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(Circulation. 2004;110:3803-3807.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.

Heart Failure

Both Cell Fusion and Transdifferentiation Account for the Transformation of Human Peripheral Blood CD34-Positive Cells Into Cardiomyocytes In Vivo

Sui Zhang, MD, PhD; Dachun Wang, MD; Zeev Estrov, MD; Sean Raj; James T. Willerson, MD; Edward T.H. Yeh, MD

From the Departments of Cardiology (S.Z., S.R., E.T.H.Y.) and Bioimmunotherapy (Z.E.), University of Texas-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; the Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center (D.W., J.T.W., E.T.H.Y.); and the Texas Heart Institute/St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital (J.T.W., E.T.H.Y.), Houston, Tex.

Correspondence to Edward T.H. Yeh, MD, University of Texas-M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Faculty Bldg, Room 2036, 3rd Floor, Box 449, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail etyeh{at}mdanderson.org

Received June 2, 2004; revision received September 1, 2004; accepted September 21, 2004.

	Abstract

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Background— Adult human peripheral blood CD34-positive (CD34⁺) cells appear to transform into cardiomyocytes in the injured hearts of severe combined immunodeficient mice. It remains unclear, however, whether the apparent transformation is the result of transdifferentiation of the donor stem cells or of fusion of the donor cell with the cardiomyocyte of the recipients.

Methods and Results— We performed flow cytometry analyses of cells isolated from the hearts of mice that received human CD34⁺ cells. Human HLA-ABC antigen and cardiac troponin T or Nkx2.5 were used as markers for cardiomyocytes derived from human CD34⁺ cells, and HLA-ABC and VE-cadherin were used to identify the transformed endothelial cells. The double-positive cells were collected and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to detect the expression of human and mouse X chromosomes in these cells. We found that 73.3% of nuclei derived from HLA⁺ and troponin T⁺ or Nkx2.5⁺ cardiomyocytes contain both human and mouse X chromosomes and 23.7% contain only human X chromosome. In contrast, the nuclei of HLA^–, troponin T⁺ cells contain only mouse X chromosomes. Furthermore, 97.3% of endothelial cells derived from CD34⁺ cells contained human X chromosome only.

Conclusions— Thus, both cell fusion and transdifferentiation may account for the transformation of peripheral blood CD34⁺ cells into cardiomyocytes in vivo.

Key Words: antigens, CD34 • stem cell • cardiomyocyte • cell fusion

	Introduction

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Stem cells of different origins have been observed to develop into a variety of cell types including cardiomyocytes,¹ hepatocytes, and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract² after transplantation. The nature of this transformation, however, is unclear. Different research groups, using different detection methods in different experimental settings, have proposed different mechanisms for the apparent transformation of stem cells into cells of a variety of tissues.^3–6 Some investigators attribute this transformation to the transdifferentiation potential of stem cells.^1,2,6,7 Others have demonstrated that this apparent transformation is a result of cell fusion.^3,4,8–10 It is widely known that stem cells of various origins can develop into cardiomyocytes. Many investigators have demonstrated that bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells, adult mesenchymal stem cells,¹ hematopoietic stem cells in peripheral blood,^11,12 cardiac progenitor cells,¹³ and adult cardiac stem cells¹⁴ home to the heart and transform into cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. Most investigators attribute the phenotypic conversion to transdifferentiation.^1,12,14 Recently, one report demonstrated that cell fusion¹³ is responsible for the transformation. We previously reported that human peripheral blood CD34-positive (CD34⁺) cells may develop into cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells in the injured hearts of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice.¹¹ Because the mechanism of the phenotypic transformation is important in evaluating the clinical feasibility of potential cellular therapy for heart failure, we have addressed the question of whether transformation of the CD34⁺ cells into cardiomyocytes is the result of transdifferentiation of the injected stem cells or fusion between donor cells and the cardiomyocytes of the recipient.

	Methods

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Animals
Female SCID mice (C3H, Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine) weighing 14 to 18 g were used in the study. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of the University of Texas Health Science Center and the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center approved all animal procedures, including human cell injections.

Induction of Myocardial Infarction and CD34⁺ Cell Transplantation
Experimental myocardial infarction (MI) was induced via a method described previously.¹¹ Two million human peripheral CD34⁺ cells were injected into the left ventricles of mice (n=7) 30 to 40 minutes after MI was induced. Control mice (n=3) received the same MI procedure but no cell transplantation.

