Published online before print May 6, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000016643.34907.17
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(Circulation. 2002;105:2367.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Bypass Surgery Versus Stenting for the Treatment of Multivessel Disease in Patients With Unstable Angina Compared With Stable Angina
From the University Hospital Rotterdam, Dijkzigt, Thoraxcenter, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (P.J.d.F., P.W.S.); Klinik für Herzchirurgie, Landeskliniken, Salzburg, Austria (F.U.); Rambam Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel (R.B., S.M.); Cardialysis B.V., Rotterdam, the Netherlands (V.d.V., W.L.); Christian Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany (R.S.); Klinik für Kardiologie, Kiel, Germany (D.R.); St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (P.A.C., E.M.); Academic Hospital Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium (P.v.d.H., C.v.C.); and Vancouver Hospital and Health Science Centre, Vancouver, Canada (I.P., G.F.O.T.).
Correspondence to P.J. de Feyter, MD, University Hospital Rotterdam, Thoraxcenter Bd 410, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands. E-mail defeyter{at}card.azr.nl
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Abstract |
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Background— Earlier reports have shown that the outcome of balloon angioplasty or bypass surgery in unstable angina is less favorable than in stable angina. Recent improvements in percutaneous treatment (stent implantation) and bypass surgery (arterial grafts) warrant reevaluation of the relative merits of either technique in treatment of unstable angina.
Methods and Results— Seven hundred fifty-five patients with stable angina were randomly assigned to coronary stenting (374) or bypass surgery (381), and 450 patients with unstable angina were randomly assigned to coronary stenting (226) or bypass surgery (224). All patients had multivessel disease considered to be equally treatable by either technique. Freedom from major adverse events, including death, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular events, at 1 year was not different in unstable patients (91.2% versus 88.9%) and stable patients (90.4% versus 92.6%) treated, respectively, with coronary stenting or bypass surgery. Freedom from repeat revascularization at 1 year was similar in unstable and stable angina treated with stenting (79.2% versus 78.9%) or bypass surgery (96.3% versus 96%) but was significantly higher in both unstable and stable patients treated with stenting (16.8% versus 16.9%) compared with bypass surgery (3.6% versus 3.5%). Neither the difference in costs between stented or bypassed stable or unstable angina ($2594 versus $3627) nor the cost-effectiveness was significantly different at 1 year.
Conclusions— There was no difference in rates of death, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular event at 1 year in patients with unstable angina and multivessel disease treated with either stented angioplasty or bypass surgery compared with patients with stable angina. The rate of repeat revascularization of both unstable and stable angina was significantly higher in patients with stents.
Key Words: angioplasty • revascularization • stents • surgery
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Introduction |
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There is uncertainty as to the appropriate intervention, bypass surgery or percutaneous intervention, required for the treatment of unstable angina. Coronary artery bypass surgery is highly effective in relieving ischemic symptoms, but earlier studies reported a higher perioperative mortality rate in unstable patients, particularly when performed early after myocardial infarction (MI).1– 4 Late survival and sustained symptom relief is excellent after surgery for unstable angina.5
Recent improvements in bypass surgery, notably the use of arterial grafts, have made the procedure safer and more effective, although the presence of instability at the time of surgery is still a predictor of increased perioperative risk.6–10
Balloon angioplasty for unstable angina was less successful and associated with a higher complication rate and late restenosis rate compared with balloon angioplasty for stable angina.11–15 The adjunctive treatment with platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors has significantly reduced the 30-day major complication rate,16–19 and the Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting (EPI-STENT) trial demonstrated that stent implantation combined with platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors for treatment of predominantly single-vessel disease (90%) achieved similar results in unstable patients compared with stable patients.20
Recent randomized trials comparing surgery and percutaneous intervention for the treatment of multivessel disease have shown that both treatments were associated with similar death and MI rates, but they have not specifically addressed the outcome in unstable patients compared with stable patients.21–24
In this prespecified subanalysis of the Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study (ARTS) trial, the clinical outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness of treatment of patients with multivessel disease and unstable angina were compared with those of patients with stable angina who were randomized to either percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using arterial grafts.
