Pressure and Stiffness in Hypertension: Is Arterial Structure Important? Hypertension, September 1, 2006; 48(3): 366 - 367. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Goldin, J. A. Beckman, A. M. Schmidt, and M. A. Creager Advanced Glycation End Products: Sparking the Development of Diabetic Vascular Injury Circulation, August 8, 2006; 114(6): 597 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A.-I. Tropeano, P. Boutouyrie, B. Pannier, R. Joannides, E. Balkestein, S. Katsahian, B. Laloux, C. Thuillez, H. Struijker-Boudier, and S. Laurent Brachial Pressure-Independent Reduction in Carotid Stiffness After Long-Term Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition in Diabetic Hypertensives Hypertension, July 1, 2006; 48(1): 80 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Demiot, M. Tartas, B. Fromy, P. Abraham, J. L. Saumet, and D. Sigaudo-Roussel Aldose reductase pathway inhibition improved vascular and C-fiber functions, allowing for pressure-induced vasodilation restoration during severe diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes, May 1, 2006; 55(5): 1478 - 1483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Safar, S. Czernichow, and J. Blacher Obesity, Arterial Stiffness, and Cardiovascular Risk J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2006; 17(4_suppl_2): S109 - S111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Demiot, B. Fromy, J. L. Saumet, and D. Sigaudo-Roussel Preservation of pressure-induced cutaneous vasodilation by limiting oxidative stress in short-term diabetic mice Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2006; 69(1): 245 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A L Pauca, N D Kon, and M F O'Rourke Benefit of glyceryl trinitrate on arterial stiffness is directly due to effects on peripheral arteries Heart, November 1, 2005; 91(11): 1428 - 1432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Najjar, A. Scuteri, and E. G. Lakatta Arterial Aging: Is It an Immutable Cardiovascular Risk Factor? Hypertension, September 1, 2005; 46(3): 454 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Gaillard, D. Casellas, C. Seguin-Devaux, H. Schohn, M. Dauca, J. Atkinson, and I. Lartaud Pioglitazone Improves Aortic Wall Elasticity in a Rat Model of Elastocalcinotic Arteriosclerosis Hypertension, August 1, 2005; 46(2): 372 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. Schram, C. G. Schalkwijk, A. H. Bootsma, J. H. Fuller, N. Chaturvedi, C. D.A. Stehouwer, and on behalf of the EURODIAB Prospective Complication Advanced Glycation End Products Are Associated With Pulse Pressure in Type 1 Diabetes: The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 232 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Roman, R. B. Devereux, J. E. Schwartz, M. D. Lockshin, S. A. Paget, A. Davis, M. K. Crow, L. Sammaritano, D. M. Levine, B.-A. Shankar, et al. Arterial Stiffness in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 194 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Kass Ventricular Arterial Stiffening: Integrating the Pathophysiology Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 185 - 193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L. Moreau, K. M. Gavin, A. E. Plum, and D. R. Seals Ascorbic Acid Selectively Improves Large Elastic Artery Compliance in Postmenopausal Women Hypertension, June 1, 2005; 45(6): 1107 - 1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Mazzaro, S. J. Almasi, R. Shandas, D. R. Seals, and P. E. Gates Aortic Input Impedance Increases With Age in Healthy Men and Women Hypertension, June 1, 2005; 45(6): 1101 - 1106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Zieman, V. Melenovsky, and D. A. Kass Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Therapy of Arterial Stiffness Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2005; 25(5): 932 - 943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Pepe and E. G. Lakatta Aging hearts and vessels: Masters of adaptation and survival Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 190 - 193. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. H. Dao, R. Essalihi, C. Bouvet, and P. Moreau Evolution and modulation of age-related medial elastocalcinosis: Impact on large artery stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 307 - 317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-G. Wang, J. A. Staessen, S. S. Franklin, R. Fagard, and F. Gueyffier Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Lowering as Determinants of Cardiovascular Outcome Hypertension, May 1, 2005; 45(5): 907 - 913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. K. Kilhovd, A. Juutilainen, S. Lehto, T. Ronnemaa, P. A. Torjesen, K. I. Birkeland, T. J. Berg, K. F. Hanssen, and M. Laakso High Serum Levels of Advanced Glycation End Products Predict Increased Coronary Heart Disease Mortality in Nondiabetic Women but not in Nondiabetic Men: A Population-Based 18-Year Follow-Up Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2005; 25(4): 815 - 820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Smith, J. Karalliedde, L. De Angelis, D. Goldsmith, and G. Viberti Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity and Albuminuria in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., April 1, 2005; 16(4): 1069 - 1075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. O'Rourke and W. W. Nichols Aortic Diameter, Aortic Stiffness, and Wave Reflection Increase With Age and Isolated Systolic Hypertension Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 652 - 658. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Tajaddini, D. L. Kilpatrick, P. Schoenhagen, E. M. Tuzcu, M. Lieber, and D. G. Vince Impact of age and hyperglycemia on the mechanical behavior of intact human coronary arteries: an ex vivo intravascular ultrasound study Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): H250 - H255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. V. Nair, D. Waters, W. Rogers, G. J. Kowalchuk, T. D. Stuckey, and D. M. Herrington Pulse Pressure and Coronary Atherosclerosis Progression in Postmenopausal Women Hypertension, January 1, 2005; 45(1): 53 - 57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Miyachi, H. Kawano, J. Sugawara, K. Takahashi, K. Hayashi, K. Yamazaki, I. Tabata, and H. Tanaka Unfavorable Effects of Resistance Training on Central Arterial Compliance: A Randomized Intervention Study Circulation, November 2, 2004; 110(18): 2858 - 2863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-L. Wautier and A. M. Schmidt Protein Glycation: A Firm Link to Endothelial Cell Dysfunction Circ. Res., August 6, 2004; 95(3): 233 - 238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. B. Wilkinson, S. S. Franklin, and J. R. Cockcroft Nitric Oxide and the Regulation of Large Artery Stiffness: From Physiology to Pharmacology Hypertension, August 1, 2004; 44(2): 112 - 116. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Forbes, L. T. L. Yee, V. Thallas, M. Lassila, R. Candido, K. A. Jandeleit-Dahm, M. C. Thomas, W. C. Burns, E. K. Deemer, S. R. Thorpe, et al. Advanced Glycation End Product Interventions Reduce Diabetes-Accelerated Atherosclerosis Diabetes, July 1, 2004; 53(7): 1813 - 1823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.M. Dijk, Y. van der Graaf, D.E. Grobbee, J.D. Banga, M.L. Bots, and on behalf of the SMART Study Group Increased Arterial Stiffness Is Independently Related to Cerebrovascular Disease and Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta: The Second Manifestations of Arterial Disease (SMART) Study Stroke, July 1, 2004; 35(7): 1642 - 1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. De Angelis, S. C. Millasseau, A. Smith, G. Viberti, R. H. Jones, J. M. Ritter, and P. J. Chowienczyk Sex Differences in Age-Related Stiffening of the Aorta in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Hypertension, July 1, 2004; 44(1): 67 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Scuteri, S. S. Najjar, D. C. Muller, R. Andres, H. Hougaku, E. J. Metter, and E. G. Lakatta Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 21, 2004; 43(8): 1388 - 1395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. S. Hees, J. L. Fleg, S.-J. Dong, and E. P. Shapiro MRI and echocardiographic assessment of the diastolic dysfunction of normal aging: altered LV pressure decline or load? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): H782 - H788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. Schram, R. M.A Henry, R. A.J.M van Dijk, P. J. Kostense, J. M. Dekker, G. Nijpels, R. J. Heine, L. M. Bouter, N. Westerhof, and C. D.A. Stehouwer Increased Central Artery Stiffness in Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes: The Hoorn Study Hypertension, February 1, 2004; 43(2): 176 - 181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Liu, M. R. Masurekar, D. E. Vatner, G. N. Jyothirmayi, T. J. Regan, S. F. Vatner, L. G. Meggs, and A. Malhotra Glycation end-product cross-link breaker reduces collagen and improves cardiac function in aging diabetic heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2587 - H2591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Safar and P. Laurent Pulse pressure and arterial stiffness in rats: comparison with humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2003; 285(4): H1363 - H1369. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Lawrenson, J. G. Poole, J. Kim, C. Brown, P. Patel, and R. S. Richardson Vascular and metabolic response to isolated small muscle mass exercise: effect of age Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 7, 2003; 285(3): H1023 - H1031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. L. Medley, B. A. Kingwell, C. D. Gatzka, P. Pillay, and T. J. Cole Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Genotype Contributes to Age-Related Aortic Stiffening Through Modulation of Gene and Protein Expression Circ. Res., June 13, 2003; 92(11): 1254 - 1261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.-H. Mak and D. P. Faxon Clinical studies on coronary revascularization in patients with type 2 diabetes Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2003; 24(12): 1087 - 1103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M.A. Henry, P. J. Kostense, A. M.W. Spijkerman, J. M. Dekker, G. Nijpels, R. J. Heine, O. Kamp, N. Westerhof, L. M. Bouter, and C. D.A. Stehouwer Arterial Stiffness Increases With Deteriorating Glucose Tolerance Status: The Hoorn Study Circulation, April 29, 2003; 107(16): 2089 - 2095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Candido, J. M. Forbes, M. C. Thomas, V. Thallas, R. G. Dean, W. C. Burns, C. Tikellis, R. H. Ritchie, S. M. Twigg, M. E. Cooper, et al. A Breaker of Advanced Glycation End Products Attenuates Diabetes-Induced Myocardial Structural Changes Circ. Res., April 18, 2003; 92(7): 785 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. Oliver and D. J. Webb Noninvasive Assessment of Arterial Stiffness and Risk of Atherosclerotic Events Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2003; 23(4): 554 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. L Moreau, A. J Donato, D. R Seals, C. A DeSouza, and H. Tanaka Regular exercise, hormone replacement therapy and the age-related decline in carotid arterial compliance in healthy women Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2003; 57(3): 861 - 868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kawaguchi, I. Hay, B. Fetics, and D. A. Kass Combined Ventricular Systolic and Arterial Stiffening in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: Implications for Systolic and Diastolic Reserve Limitations Circulation, February 11, 2003; 107(5): 714 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. G. Lakatta and D. Levy Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises: Part I: Aging Arteries: A "Set Up" for Vascular Disease Circulation, January 7, 2003; 107(1): 139 - 146. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. G. Lage, L. Kopel, C. C. J. Medeiros, R. T. Carvalho, and M. A. Creager Angiotensin II contributes to arterial compliance in congestive heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): H1424 - H1429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Cohen-Solal Diastolic heart failure: myth or reality? Eur J Heart Fail, August 1, 2002; 4(4): 395 - 400. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Goldsmith, R. MacGinley, A. Smith, and A. Covic How important and how treatable is vascular stiffness as a cardiovascular risk factor in renal failure? Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2002; 17(6): 965 - 969. [Full Text] [PDF]
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