Isolation of CD34⁺ Cells From Human Peripheral Blood
We performed CD34⁺ fractionation using immunomagnetic beads as previously described.^11,15

Tissue Harvesting and Cell Isolation
The hearts were harvested 60 days after cell transplantation or MI (control animals). A published method¹⁶ was modified slightly and used to isolate cells from the heart. Briefly, the heart was cut into 6 pieces and placed in a 10-mL beaker containing 2 mL of the enzymatic solution, ADS buffer containing elastase (0.3 mg/mL, Worthington Biochemical), type II collagenase (0.21 mg/mL, Worthington Biochemical), and pancreatin (0.6 mg/mL, Sigma). The tissues were then incubated repeatedly at 37°C for 15 minutes each time. The isolated cells were filtered through a cell strainer with a pore size of 70 µm, fixed (20 minutes at 4°C) with the Cytofix/Cytoperm kit (BD Biosciences Pharmingen), and stored at 4°C overnight before fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis.

Flow Cytometry Detection and Cell Sorting
The filtered cells were permeabilized with the Cytoperm wash kit (BD Biosciences Pharmingen) for 20 minutes at 4°C and incubated with a monoclonal antibody against cardiac troponin T (1:200, clone 1A11, Advanced ImmunoChemical, Long Beach, Calif) or with nonspecific mouse IgG-2_b for 30 minutes at 4°C. After 3 washes, the cells were incubated with goat anti-mouse IgG (1:1000) conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 (Molecular Probes) for 30 minutes at 4°C. In a separate set of experiments, mouse heart cells were incubated with a polyclonal antibody (goat, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, Calif) against a cardiac-specific transcription factor, Nkx2.5, or with nonspecific goat IgG for 30 minutes at 4°C. Cells were washed and incubated with chicken anti-goat IgG (1:1000) conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 for 30 minutes at 4°C. After 3 washes, cells incubated with anti–cardiac troponin or with anti-Nkx2.5 were incubated again with phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated anti-human HLA-ABC (clone W6/32, Cedarlane Laboratories, Homby, Ontario, Canada) or PE-conjugated mouse IgG-2_a for 30 minutes. For endothelial cell detection, isolated cells were incubated first with anti–vascular endothelium (VE)–cadherin (1:100, Bender MedSystems, Calif), then with the secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488. Cells were analyzed and sorted on a FACSAria flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Gates were established by nonspecific immunoglobulin binding in each experiment. Approximately 30% to 40% of the entire population was sorted for the double-positive cells.

Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Sorted Cells
Genomic DNA was isolated from heart cells sorted by expression of cardiac troponin T or by dual expression of human HLA-ABC and cardiac troponin T and was used to detect HLA expression by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR analysis was performed with the primers derived from HLA-B exon 5–7 with the Advantage cDNA PCR kit (BD Biosciences Clontech). The following touchdown PCR program was used: 3 minutes at 94°C; 5 cycles of 30 seconds each at 94°C, 40 seconds each at 66°C, and 50 seconds each at 72°C; 30 cycles of 30 seconds each at 94°C, 40 seconds each at 64°C, and 50 seconds each at 72°C; and 1 cycle of 5 minutes at 72°C. The PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis of 1% agarose gel, and the size of PCR amplicon derived from the HLA-B gene was 280 bp.

Interphase Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
The collected double-positive cells were spun onto a slide and fixed immediately with 3:1 methanol:acetic acid solution for 30 minutes. To quench the residual fluorescence from cell sorting, the slides were exposed to white light for 120 hours at 4°C. Complete diminishment of the residual fluorescence was confirmed by examination under an epifluorescence microscope (Nikon Eclipse TE2000U). Slides were briefly fixed in 3:1 methanol:acetic acid again and were predenatured, dehydrated, and denatured according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Slides were hybridized with a fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated DNA probe for mouse X chromosomes (ID Labs) and a PE-conjugated probe for human X chromosomes (Qbiogene) overnight at 37°C in a humidified chamber. After posthybridization wash, slides were counterstained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (0.02 µg/mL) and examined with an epifluorescence microscope (Nikon Eclipse TE2000U).