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Methods |
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Patients
ARTS is a randomized trial comparing PCI versus CABG. Patients with multivessel disease and a left ventricular ejection of at least 30% were included if they were deemed equally treatable with either technique by consensus of cardiac surgeon and interventional cardiologist. After providing written informed consent, the patients were randomized to either CABG or PCI. Patients with left main stem stenosis, prior CABG or PCI, transmural MI within the previous week, history of prior cerebrovascular accident (CVA), concomitant severe hepatic or renal disease, need for other major surgery, intolerance or contraindication to acetyl salicylic acid or ticlopidine, or presence of leucopenia, neutropenia, or thrombocytopenia were excluded. Recruitment took place between April 1997 and June 1998. The clinical outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness are being determined at 30 days and 1, 3, and 5 years. Details and results of the main trial are provided elsewhere.25
Classification and Revascularization of Patients
Patients were classified as having stable angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society class 1 through 4),26 silent ischemia, or unstable angina (Braunwald classification I B, C through III B, C).27 They must have had at least 2 de novo coronary lesions located in different vessels. At least 1 stent per patient had to be implanted, but the total number of stents was not restricted. For the purpose of this study, the Cordis Palmaz Crown stent and the Crossflex stent were used for stent implantation. Whenever feasible, the internal mammary artery had to be used for revascularization of the left anterior descending coronary artery or the diagonal branches.
End Points
The primary end point was defined as the absence of any of the following major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) within 12 months after randomization: death, CVA, documented nonfatal MI, or repeat revascularization by PCI or CABG. All deaths, cardiac and noncardiac, were reported. Cerebrovascular events were classified into 3 categories: stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and reversible ischemic neurological deficits. All MIs were counted as events, whether occurring spontaneously or as a periprocedural complication during PCI or CABG.
The Minnesota Code for pathological Q waves was used.28 The serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and CK muscular brain (CK-MB) were sampled at 6, 12, and 18 hours after intervention, and their ratios were calculated. Within the first 7 days after intervention, a definite diagnosis of MI was made if new Q waves were documented together with 1 sampled ratio of CK-MB >10% or 1 plasma level of CK-MB 5 times the upper limit of normal.29 After 7 days, either Q-wave or enzymatic elevation were sufficient as criteria for MI.
A core laboratory analyzed relevant electrocardiograms, and the diagnosis of MI was made after adjudication by a clinical event committee. Repeat revascularization was performed if patients had recurrent angina. The choice between (repeat) PCI and (repeat) CABG was left to the discretion of the investigator.
Costs and cost-effectiveness of both techniques were compared at 1 year. Costs were limited to the direct medical costs per patient, calculated as the product of each patient’s use of resources and the corresponding unit cost. The cost-effectiveness was calculated using MACCE event-free survival as the measure of effectiveness. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is defined as the additional costs per additional year of MACCE-free survival.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as mean±SD and were compared using the unpaired Student’s t test. The Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables. The Wilcoxon scores were used for categorical variables with an ordinal scale. Discrete variables were expressed as counts and percentages and were compared in terms of relative risks (for CABG compared with PCI) with 95% CI.30 All analyses were based on the intention-to-treat principle, and statistical tests were 2-tailed. Event-free survival distribution was estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier method, and the overall incidence of MACCE was tested using the log-rank test.
Cost are expressed in United States dollars and calculated by multiplying resource use, documented by the investigators, with unit cost from the Netherlands. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were expressed with 95% CIs.31
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Results |
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A total of 1205 stable and unstable patients were randomly assigned to stent implantation (total, 600 patients; stable, 374; unstable, 226) or bypass surgery (total, 605 patients; stable, 381; unstable, 224). The baseline characteristics (demographic and angiographic) were not different among the 4 groups of patients (Table 1). Most patients had 1 or more risk factors, and two thirds of patients presently or formerly smoked. Only 8% to 10% had silent ischemia, and these patients were classified as having stable angina. Most of the patients had a significant obstruction of the left anterior descending coronary artery.
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Patients with unstable angina had a similar number of stenotic lesions as those with stable angina (Table 2). The number of treated stenoses was also not significantly different among the 4 groups. As per protocol, the left anterior descending artery was bypassed with the use of an arterial conduit in almost all cases.