	Results

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Engraftment of Human CD34⁺ Cells in the Heart
To evaluate engraftment of the CD34⁺ cells in the heart and transformation of these cells into the cardiomyocytes, we examined isolated cells by FACS analysis using specific antibodies against HLA-ABC, a surface marker for human cells, and cardiac troponin T, a cardiomyocyte-specific marker. HLA⁺ cells were detected in all 4 mice examined. Approximately 2% (2.0±0.4%) of the total cells from the heart were human HLA⁺ (Figure 1A), whereas cells from control mice with induced MI but not injected with CD34⁺ cells, were all HLA^– (data not shown). FACS analysis of heart cells double-stained with antibodies against HLA and cardiac troponin T (Figure 1B) and with antibodies against HLA and Nkx2.5 (Figure 1C) demonstrated that 1% of cells were double-positive, suggesting that these cardiomyocytes originated from the transplanted human cells. To ensure that immunostaining accurately reflects the genotype of isolated cells, DNA from the sorted double-positive cells and the cells stained only with anti–cardiac troponin was extracted for PCR detection of the human HLA-B gene. HLA-B fragment was amplified only in double-positive cells (Figure 1D). Thus, it is clear that the double-positive cells are of human origin.

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. A, Representative flow cytometry profile of cells isolated from the heart 2 mo after transplantation. Cells were stained with anti-human-HLA antibodies. The cell population in purple represented 2% of the total population (2.0±0.4%, n=4). B, Representative flow cytometry profile of cells isolated from the heart 2 mo after transplantation. Cells were stained simultaneously with anti-human HLA and anti-cardiac troponin T. The gated cells (purple) represent 1% of the total population (1.0±0.3%, n=4). C, Flow cytometry profile of cells stained with anti-human HLA and antibody against Nkx2.5. Note the similar staining pattern shown in B. D, PCR amplification of HLA-B gene. Molecular markers shown in lane 1. Genomic DNA of cells from 2 mouse hearts sorted by expression of cardiac troponin T only (lanes 2, 4) and sorted by expression of human HLA and cardiac troponin T (lanes 3, 5) were analyzed. HLA-B fragment amplified indicated by arrow. Normal mouse genomic DNA (lane 6) and human genomic DNA from Hela cells (lane 7) used as negative and positive controls.

Interphase Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Analysis of Cardiomyocytes Developed From Transplanted CD34⁺ Cells
The population of double-positive cells was collected by cell sorting and examined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, in which specific probes for human and mouse X chromosomes were used simultaneously. The specificity of the probes was tested in mouse heart cells and human Hela cells by incubating these cells with both probes, and we confirmed that these 2 probes did not cross-react (Figure 2A). In the nuclei derived from cells that were troponin T⁺ but HLA^–, only mouse X chromosomes were detected (Figure 2B). Because the recipient mice were female, 2 X chromosomes were observed in each nucleus. In troponin T⁺ and HLA⁺ cells, 70% of the nuclei contained both human and mouse X chromosomes (Table 1, Figure 2C), suggesting that cell fusion had occurred. Because the human donor is male, 1 human X chromosome was paired with 2 mouse X chromosomes in each nucleus (Figure 2C); however, 30% of the nuclei of troponin T⁺, HLA⁺ cells contained only human X chromosomes (Table 1, Figure 2D), suggesting that transdifferentiation of CD34⁺ cells has also taken place. Analysis was also performed on HLA and Nkx2.5 sorted cells in 3 mice and similar findings were obtained (Table 1); however, only human X chromosomes were detected in 97% of cells stained positive to both anti–HLA-ABC and anti–VE-cadherin (Table 2).

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. A, FISH image of the nucleus of a Hela cell (left) and that of a mouse heart cell (right) showed no cross-reaction between mouse and human probes. About 99% of mouse cells were stained positive for X chromosomes, and 95% of Hela cells were positive for human X chromosomes. B, Representative FISH image of 2 nuclei of HLA–, troponin T+ cells. Only mouse X chromosomes (green) were present (bar=5 µm). C, Representative FISH image of 70% of the nuclei of HLA+, troponin T+ cells. Both human X chromosomes (red) and mouse chromosomes (green) were present in the adjacent 2 nuclei (bar=5 µm). D, Representative FISH images of the nuclei of 30% HLA+, troponin T+ cells. Only human X chromosomes (red) were detected (bar=5 µm).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 1. FISH Analysis of Nuclei of Cells Double-Stained With Anti-HLA and Anti–Cardiac Troponin T or Anti-HLA and Anti–Nkx2.5 Antibodies in 7 Transplanted Mice

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 2. FISH Analysis of Nuclei From Cells Double-Stained With Anti–HLA-ABC and Anti–VE-Cadherin Mice Transplanted With Human Peripheral Blood CD34+ Cells

	Discussion

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Different research groups have reported contradictory results on the nature of the apparent transformation of stem cells into cardiomyocytes. The discrepancy could have resulted from differences in the sources of stem cells, the approaches used to distinguish fusion from transdifferentiation, and the experimental settings.

In our study, we used an animal model in which SCID mice were transplanted with human peripheral blood CD34⁺ cells after the mouse hearts were injured by experimental MI. The specific antigen (human HLA-ABC) of the donor cells allowed us to track these cells accurately and rapidly using immunodetection methods, such as FACS analysis. Instead of evaluating tissue sections of the heart, we were able to examine quantitatively the entire heart and collect populations of cells of interest by using FACS sorting. Our approach, therefore, enables us to focus on an individual cell population of the heart and to perform further analysis, such as FISH, on the population.

Alvarez-Dolado et al¹⁰ reported that cell fusion in a mouse model was responsible for transformation of bone marrow–derived cells into hepatocytes, Purkinje neurons, and cardiomyocytes. No transdifferentiation was observed in their study. Beltrami et al¹⁴ demonstrated that adult cardiac stem cells differentiated into mature cardiomyocytes by transdifferentiation. Our results indicated that both cell fusion (73.3%) and transdifferentiation (23.7%) were involved in the transformation of transplanted stem cells into cardiomyocytes. The discrepancies between our results and those from the above 2 research groups could come from differences in the presence or absence of heart injury. The animals used in the study by Alvarez-Dolado et al were uninjured,¹⁰ and the frequency of transdifferentiation was expected to be extremely low¹¹; alternatively, the results might relate to the number of cells analyzed. Both the Beltrami and Alvarez-Dolado groups analyzed tissue sections. In the study by Alvarez-Dolado and colleagues, 25 heart sections of a total thickness of 0.25 to 1.25 mm, which represented only a small portion of the heart, were analyzed.¹⁰ The methods used to detect cell fusion might explain the differences in study results. Alvarez-Dolado’s team used a method based on Cre/lox recombination to detect fusion.¹⁰ Beltrami et al¹⁴ excluded the existence of cell fusion based on the number, location, size, and DNA content of the transplanted cells. In our study, the detection method was highly specific because we used FISH to detect specific human X chromosomes in a population of human cell–derived cardiomyocytes selected by FACS. Finally, the sources of transplanted stem cells could explain the differences that were found. In Alvarez-Dolado and colleagues’ study, hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow transformed into cardiomyocytes via fusion. Beltrami et al used adult cardiac stem cells. We used human peripheral blood CD34⁺ cells. It is unclear, however, whether stem cells from different origins convert into the cells of recipient phenotype through different mechanisms. Oh et al have reported both fusion and transdifferentiation in a mouse model of ischemia reperfusion injury followed by the injection of Sca-1⁺ cells.¹³ Our experimental approach is closer to that of Oh et al and our results also are similar to theirs. We found that 97.3% of the endothelial cells derived from human CD34⁺ cells contained only human X chromosomes. This is not surprising because the CD34⁺ cell population contains endothelial progenitors that can differentiate into the mature endothelial cells naturally. Two groups have reported failures to observe transformation of bone marrow stem cells into cardiomyocytes in animal models.^17,18 The reason for their inability to detect cardiomyocyte transformation is not clear, but it could be related to differences in cell origin, cell preparation, and detection methodology.

In conclusion, our results suggest that human peripheral blood CD34⁺ cells develop into cardiomyocytes in the injured hearts of SCID mice through both cell fusion and transdifferentiation. A number of groups have already embarked on the application of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to repair damaged myocardium.^19–21 Our studies, thus, provide mechanistic insight on how human stem cells can transform into cardiomyocytes in vivo.

	Footnotes

 
Guest Editor for this article was Robert A. Kloner, MD, PhD, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine.

	References

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