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Clinical Outcomes
Absence of MACCE at 1 year in stented unstable patients was not statistically different compared with stable patients and surgically treated unstable and stable patients (Table 3 and Figure, A). However, the patients, unstable or stable, who underwent CABG had a significantly higher absence of MACCE at 1 year compared with those who were stented. This was mainly attributable to the higher frequency of revascularizations in the stented group (Figure,C), whereas there were no significant differences between the rates of death, MI, or CVA (Figure,B).
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Absence of MACCE at 1 year was not statistically different in stented unstable patients classified according to Braunwald classification (class I, 73%; class II, 74%; and class III, 77%) or in bypass patients (class I, 88%; class II, 87%; class III, 81%).
At 1 year, 77%, 83%, 90%, and 89%, respectively, of the stented patients with stable or unstable angina or bypassed patients with stable or unstable angina were angina free. A total of 18% of the stable and 21% of the unstable stented patients were angina and medication free, compared with 42% of the stable and 34% of the unstable bypassed patients (P<0.003).
Cost
At the end of 1 year, the average total costs per patient with stable angina were $12 960 for CABG versus $10 368 for stenting (a difference of $2592) compared with $14 783 versus $11 156 (a difference of $3627) in patients with unstable angina (Table 4). This difference in cost was largely attributable to the higher costs of both the initial and follow-up hospitalization.
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There was no significant difference in MACCE event-free survival between the 2 treatments, which was 11% for unstable angina and 15.7% for stable angina (Table 4). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio in favor of stenting compared with bypass surgery was $16 530 for patients with stable angina compared with $32 983 for patients with unstable angina.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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At the time of the conception of the ARTS trial, there were no studies available about the relative merits of modern surgical or percutaneous revascularization techniques with regard to the outcome of treatment of multivessel disease in unstable patients with angina compared with stable patients. The ARTS trial offered the opportunity to investigate whether there are differences in outcome between unstable and stable patients undergoing either bypass surgery with arterial grafts or percutaneous intervention with stent implantation.
This subanalysis demonstrated that there were no significant differences in early and 1-year major adverse events between patients with unstable and stable angina undergoing either treatment modality. However, the need for repeat revascularization was significantly higher for both stable and unstable patients undergoing stent implantation, whereas there was no difference in repeat revascularization rate between unstable and stable patients.
Earlier trials21 comparing balloon angioplasty without stent implantation with CABG demonstrated that the difference of freedom of MACCE between angioplasty and surgery was 
30%, which was almost entirely attributable to the greater need for repeat revascularization in the angioplasty group. This 30% difference has now been reduced by half, to 11% for unstable patients and 16% for stable patients, with the use of stenting. Additional improvements in stent technology, such as drug-eluting stents, may additionally reduce this difference in event-free survival between PCI and CABG.32
The efficacy of new treatments must be weighed against their costs. The respective difference in costs at 1 year was less for stenting both in unstable patients ($3627) and stable patients ($2592). This implies that if an approach of bypass surgery rather than stenting was pursued, the cost of each additional patient who survives event free would be $32 983 for unstable patients compared with $16 530 for stable patients.
Limitations
The patients randomized in this study may not be representative of all patients with multivessel disease undergoing revascularization procedures because of the prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria and the requirement for a consensus between cardiologist and surgeon on equal treatability. This is further exemplified by the fact that only a small portion of the total number of screened patients with multivessel disease were actually enrolled in the study. In addition, patients with significant left main disease and patients with refractory unstable angina were excluded from this study.
This study is a subanalysis, albeit prespecified, and hence suffers from inherent limitations, such as the lack of sufficient power because of the limited number of patients in the subgroups to provide definite answers.
Conclusions
There is no difference in the rate of major adverse events in unstable patients with multivessel disease treated with either stented angioplasty or bypass surgery using arterial grafts compared with stable patients. In addition, the need for repeat revascularization in unstable patients undergoing stenting or bypass surgery was similar compared with stable patients. However, the overall need for repeat revascularization was significantly higher in stented patients compared with bypass surgery patients. The cost and cost-effectiveness in patients with unstable angina was not different from stable angina, although overall stenting was a cost-effective alternative to surgery.
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Acknowledgments |
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The authors are indebted to Dr Brian Firth for his careful review of the manuscript.
Received December 17, 2001; revision received March 14, 2002; accepted March 14, 2002.
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